What is holding up industrial Hvor langt er vi fra industriel production of biofuels? produktion af biodrivstoff? L A S S E R OSENDAHL DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY TECHNOLOGY
AGENDA 2 Biofuels in transportation - background Incentives and scenarios (Some of) The reasons for the hold-up Cases Wrap-up
Current alternatives to fossil gasoline, diesel and jet fuel 3 Alcohols - Ethanol (EtOH) added to gasoline fuel C 2 H 5 -OH produced from corn, grain, sugar (under deployment cellulosic ethanol, ie from lignocellulosic sources) - Methanol (MeOH) added to gasoline fuel or stand alone, can be used in modified diesel engines and fuel cells CH 3 -OH primarily fossil but can be produced from syngas or carbon capture sources Vegetable oils - Biodiesel added to diesel fuel FAME fatty acid methyl esther or FAEE fatty acid ethyl esther produced from vegetable oils or animal fat (under deployment cellulosic biodiesel) contains oxygen - HVO (hydrogenated vegetable oils) replaces/mixes into diesel and/or jet fuel produced from vegetable oils, mainly palm oil pure hydrocarbon (alkanes/paraffin) ONLY HVO CAN BE INTRODUCED INTO THE EXISTING HYDROCARBON INFRASTRUCTURE
Drop-in biofuels 4 IEA Task 39 definition: Drop-biofuels are defined as liquid hydro-carbons that are functionally equivalent to petroleum fuels and are fully compatible with existing petroleum infrastructure Consequences NO blend wall Point of mixing can be selected from sustainability or efficiency criteria Existing hydrocarbon infrastructure can be repurposed Significant reduction of socio-economic investment and implementation time scale Focus efforts on efficient first stage processing Effectively rules out biochemical pathways HVO MeOH EtOH Biodiesel HVO
Components of fossil fuels only few archetypes but hundreds of compounds 5 Naphtenes (cycloalkanes) EtOH MeOH FAME Paraffins (saturated hydrocarbons / alkanes) HVO Aromatics (unsaturated hydrocarbons)
Fuel sustainability and ethics 6 SAF Sustainable Aviation Fuel pledge: 1. Jet fuel plant sources should be developed in a manner which is non-competitive with food and where biodiversity impacts are minimized; in addition, the cultivation of those plant sources should not jeopardize drinking water supplies. 2. Total lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions from plant growth, harvesting, processing, and end-use should be significantly reduced compared to those associated with fuels from fossil sources. 3. In developing economies, development projects should include provisions for outcomes that improve socioeconomic conditions for small-scale farmers who rely on agriculture to feed them and their families, and that do not require the involuntary displacement of local populations. Independent certification: Roundtable on Sustainable Biomaterials 4. High conservation value areas and native eco-systems should not be cleared and converted for jet fuel plant source development.
Justering Question 1: what carbon source is available? 7 Small C-molecules: CO2 Large C-molecules: biomass and organic material Carbon Capture and Use construction of carbon chains and removal of oxygen Deconstruction of carbon chains and removal of oxygen Fuels: 5-21 C & 18-21 H or alcohols
Question 2: do we think there may be a future market? 8 Local vs global environment Figure Walsh 16 Transport et at, fuel Nature use in the Communications EU 1990-2015. Diesel 8, is2017 quite stable and high, whereas gasoline has been decreasing for more than a decade. EUROSTAT.
The horrendogram of biomass potential or curse?? 9 Drop-in biofuels CORE-Jetfuel Deliverable D4.4 Oct 2016
So what s the hold-up? 10 ASTM approval procedure for aviation biofuels
ASTM approval procedure 11 10 gallons 250-10,000 gallons 10-100 gallons ~225,000 gallons
So what s the hold-up? Oil prices are TOO LOW and there s TOO MUCH of it Alternatively, the consequences of climate change are not visible enough Peak oil discussion production decline vs new reserves? 12
So what s the hold-up? 13 Negative legacy and lock-in of 1G and early stage 2G biofuels How to asses sustainability GHG? LUC? ILUC? ILUIC? Water intensity? Local vs global impacts? Investments in 100 s M - first mover incentive or second mouse gets the cheese? Availability of feedstock in >100,000 s dry tons per year for commercial scale operations Market uncertainties - are biofuels just a passing fad? Lack of competitiveness of biofuels vs fossil fuels no credit for climate mitigation? No one-size-fits-all Charlatans
Techno-economics and sustainability which alternative is worth betting on? 14 HTL is - Most feedstock efficient - Least CAPEX intensive - Least maintenance intensive HTL/LC De Jong (2015), BIOFPR
Cases 15 ASTM aviation fuel approval status (IH2 Shell, Preem) Hydrofaction Steeper Energy, Silva Green Fuel
Overview of ASTM approval sequence, requirements and current SAF status IATA AFS 2017 16
International developments 17 Neste Oy: full range of fuels based on HVO and hydrotreatment of vegetable oils (multiple locations, private investors) Red Rock Biofuels: woody residue for gasification and Fischer-Tropsch (135,000 tpa), USA (private investors) ENSYN: pyrolysis for biocrude production, Canada (private investors) Licella & Canfor: pilot/demonstration scale HTL on forestry residue, Canada (private investors/investor search) PNNL & Genifuels: sewage sludge HTL, USA/Canada (investor search) 2SYNFUEL: urban residues to H2 and fuels by intermediate pyrolysis and others, Germany (EU H2020 demonstration project)
Steeper Energy & Silva Green Fuel (N, S) 18
Steeper Energy Hydrofaction schematic 19 Jensen et al, HydrofactionTM of Forestry Residues to Drop-in Renewable Transportation Fuels. In Direct Thermochemical Liquefaction for Energy Applications edited by L. Rosendahl, ISBN: 9780081010259, pp. 319-345, 2018.
Hydrofaction energy flows and GHG reduction potential 20 In-situ hydrogen Renewable electricity CCS All combined Jensen et al, HydrofactionTM of Forestry Residues to Drop-in Renewable Transportation Fuels. In Direct Thermochemical Liquefaction for Energy Applications edited by L. Rosendahl, ISBN: 9780081010259, pp. 319-345, 2018.
Synergies combined electro- and bio-fuel solutions? 21 Example: integrated HTL on any feedstock with FT-SPK/A on nearly pure CO 2 stream MFSP ~ 18 / GJ (0.66 / LGE) MFSP fossil 0.40-0.55 / LGE /gasification Hansen et al (2018). Submitted to Applied Energy
Outlook & perspectives 22 Technology options are lining up - addressing TRL, sustainability, efficiency, integrability, flexibility, fuel quality - advanced biofuel deployment is underway (and accelerating) Challenges in funding focused R&D as well as next-stage demonstration scale - if ROI is only driver risk of lock-in on short term technologies - quite a wide range of TRL efforts need to be funded Challenges in political determination to realize sustainability change - long term focus and overall targets necessary - political framework at European or global scale No level playing field for economical competitiveness of sustainable vs fossil fuels - internalized vs externalized cost of climate change adaption Competing pathways, but electrification and biofuels do not contradict each other on the contrary - Insufficient biomass for +90 Mbpd - Targeted transport segments for advanced biofuels aviation, shipping and heavy land/agricultural machines
A A U B I OMASS TO VA L I D AT E D F U E L P L AT F ORM W W W. B I OMASS.AAU.DK ANALYSIS Product separation Biomass pretreatment Continuous HTL processing @ 1/3 bpd Continuous hydrotreatment (2 stage) End use validation jet or ICE engine platform Renewable oil well Existing & adapted infrastructure T H A N K YOU F OR YOUR AT T E N T I ON Acknowledgements: Grant #64013-0513 Grant #1305-00030B Contact details: www.et.aau.dk www.biomass.et.aau.dk lar@et.aau.dk