Leveraging developments in xev Lithium batteries for stationary applications

Leveraging developments in xev Lithium batteries for stationary applications International Colloquium on Energy Storage Brussels, Nov 8 th, 2017 Daniel Gloesener Global technical leader- Battery Technologies, Corp.R&I

ABOUT SOLVAY Solvay is a multi-specialty chemical company, committed to developing chemistry that addresses key societal challenges. Solvay innovates and partners with customers in diverse global end markets. Its products and solutions are used in planes, cars, smart and medical devices, batteries, in mineral and oil extraction, among many other applications promoting sustainability. Founded in 1863, with its head office in Brussels, Belgium 139 industrial sites, Solvay employs 27,000 people in 58 countries solvay.com

Solvay in battery OUR VISION Build a strong and differentiating PORTFOLIO of enabling materials for Advanced Li-ion and Solid State batteries LEVERS BUILDING on strengths Collaborative INNOVATION CUSTOMER centricity 3

Development of Lithium-based rechargeable battery technologies is a key enabler for 3 MAIN MARKETS AUTOMOTIVE ENERGY STORAGE PORTABLE FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGY FOCUS OF SOLVAY 4

Batteries and electrical vehicules : a Belgian story La Jamais Contente was the first road vehicle to go over 100 km per hour (62 mph) in 1899. It was a Belgian electric vehicle with a light alloy torpedo shaped bodywork and (lead) batteries.

Car electrification is a game changer in the industry : Plug-in Electrical Vehicles (PEVs) is the main focus for Solvay Average battery capacity in Wh*, by device type 35 000 10 000 4 1000 MOBILE PHONES HYBRIDS HEV PLUG-IN HYBRIDS PHEV BATTERY ELECTRIC EV = PEV Plug-In Electrical Vehicles * Wh (Watt hour), Energy measure linked to the quantity of material needed to make the battery and the range of EV in 2016 A very small EV market will represent A HUGE MARKET FOR BATTERIES and their materials 6

Plug-in Electrical Vehicles sales have increased dramatically since 2014, indicating a shift in the Li-ion battery industry AUTOMOTIVE MARKET Really taking off now! Rapid and solid growth HUGE IMPACT on chemicals and materials for BATTERY + 800 000 Plug-in electrical sales in 2016 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 +40% vs 2015 Million of cars, yearly sales 2% PEVs Market share 6% 38% 2016 2020 2025 2035 0,8M 2M 6M 45M GLOBAL Li-ion BATTERY MARKET SIZE (GWh, cell level ) Stationary Energy Storage (ESS) Plug-in Electrical Vehicles (PEV) Consumer Electronics (CE) 0,6 60 4 16 22 32 45 27 53 118 12 288 20 202 66 2010 2015 2020 2025 PEV Growth drivers for Electrical Vehicles adoption Battery performance, safety & price Charging infrastructure Governments policy, especially in China Advanced Li-ion battery (High Voltage) will be the dominant technology for the 2 next decades to sustain electrical vehicles growth. 7

Automotive market, the growth engine of Lithium-ion battery market Critical criteria and levers to develop xev market UNMET NEEDS ENERGY DENSITY (driving range) TODAY MID-TERM TARGET TODAY COST MID-TERM TARGET TODAY SAFETY MID-TERM TARGET 200 400 250 <100 7 <4 Wh/kg Wh/kg $/Kwh $/Kwh EUCAR EUCAR MAIN LEVERS New materials for higher capacity cathode and anode New High Voltage electrolyte chemicals & formulations Scale & location Cell form factors New manufacturing process Materials price Energy density Innovation in the battery pack Non-flammable electrolytes Solid-State batteries NB : Figures provided at cell level 8

Stationary Energy Storage market Main parameters for technology selection and critical criteria for development Response time System power rating (kw) Discharge duration at rated power (hours) Cost Safety Calendar & cycle life Energy & power density Efficiency Reliability Among different battery technologies, Li-Ion Battery (LIB) & Redox Flow Battery (RFB) appear to be most appropriate for long discharge duration applications 9

Li-ion most widely deployed technology today: Tesla/Panasonic example (from Powerwall to Powerpack, from kwh to MWh) In February 2017, Tesla inaugurated 20 MW / 80 MWh battery system in Southern California, comprised of 396 Powerpack battery systems and 24 inverters. Duration: 4 hours. July 2017, Tesla s blog post: This week, through a competitive bidding process, Tesla was selected to provide a 100 MW/129 MWh Powerpack system to be paired with global renewable energy provider Duration: 75 min. 10

How Solvay addresses the challenges: focus on Advanced Li-ion and on Solid-State batteries Li-BASED INCUMBENT Li-ION TODAY OTHER CHEMISTRIES Advanced Li-ion higher-voltage higher capacity cathodes paired with higher-capacity anodes + Solid-state with gel/polymer electrolyte Solid-state with ceramic electrolyte Lithium- Sulfur Lithium Air Na-ion Mg- ion Al-ion 11

How Solvay addresses the challenges: focus on Advanced Li-ion and on Solid-State batteries INCUMBENT Li-ION TODAY Advanced Li-ion higher-voltage higher capacity cathodes paired with higher-capacity anodes + Solid-state with gel/ polymer electrolyte Solid-state with ceramic electrolyte 12

Fluor-based materials will be key in the development of higher voltage/higher capacity cathodes paired with higher capacity anodes, requiring new electrolyte designs as key enabler LI-BATTERY ANODE (-) Li-battery HOW DOES IT WORK? e- on discharge e- on charge Li+ on charge F1EC, ENERGAIN Li+ F2EC, on discharge TAB New fluorinated Additives solvents and SEPARATOR for CATHODE additives (+) electrolyte Our PRODUCTS Solvay s growing presence thanks to high performance FLUORINE TECHNOLOGY NOHMS TSFI based ionic liquid LiTFSI, LiTA, LIFSI Main salts or additives for electrolyte ELECTROLYTE Liquid mixture of solvents and Lithium Solef Salt PVDF and additives. Ensures Li ion transport Binder Solef PVDF Coating Solef PVDF Binder 13

ENERGAIN - THE ELECTROLYTE SOLUTION FOR ADVANCED CATHODE MATERIALS: NI-RICH & LMNO LMO LFP LCO NCA NMC 111 NMC 532 NMC 622 NMC 811 LMNO Traditional spinel, olivine and layered cathodes Nickel rich layered cathodes and blends High voltage spinel 3.7V 4.3V 4.45V 4.9V Traditional Cathodes High Energy Cathodes Standard Electrolytes Fluorinated Electrolyte Standard electrolyte components 3.7 4.2V Fluorinated electrolyte components 4.3 4.9V High energy capability Solvent Reductive Additives Specific Additives 1 Salt Energain Solvent Reductive Additives Specific Additives 1 Salt Traditional Carbonate Solvents Traditional Organic Additives Many choices LiPF6 Fluorinated Solvent Blends Proprietary Additives Energain Additives & Salts Salt blends 1Note: Gassing, Mn Dissolution, Energain technology enables extension of operating voltage and cell capacity 14

ENERGAIN TECHNOLOGY IMPROVES BATTERY CYCLE LIFE AT HIGH VOLTAGE AND HIGH TEMPERATURE 30 mah pouch cells tests at 25 C with engineered LMNO/Graphite at 4.9V Coin cell tests at 55 C with engineered LMNO/Graphite at 4.9V Tested by DuPont in Next-Gen Cathodes > 80% cap. retention at 1000 cycles on course to meet demanding applications Tested by DuPont in Next-Gen Cathodes 2X performance of standard electrolyte under these conditions 15

SOLVAY PRODUCTS ENERGAIN TM Fluorinated solvents and formulations for HV electrolytes KEY BENEFITS Enabler of high energy cell architecture Improve cyclability Improve battery residual capacity NOHMS TFSI ILS Ionic liquids based on TFSI for HV Li-ion electrolytes KEY BENEFITS Non flammable High electrochemical stability F1EC, F2EC, SA Fluorinated additives for electrolytes KEY BENEFITS Enabler of high energy cell architecture Cyclability (lifetime of the battery) LiTFSI, LiFSI, LiTA Lithium salts for electrolytes KEY BENEFITS Chemical and thermal stabilities Increased cell liftetime Solef PVDF Binder KEY BENEFITS Long term stability of the cathode Capacity and cyclability improvements Solef PVDF Separator coating KEY BENEFITS Enabler of safer separator Power and cyclability improvements Possibility to use solvent free coating MAIN IMPACT ON PROPERTIES: PERFORMANCE INCREASE COST REDUCTION ($/KWH) SAFETY

How Solvay addresses the challenges: focus on Advanced Li-ion and on Solid-State batteries INCUMBENT Li-ION TODAY Advanced Li-ion higher-voltage higher capacity cathodes paired with higher-capacity anodes + Solid-state with gel/ polymer electrolyte Solid-state with ceramic electrolyte 17

Inorganic materials, (Fluoro)-polymers and their combination will all enable the advancement of Solid-State batteries LI-ION BATTERY EVOLUTION, driven by cost, energy density and safety LIQUID ELECTROLYTE + SEPARATOR INDUSTRY TARGETS & GAPS TODAY ANODE CATHODE COST From 250 to < 100 $/Kwh ENERGY DENSITY From 200 to > 400 Wh/kg SAFETY From 7 to <4 (EUCAR) Towards solid state battery TOMORROW LI METAL ANODE SOLID ELEC- TROLYTE ELEC- TROLYTE COMPOSITE CATHODE COST ENERGY DENSITY SAFETY Gel polymer Dry polymer Inorganic No separator Manufacturing process Simplified pack High capacity No flammable Li metal anode liquid electrolyte High capacity /high voltage cathode 18

Solvay Gel Polymer Electrolyte: a new, safer and versatile solution SOLID STATE BATTERY ANODE CATHODE SOLID ELECTROLYTE New PVDF copolymer 3D NANOSTRUCTURED ARCHITECTURE Formation of the Hybrid A proprietary Hybrid Inorganic Organic Solid Electrolyte concept based on a specific Solvay PVDF family in which an optimized electrolytic system is entrapped. The new feature of PVDF family allows its crosslinking to the inorganic particles to form a stable network: High mechanical properties Improvement of ionic conductivity

Moving from liquid to solid electrolyte has significant advantages but need to address few key technical challenges Mass transport at low T Ionic conductivity of the electrolyte Active material Cathode (Composite) Polymer, oxide or sulfide based electrolyte Current collector Ionic conductivity of the electrode Solid electrolyte Li-metal Ionic transport at the interfaces Conductive additive Wide electrochemical window : > 5V Stability versus Li metal and high voltage/high capacity cathode materials Manufacturability for mass market : - Material stability vs moisture, oxygen - Compatibility with conventional & high productivity methods (wet coating, extrusion, ) - Environmental friendly process 20

BATTERY PACK: Solvay offers lighter, safer and higher performance solutions PACK STRUCTURAL METAL REPLACEMENT KEY BENEFITS Less Weight Reduces Energy Consumption Ability to consolidate parts Reduced corrosion (vs. metal design) SOLVAY MATERIALS Amodel & Ryton Aromatic polymers BATTERY COOLING KEY BENEFITS No Corrosion Ability to immerse electronics into coolant Safety Non-flammable Non-toxic SOLVAY MATERIALS Galden fluorinated fluids 21

Conclusions about Li-ion batteries Li-ion Intrinsic advantages for stationary storage: - Energy & power density - high efficiency - flexible operation: discharge time from minutes to hours Still some drawbacks limiting applications range: - Cost (in $/kw or kwh) - Safety (complex and costly BMS needed) Massive investments in xev will push towards cost reduction Performances & Safety will be improved, leveraging chemistry and technology developments driven by automotive requirements Solvay's specialty materials & technologies, combining fluorine and lithium chemistry, offer significant solutions to the challenges of mobile and stationary energy storage.

Thank you! 23

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