Electric Transportation and Energy Storage Eladio M. Knipping, Ph.D. Senior Technical Manager, Environment April 24, 2009
Fate of U.S. Electricity Production Generation Transmission Distribution Residence/ Buildings Industries ~5% ~3% ~5% ~62% ~25% 2
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions due to Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles Electricity grid evolves over time Nationwide fleet takes time to renew itself or turn over A potential 400-500 million metric ton annual reduction in GHG emissions Air and water quality improves Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions (million metric tons) 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 Low PHEV Share Medium PHEV Share High PHEV Share Annual Reduction in GHG Emissions due to PHEV Adoption 3
Power Generation in the United States 6000 5000 Billion Kilowatthours 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 Renewable Hydro Nuclear Fossil Moderate electricity demand growth: ~6% Capacity expansion: ~3%; 19 to 72 GW by 2050 nationwide (1.2 4.6%) 3-4 million barrels per day in oil (Medium PHEV Case, 2050) 4
Electricity is an Abundant, Clean Resource for Transportation Electricity is generated from a diversity of sources Electric transportation will result in significant air quality improvements and greenhouse gas reductions throughout U.S. The marginal sources for charging are significantly cleaner than average Most new capacity is natural gas or renewable generation (wind) Projected 2010 U.S. Electrical Consumption plus 10 million Chevrolet Volts (or equiv.) 5
Lithium Ion Battery is Key Near-Term Enabling Technology for PHEVs and EVs Numerous chemistries, continually evolving technology Well-suited for PHEV application High level of activity, support Synergistic with many stationary applications Challenges: Near-term high cost Automotive cell manufacturing only just beginning Battery system life requirement key cost driver 6
Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle Value Proposition Electricity as Transportation Fuel PHEVs as Energy Storage Synergistic with Smart Grid Demand response Energy efficiency Load Management Integration of Renewables Improved Asset Utilization Improved System Efficiency Lower Cost of Stationary Energy Storage CO 2 Emissions Reductions Air and Water Quality Benefits Improve Reliability Improve Customer Rate Structure 7
Integrating Renewables Source: Pacific Gas & Electric 8
Air Emissions due to Wind and Solar Power we model the combination of variable renewable power with a fast-ramping natural gas turbine to provide baseload power The results shown here indicate that at [a] large scale variable renewable generators may require that careful attention be paid to the emissions of compensating generators to minimize additional pollution. Energy storage can provide these services. 9
Description of Ancillary Services Service Service Description Response Speed Duration Cycle Time Voltage control The injection or absorption of reactive power to maintain transmission-system voltages within required ranges Seconds Seconds Continuous Regulation Power sources online, on automatic generation control, that can respond rapidly to system-operator requests for up and down movements; used to track the minute-to-minute fluctuations in system load and to correct for unintended fluctuations in generator output ~1 min Minutes Minutes Spinning reserve Power sources online, synchronized to the grid, that can increase output immediately in response to a major generator or transmission outage and can reach full output within 10 min to comply with NERC s Disturbance Control Standard (DCS) Supplemental reserve Seconds to <10 min 10 to 120 min Days Same as spinning reserve, but need not respond immediately; units can be offline but still must be capable of reaching full output within the required 10 min <10 min 10 to 120 min Days Replacement reserve Same as supplemental reserve, but with a 30-min response time; used to restore spinning and supplemental reserves to their pre-contingency status <30 min 2 hours Days 10
Peak Demand and Load Comparison 11
Electric Load Duration Curve 50,000 45,000 Last 5% (2,500 MW) needed less than 50 hours per year 40,000 35,000 30,000 MW 25,000 20,000 Last 25% of capacity needed less than 10% of the time 15,000 10,000 5,000 0 0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 4,500 5,000 5,500 6,000 6,500 7,000 7,500 8,000 8,500 Hours per Year Source: California Independent System Operator Corporation 12
What is the Smart Grid? Smart Grid is the interaction of power systems and information technology Enables greater information flow, superior management of system for reliability, stability, cost, etc. Empowers ratepayers to manage energy and costs Standardized communication between vehicles and the grid critical to enabling this link. 13
Utility Vision for Smart PHEV Infrastructure Utility Communications Internet Efficient Building Systems Renewables Consumer Portal & Building EMS PV Dynamic Systems Control Distribution Operations Advanced Metering Control Interface Plug -In Hybrids Data Management Distributed Generation & Storage Smart End -Use Devices Provide information and tools to install infrastructure now Develop designs and migration strategies for an ideal future 14
Utility Vision for Smart PHEV Infrastructure Safe, intercompatible, and intelligent interface Common connector and communication standards Smart Grid enabled Bi-directional data exchange between vehicle and grid AMI and non-ami strategies to enable smart charging Understand and Define: System impacts Infrastructure planning Long-term R&D needs 15
Components of Grid Integration Plug-In Vehicle AMI Path Electric Industry/Auto Industry Collaboration Standardize interface Standardize communication Open Standard Interface Non-AMI Path Back Office Systems Smart Charging Back End Energy Management, Customer ID, Billing 16
Communications: Connecting PHEVs to the Smart Grid Reconcile Fundamentally Different Systems Automobile manufacturers build a 50-state vehicle Utility systems are unique Clean sheet design Approach IntelliGrid design principles ZigBee (short range wireless) or HomePlug (powerline carrier) Smart Energy Profile 2.0 Validate and optimize via utility-auto demonstrations programs 17
Distribution System Impacts Evaluate localized impacts of PHEVs to utility distribution systems Distribution Impacts Thermal Loading Losses Voltage Imbalance Harmonics Protection System Impacts Advanced Metering EE devices Plug-In Characteristics Plug-in vehicle type and range PHEV market share and distribution Charge profile and power level Charger behavior 18
Distribution System Analysis Smart Charging is a Key Technology to Reduce Impacts July 27th 2007 24 hr: Total Loading for the Feeder Under Study 12000 11000 Total Loading at Substation (KW) 10000 9000 8000 7000 6000 5000 off-peak load Base Load Scenario off-peak load PHEV Case 1:- (240V, 12A) Charging @6pm Penetration=10% 4000 PHEV Case 2:- (240V, 12A) Charging @9pm Penetration=10% 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Hours 19
Distribution System Analysis Smart Charging is a Key Technology to Reduce Impacts July 27th 2007 24 hr: Total Loading for the Feeder Under Study 12000 11000 Total Loading at Substation (KW) 10000 9000 8000 7000 6000 5000 off-peak load Base Load Scenario off-peak load 4000 PHEV Case 3:- (240V, 12A) Diversified Charging @9pm-1am Penetration=10% 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Hours 20
Benefits from and to the Grid 21
Charging Infrastructure Residential Seamless Installations for Homeowners Workplace or Retail Commercial/Industrial Customers Public Charging Support Municipalities 22
Action Framework Four Evolving Infrastructures Creating the Electricity Network of the Future 23
Contact Information Mark Duvall, Ph.D. Director, EPRI Electric Transportation and Energy Storage mduvall@epri.com 650-855-2591 Eladio M. Knipping, Ph.D. Senior Technical Manager, EPRI Environment eknippin@epri.com 202-293-2691 24