IEEE SESSION COMPUTER AIDED SMART POWER GRID GEN_1 t.giras@ieee.org GEN_2 LOAD_1 LOAD_2 1
HIGH SMART GRID LEVEL LOW SMART POWER GRID TECHNOLOGY HISTORY MIT NETWORK ANALYZER 1940 ANALOG DISPATCH ACE SCADA 1955 Time Line DIGITAL DISPATCH ACE SECURITY SCADA 1965 NORTHEAST BLACKOUT 8/14/1965 2009 2
WHAT IS THE SMART POWER GRID HISTORY? Smart Power Grid Technology Introduced World-Wide in the Early 1960 s by Three Major USA Companies. Only One Remains Today: Westinghouse Electric Corporation General Electric Company Leeds and Northup Company 3
SMART POWER GRID REINVENTED BY THE DOE Adds Communications and Computer Technology to the Existing Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition Functionality (SCADA) Promises to Integrate Renewable Energy Choices into the Power Grid Operation Enables a Contingency Constrained Power Flow Preventive Security Smart Grid Delivery Strategy 4
SMART POWER GRID GOALS Smart Power Grid Uses Real-Time Computers and Communications Systems To: Reduce the Cost of Energy Increase Efficiency, Reliability, Safety Reduce Transmission and Wheeling Losses Support Grid Security and Stiffness Control Aid the Conservation of Energy Support the Integration of Renewable Energy 5
NATIONAL SMART POWER GRID AN ENERGY DELIVERY SYSTEM WESTERN REGION G_1 LOAD_1 TRANSMISSION LINES EASTERN REGION G_3 LOAD_2 G_2 TEXAS LOAD_3 6
NATIONAL INTERCONNECTION REGIONS 7
MISSION OF THE REGIONS Provide Reliability, Availability Maintainability Safety (RAMS) and Reduce Energy Cost: Meet Regulatory Requirements Reduce Environmental Impact Reduce Cost of Energy Delivered Leverage Existing-Changing T&D Infrastructure Develop and Deploy Conservation Methods for Energy Distribution with Automatic Meter Reading Improve Grid RAMS Efficiencies 8
TYPICAL DAILY LOAD DEMAND POWER CURVE ELECTRIC CAR CHARGING OPPORTUNITY 9
POTENTIAL HIGH-SPEED RAIL LARGE ENERGY DEMAND 10
SMART POWER GRID CONSUMPTION ISSUES As the Population Grows the Demand for Electricity Increases The World Consumes 14 Terawatts of Energy Every Day. In Another 50 years - 28 terawatts. We Would Have to Turn on a New 1,000- Megawatt Power Plant Tomorrow, Another the Next Day, and On and On, One a Day for the Next 40 Years to Get Another 14 Terawatts!!! 11
NATIONAL ENERGY SOURCES 12
NATIONAL ENERGY ALLOCATION 13
SMART POWER GRID FOSSIL ENERGY SOURCE 14
SMART POWER GRID GAS TURBINE ENERGY SOURCE 15
SMART POWER GRID NUCLEAR ENERGY SOURCE 16
SMART POWER GRID NUCLEAR DISTRIBUTION 17
SMART POWER GRID WIND ENERGY SOURCE 18
NEW YORK STATE PROPOSED WIND FARMS 19
SMART POWER GRID HYDRO PUMPED STORAGE 20
SMART POWER GRID STORED ENERGY SOURCE 21
SMART POWER GRID SOLAR ENERGY SOURCE 22
DC TRANSMISSION GRID SOLAR PANELS DC SINGLE TRANSMISSION LINE AC-DC CONVERSION STATION HVDC Less Expensive Lower Transmission Losses Optimum for Short Distances SMART POWER GRID Controllability, Availability and Maintainability Issues 23
HOW DOES THE SMART POWER GRID WORK? 24
S SMART POWER GRID ARCHITECTURE 25
THE NATIONAL SMART POWER GRID OF TODAY The Current National Power Grid of Today consists of The following Major Components: Over 14,000 transmission substations 4,500 large substations for distribution 3,000 public and private owners that communicate intelligently and work with precise efficiency 26
SMART POWER GRID FUNCTIONS & COMPONENTS Major Functions: Delivers and Manages the Flow of Energy Integrates Energy Policy Choices Minimizes the Cost of Energy Enables Contingency Constrained Security Components: Generation Sources & Consumer Demand Transmission and Distribution Networks Computer and Communication Automation 27
DISPATCH CENTER OPERATIONAL TASKS Real Time Operational Tasks Control Frequency and Area Interchange Flow Set Generators to Minimize Energy Costs Minimize Transmission and Wheeling Losses Provide Contingency Constrained Preventive Security Collect Real-Time State Estimation Data Daily Next Day Tasks Operational Forecast Make next Day Weather and Load Forecast Select Set of Minimum Cost Generation Establish Interchange Buy/Sell Strategies Satisfy Generation and Transmission Maintenance 28
SMART POWER GRID OPERATIONAL STATES NORMAL DEFENSIVE RESTORATIVE EMERGENCY 29
TWO AREA POWER SYSTEM MODEL E_1 GOV TURBINE 1/R 100MW P_1 L_1 200MW 1 PWR SYSTEM AREA CONTROL ERROR T ( ) 12 1 2 E_2 GOV TURBINE P_2 100MW PWR SYSTEM 1/R L_2 100MW 2 30
GENERATION SOURCES ENERGY RESPONSE GOV TURBINE MW HYDRO GAS TURBINE K G KT ( T G s 1 ) ( T s 1) COMBINED CYCLE PLANT STEAM PLANT T NUCLEAR PLANT TIME RENEWABLES???? 10/11/2009 IEEE SMART POWER GRID SEMINAR 31
AUTOMATIC GENERATION CONTROL FREQ ERROR REGULATION GOV TG INTERCHANGE SCHEDULE BIAS ACE ECONOMIC DISPATCH ECONOMIC DISPATCH LOAD LOAD TIE LINE FLOWS REGULATION GOV TG 32
SMART POWER GRID ENERGY SOURCE CONTROL INTERCHANGE SCHEDULE INTERCHANGE ACTUAL SYSTEM FREQUENCY SMOOTHING PREDICTION REGULATION 2 SEC SHORT TERM ECONOMICS LONG TERM ECONOMICS TG 33
SMART GRID INTERCONNECTION BUSES & LINES BUS 1 Y 2N BUS N GEN Y 1N Y MK GEN LOAD Y 01 Y 0N 34
SHORT TERM ECONOMIC DISPATCH Lagragian Cost Minimization Short Term Dispatch dc dp i i w here and + P P L i P P L i dc dp i i P enalty Factors a bx cx 0 1 2 35
CONTINGENCY CONSTRAINED OPTIMAL POWER FLOW Long Term Base Case Plus Contingency Constrained Case Real-Time Optimization: M IN C ost ( x, d, x, d ) B B C C Subject To : G (x,d ) = 0 B B B H (x,d ) 0 B B B G (x,d ) = 0 C C C H (x,d ) 0 C C C 36
OPTIMAL POWER FLOW EQUATIONS P J V V Q i i 1 n 1 i i n i n 1 i n 1 WHERE J IS A MATRIX OF PARTIAL DERIVATIVES KNOWN AS THE JACOBIAN N Sched i i i ij j i j i j j 1 P P V Y V cos( ) N Sched i i i ij j i j i j j 1 Q Q V Y V sin( ) 37
PREVENTIVE SECURITY CONTROL STRATEGY GENERATION #1 #2 MIN GENERATION 50 0 MAX GENERATION 200 120 INC COST ($/MW) 1 2 LINE FLOW #1 #2 MAX FLOW (MW) 100 200 LINE 1 G1 G2 LINE 2 LOAD 38
PREVENTIVE SECURITY CONTROL ACTIONS PURE ECONOMIC DISPATCH TOTAL COST = $200 100 200 0 100 200 SECURITY CONSTRAINED DISPATCH TOTAL COST = $300 200 50 50 100 39 200
PREVENTIVE SECURITY CONTROL ACTIONS SECURITY CONSTRAINED DISPATCH WITH CORRECTIVE RESCHEDULING: TOTAL COST = $265 135 67.5 65 67.5 200 40
SMART POWER GRID STATE ESTIMATION Real Time Collection of Preventive Security Data: Complex Voltages Transmission Line Flow Loads Transformer Taps Generation Outputs Detection of Gross Sensor Errors 41
REAL TIME PREVENTIVE SECURITY DATA ACQUISITION 2-4 SEC STATE ESTIMATOR 2-4 SEC SECURITY ANALYSIS 1-10 MIN CONTINGENCY CONSTRAINED OPF 1-10 MIN SECURITY DISPATCH 2 SEC-5 MIN CRITICAL CONTINGENCIES CRITICAL CONSTRAINTS 42
POWER GRID ENERGY CHOICE CONSTRAINTS Power Grid Constraints that Effect the National Energy Policy Choices: Foreign Oil Cost, Conservation Grid Renewable Integration Transmission and Wheeling Losses Environmental, Green Technology Availability, Reliability and Safety Smart Power Grid Job Impacts Electric Car Power Grid Integration 43
QUESTIONS t.giras@ieee.org 44