The Challenges facing HVDC in the Early 21 st Century. Dr Norman MacLeod Technical Director, HVDC Visiting Professor, Leeds University

Transcription

1 The Challenges facing HV in the Early 21 st Century Dr Norman MacLeod Technical Director, HV Visiting Professor, Leeds University 1

2 Contents HV a very brief history Development of ±800kV equipment Development of VSC-HV solutions New challenges 1100kV transmission High altitude stations/lines Building the Super Grid Building the Smart Grid 2

3 HV Scheme/Technology Progression IGBT Thy Merc 5 0 Y/E 55 Y/E 60 Y/E 65 Y/E 70 Y/E 75 Y/E 80 Y/E 85 Y/E 90 Y/E 95 Y/E 00 Y/E 05 Y/E 10 Y/E 15 Number of schemes per 5 year interval 3

4 Power/Voltage Progression Power (MW) Voltage (kv) 4

5 Contents HV a very brief history Development of ±800kV equipment Development of VSC-HV solutions New challenges 1100kV transmission High altitude stations/lines Building the Super Grid Building the Smart Grid 5

6 Source : Alstom 500kV Thyristor Valves 6

7 Source : Alstom 660kV Thyristor Valve 7

8 Source : Alstom 600kV Converter Transformer 8

9 Source : Alstom Air Breakdown Testing Switching impulse voltage tests on thyristor valve test object VIT Laboratory in Ukraine Test voltages up to 2200kV Clearance to wall/floor up to 9m 9

10 Source : Alstom Switching Impulse Tests 10

11 Source : Alstom Switching Impulse Test Voltage = 2200kV Clearance = 9m to wall 11

12 Source : Alstom Long Arc Physics 12

13 Source : Alstom Long Arc Physics 13

14 Source : Alstom Long Arc Physics 14

15 Source : Alstom Long Arc Physics 15

16 Source : ABB UHV Switching Impulse Testing Rod plane air gap Sphere plane air gap Intriguing observation on the breakdown trajectory of large air gaps under switching impulse voltages, L Ming, D Wu. U Astrom and G Asplund, 16 th International Symposium on High Voltage Engineering, Cape Town, South Africa,

17 Source : Siemens 800kV Disonnector 17

18 Source : Alstom 800kV Current Transducer 18

19 Source : SGCC ±800kV Transmission line 19

20 Contents HV a very brief history Development of ±800kV equipment Development of VSC-HV solutions New challenges 1100kV transmission High altitude stations/lines Building the Super Grid Building the Smart Grid 20

21 VSC HV - Principle Alternating Voltage Output Steady Voltage Input + VSC By controlling the phase angle and magnitude of the output voltage, the VSC converter can control real power and reactive power flow into the system. It looks like a generator or load

22 Source : ABB VSC HV Station 22

23 Contents HV a very brief history Development of ±800kV equipment Development of VSC-HV solutions New challenges 1100kV transmission High altitude stations/lines Building the Super Grid Building the Smart Grid 23

24 Source : Alstom 1100kV Wall Bushing 24

25 Altitude Effects Atmospheric pressure correction impacts on insulation clearances. From IEC , section 4.2 Correction factor Ka = e m(h/8150) 1.2, 1 where H = altitude (m) 0.4 m =1.0 for lightning impulse 0.2 m < 1.0 for switching impulse 0 Ka Altitude (m) m = 1.0 m =

26 High Altitude HV schemes at elevated altitude China - >4000m (Tibetan plateau) USA - >12,000ft (Rocky Mountains) China has a high altitude testing station in Tibet 26

27 Off-shore Wind Farm 27

28 Multiple Off-shore Wind Farms 28

29 Off-shore Grid 29

30 Source : FOSG Super Grid 30

31 The Super Grid - Questions How do we achieve standardisation of solutions? Can we develop a / transformer? How do we ensure interoperability between multiple vendors equipment? How do we control the power flows between nodes? What and how do we communicate from dispatch to the nodes? How do we protect the Super grid? Can we develop a circuit breaker at reasonable cost? 31

32 The Existing grid 400 kv 132 kv 132 kv 11 kv 11 kv 11 kv 400 V 400 V 400 V

33 The / Grid of Tomorrow? 600 kv 400 kv Bulk power import using UHV Offshore wind farm 150 kv 150 kv 150 kv 150 kv 132 kv 132 kv 50 kv 50 kv 11 kv 400 V 11 kv 11 kv 10 kv 10 kv 500 V 400 V 500 V 400 V Electric Vehicle Charging stationstation Battery Energy Storage System Photo Voltaic Power Cells

34 The Smart Grid - Questions Can we develop MV technology at reasonable cost? Can we integrate different power electronic technologies? converters converters STATCOM Wind turbines Inverters from PV, EV, BESS, etc Can we integrate Automation solutions (EMS, WAM, PMU) with Power Electronic solutions? 34

35 Conclusions Even after 60 years of HV technology advancement there are still many challenges ahead. The challenges can be solved, but we need Engineers. 35

36 Thank you for your attention Any Questions? 36