Battery Testing Methods Assessed from a Policy-Making Perspective

Transcription

1 The European Commission s science and knowledge service Joint Research Centre Battery Testing Methods Assessed from a Policy-Making Perspective Andreas Pfrang, Franco Di Persio, Akos Kriston, Natalia Lebedeva, Vanesa Ruiz, Lois Boon-Brett andreas.pfrang@ec.europa.eu 1

2 Outline European Commission's Joint Research Centre Considerations concerning regulations In general Related to battery technology Battery testing activities at JRC Facilities Experimental results Other battery-related activities Conclusions 2

3 Panorama of the European Union European Court of Auditors European Parliament The Council of the European Union The Committee of the Regions Court of Justice European Commission (28 Commission members) Economic and Social Committee Commissioner Commissioner Commissioner Tibor Navracsics Commissioner ENV MOVE GROW ENER RTD JRC CLIMA ~ 350 Staff Petten Ispra Seville Dir-B ETC Dir-D Dir-E Dir-F Dir-G 3

4 Directorate for Energy, Transport and Climate Petten, Netherlands Seville, Spain Ispra, Italy Independent of national or commercial interests. for the European citizen 4

5 Outline European Commission's Joint Research Centre Considerations concerning regulations In general Related to battery technology Battery testing activities at JRC Facilities Experimental results Other battery-related activities Conclusions 5

6 Why regulate? To address a problem! Possible policy targets: Safety of citizen Welfare Competitiveness of industry Protection of environment Social aspects Reduce dependence on raw materials Resilience of infrastructure Problem definition Objectives Public goods 6

7 How to regulate? What is the 'best' policy option? Impact assessment Assess economic, social, environmental impact Who will be affected/targeted? Assess risks, cost, benefits How can impact be monitored? Not regulating can be the best option (e.g. alternative actions) 7

8 How to regulate? Who should act? Global, EU, MS, local Consider limit of legislative powers Selection of option Typically no perfect option Trade-offs Risks vs. best expected performance Political priorities Political decision 8

9 Information supporting content of regulations Existing legislation Consistent, holistic Industry practices /standards Scientific literature, (experimental) data and knowledge Dedicated modelling Socio-techno-economic Dedicated research Lobbying Public consultation e.g. Other publicly available information 9 Informed policy making

10 Information supporting content of regulations Existing legislation Consistent, holistic Industry practices /standards Scientific literature, (experimental) data and knowledge Dedicated modelling Socio-techno-economic Dedicated research Lobbying Public consultation Other publicly available information 10 JRC role Cooperation with EGVIA, Eurobat Pre-normative research Cooperation with DoE

11 Regulations vs. standards Regulation Mandatory Standard Typically not mandatory Regulation can refer to standards or part thereof (thereby making it mandatory) Updating by update of referenced standard (or revision) Enforceable (pass/fail criteria) Key target: public interest Set by law-making body Regular revision Often no pass/fail Key targets: compatibility/interoperability, comparability, set best practice Developed by standardisation organisation (e.g. ISO, IEC, CEN) 11

12 The policy cycle - JRC role JRC role 12

13 Outline European Commission's Joint Research Centre Considerations concerning regulations In general Related to battery technology Battery testing activities at JRC Facilities Experimental results Other battery-related activities Conclusions 13

14 Experimental tests for regulatory purposes Requirements Fit for purpose Reproducible Technology neutral Stable (suitable until revision) Acceptable test cost Acceptable test duration Compatible with industry practice For regulatory purposes: Enforceable 14

15 Batteries: policy-relevant aspects Safety Enabling technology Key component in e-mobility Potential key role in electricity supply Fast growing revenue in several key markets Rapid technology development Multitude of competing storage technologies Disruptive technology in car manufacturing Strong European car industry, but limited cell manufacturing Sensitive intellectual property Dependence on critical raw materials (Co, nat. graphite) 15 Recycling / second use

16 Battery-related regulatory activities (selection) UNECE United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, EV safety, Global Technical Regulation EV environmental issues Transport Regulation (UN 38.3) Revision of Battery Directive (2006/66/EC) 16

17 Outline European Commission's Joint Research Centre Considerations concerning regulations In general Related to battery technology Battery testing activities at JRC Facilities Experimental results Other battery-related activities Conclusions 17

18 Directorate for Energy, Transport and Climate E-Vehicle testing Battery testing Petten, Netherlands Smart grid Ispra, Italy Sevilla, Spain (not shown) 18

19 Battery testing activities: facilities Battery Energy Storage Testing for Safe Electrification of Transport Batteries: a key-enabling technology for e-mobility and interoperability Dedicated facility 19

20 Battery testing activities: facilities Battery Energy Storage Testing for Safe Electrification of Transport 1 Battery cell/material performance testing 2 Battery pack performance testing 3 Battery cell safety testing 20

21 Battery testing activities: facilities Battery cell performance testing/material studies Cyclers (3 with 96 channels) 3 potentiostats 2 environmental chambers 8 (soon 12) temperature chambers IR camera thermal imaging 3 glove boxes STA with FTIR&GC/MS analysis 2 Accelerated rate calorimeters (ARCs) 21

22 Battery testing activities: facilities Battery cell performance testing/material studies Cell performance testing Impedance spectroscopy Side by side cell with transparent window IR imaging of cells 22

23 Battery testing activities: facilities Example: X-ray computed tomography A123-APR18650M cell 23

24 Battery testing activities: facilities Battery pack performance testing 2 cyclers (100/160 kw 2 channels) Walk in climate chamber (limit 100 kwh) X-ray Computer Tomography System for in-situ imaging of modules (limit 25 kwh) Diondo / Fraunhofer IIS 24

25 Battery testing activities: facilities In-situ X-ray computed tomography SLI battery pack (LiFePO 4 ; 160 Ah/12 V; c. 50 cm x 20 cm x 30 cm) 25 Data courtesy of YXLON International

26 Battery testing activities: facilities In-situ X-ray computed tomography In-situ X-ray computed tomography of batteries Sample: battery up to 25 kwh, max. mass 200 kg, max. diameter 800 mm, max. height 800 mm X-ray source: up to 600 kv, spot size 0.5 mm (ASTM 700 W In situ Controlled climate (temperature -40 to 85 ºC, dew point -5 to 74.5 ºC) During charging/discharging (module and pack cyclers available) Imaging: 5 line pairs/mm and 5 % contrast sensitivity (ASTM E1695) Safety measures: temperature and gas sensors, pressure relief valve, nitrogen intertisation, foam fire suppression system 26

27 Battery testing activities: facilities In-situ X-ray computed tomography Principle 27 Diondo / Fraunhofer IIS

28 Battery testing activities: facilities Battery cell abuse facility 4 abuse chambers (limit 450 Wh) 1 ARC cell and modules Mechanical, electrical and thermal abuse capabilities FTIR/GC/MS gas emission analysis 28

29 Global Technical Regulation (GTR) In 2011 the executive committee of 1998 Agreement approved establishment of two working groups on: EV environmental issues EV safety Development of GTR to address specific safety risks posed by EVs and their components In use and post-crash Electrical shock and other hazards related to rechargeable energy storage systems (REESS) 29

30 Safety tests for battery technology Thermal tests Mechanical tests Electrical tests A. Pfrang et al., Safety of rechargeable energy storage systems with a focus on Li-ion technology, in: L. 30 Martinez-Rodrigez & N. Omar (eds.), Emerging nanotechnology in rechargeable energy storage systems, Elsevier, in press, 2017.

31 Impact of environmental temperature SOC is relevant for safety testing In how far does temperature influence SOC? Which temperature tolerance is acceptable for testing? 5 31

32 Impact of dissimilar temperature during charging and discharging on SOC Discharge capacity relative to discharge capacity at 25 C CCCV charging / CC discharging Rate as suggested 5 by the manufacturer (ca. 1C) charging temperature - discharge temperature e.g. 25 C charging and 10 C discharging: Unpublished data

33 Is acute exposure to chemical substances relevant? In how far could gases emitted from batteries have a health effect? How much gas could be emitted? How much free electrolyte can be contained in a cell? 5 33

34 Relevance of acute exposure to chemical substances Opening of cells Prismatic commercial cell; Lithium iron phosphate chemistry 40 Ah Sample discharged to lower cut off voltage / cooled to -20 C Drill holes (ca. Ø 3 mm) in argon-purged glove box 5 34 Collected electrolyte (> 20 ml) N. Lebedeva, V. Ruiz, F. Di Persio, A. Kriston, A.Pfrang, T. Kosmidou, J. Ungeheuer, D. Dams, L. Brett, "Evaluation of volume of free electrolyte in various cell types - Method and preliminary result", presentation at the 7 th GTR EVS meeting, March 2015, Paris; available at

35 Relevance of acute exposure to chemical substances N.P. Lebedeva, L. Boon-Brett, Considerations on the Chemical Toxicity of Contemporary Li-Ion Battery Electrolytes and Their Components, J.Electrochem.Soc., 163 (2016) A821 35

36 Safety tests for battery technology Thermal tests Mechanical tests Electrical tests Overcharge External short circuit Over-discharge A. Pfrang et al., Safety of rechargeable energy storage systems with a focus on Li-ion technology, in: L. 36 Martinez-Rodrigez & N. Omar (eds.), Emerging nanotechnology in rechargeable energy storage systems, Elsevier, in press, 2017.

37 External short circuit testing conditions Region of applicability International EU countries USA Korea India China Short Circuit parameters SAE J2464 SAE J2929 ISO (2)(3) IEC (3) UN/ECE- R UL 2580 USABC, Freedom CAR KMVSS 18-3 AIS-048 QC/T 743 Device under test (DUT) Resistance (mω) SOC (% rated capacity) Cell, module, pack Hard short: 5 and << DUT DC impedance Soft short: 10 comparable to DUT DC resistance Pack 100 (20) Cell Cell, module, pack (UN 38.3 ) > 50% max. operating SOC Cell, module, pack 5 (Cell) 20 (Pack) Max. operating SOC Pack Cell, module, pack Cell, pack <5 100 Max. operating range or 80 % SOC Temperature Room temperature V. Ruiz, A. Pfrang, A. Kriston, N. Omar, P. Van den Bossche, L. Boon-Brett, Review of abuse standards and regulations for Li-ion batteries in Electric and Hybrid vehicles, submitted to Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews. 37

38 External short circuit Pouch cells (NCA and NMC) 10 Ah nominal capacity Internal resistance 1-1.3mΩ No protection mechanism Short circuit test 1, 5, 10, 15 m 3 thermocouples attached IR and visual camera Post-mortem analysis 38

39 External short circuit Video image (a) and IR image at the moment of cell rupture (b) and current and voltage during short circuit test of an NMC cell at 4.8 mω external resistance. A. Kriston, V. Ruiz, T. Kosmidou, J. Ungeheuer, H. Döring, B. Fritsch, A. Pfrang, L. Boon-Brett, Evaluation of external short circuit performance of NCA and NCM Li-ion batteries for the design of a safer protection mechanism, Battery Safety 2016, Bethesda, US 39

40 Effect of external resistance 3 rd region 1 st region 2 nd region 90% SOC 3 regions: current stabilizes 1 st region ends at the 10% DoD-> double and diffusion layer discharge The final DoD increases with increasing external resistance 40

41 C-Rate C-Rate Initial short circuit current Terminal Disconnects Internal short Rupture, leakage Safe C-rate max =274 Measured on 10Ah pouch cells Measured Coin on Cell 10Ah pouch cells Measured Fitted on curve coin cells according to Eq. 1. Fitted 95% curve Confidence according to Band eq.1. 95% Prediction Band 5 mω Model ReciprocalMod Equation y = a/(1+b*x) Plot max_a a ± b ± Reduced Chi-Sqr R-Square(COD) Adj. R-Square I Short I Cell Max 1 1 R R External Cell Generalized R External / R Cell resistance (Resistance Ratio) (Eq.2.) Resistance ratio is the main influential factor Failure modes are dependent on the resistance ratio 41 Based on the model of Okazaki et.al. J. App. Electrochemistry, 16, (1986)

42 External short circuit Resistance ratio is the key influential parameter (and not fixed external resistance, e.g. 5 mω) Applying fixed external resistance at different subsystem level does not imply comparable conditions Stabilisation regions observed for current Venting and electrolyte leakage occurred without thermal runaway Gas emission may be visible only in IR 42

43 Global Technical Regulation (GTR) on Electric Vehicle Safety Expected timeline and beyond December GTR phase 1 submitted to GRSP November WP29 decision start work on amending UN R100 possible adoption in WP29.AC1 requirements become applicable Approval of GTR phase 2? Work on phase 2 43

44 Global Technical Regulation (GTR) on Electric Vehicle Safety Some key changes as compared to R100.2 (developed/agreed in task forces/working group) New requirements Protection against water Thermal propagation (documentation) Extended electrical tests (BMS functionality) Warning signals (thermal event / low energy) New testing condition Highest achievable SOC New pass/fail criteria No venting for non-open type batteries (in-use tests) 44 For further details see www2.unece.org

45 Outline European Commission's Joint Research Centre Considerations concerning regulations In general Related to battery technology Battery testing activities at JRC Facilities Experimental results Other battery-related activities Conclusions 45

46 Other battery-related activities SET plan Key action 7 'Become competitive in the global battery sector to drive e-mobility forward' PSIS workshop 'Driving Towards Decarbonisation of Transport: Safety, Performance, Second life and Recycling of Automotive Batteries for e-vehicles' JRC-internal exploratory research project on 'Sustainability Assessment of Second Life Application of Automotive Batteries' (SASLAB) 46

47 Acknowledgement BATTEST group Franco Di Persio Akos Kriston Natalia Lebedeva Vanesa Ruiz Ibtissam Adanouj Lois Brett Jürgen Ungeheuer Andreas Pfrang Andreas Podias Theodora Kosmidou Denis Dams 47

48 Conclusions Battery technology is very relevant in policy making JRC battery testing facilities available (and being extended) support informed policymaking Serving the interests of the EU citizens 48

49 Selected references A. Pfrang, A. Kriston, V. Ruiz, N. Lebedeva, F. di Persio, Safety of rechargeable energy storage systems with a focus on Li-ion technology, in: L. Martinez-Rodrigez & N. Omar (eds.), Emerging nanotechnology in rechargeable energy storage systems, Elsevier, in press, OPEN ACCESS OPEN ACCESS OPEN ACCESS OPEN ACCESS OPEN ACCESS N. Lebedeva, V. Ruiz, F. Di Persio, A. Kriston, A.Pfrang, T. Kosmidou, J. Ungeheuer, D. Dams, L. Brett, Evaluation of volume of free electrolyte in various cell types - Method and preliminary result, 7 th GTR EVS meeting, March 2015, Paris; N.P. Lebedeva, L. Boon-Brett, Considerations on the Chemical Toxicity of Contemporary Li-Ion Battery Electrolytes and Their Components, Journal of the Electrochemical Society 163 (2016) A821 A. Kriston, V. Ruiz, T. Kosmidou, J. Ungeheuer, H. Döring, B. Fritsch, A. Pfrang, L. Boon-Brett, Evaluation of external short circuit performance of NCA and NCM Li-ion batteries for the design of a safer protection mechanism, Battery Safety 2016, Bethesda, US Z. Farkas, I. Faragó, Á. Kriston, A. Pfrang, Improvement of accuracy of multi-scale models of Li-ion batteries by applying operator splitting techniques, Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics 310 (2017), A. Kriston, A. Pfrang, L. Boon-Brett, Development of multi-scale structure homogenization approaches based on modeled particle deposition for the simulation of electrochemical energy conversion and storage devices, Electrochimica Acta 201 (2016), A. Kriston, A. Pfrang, B. N. Popov, L. Boon-Brett, Development of a full layer pore-scale model for the simulation of electro-active material used in power sources, Journal of the Electrochemical Society 161 (2014), E3235-E3247 V. Ruiz, A. Pfrang, A. Kriston, N. Omar, P. Van den Bossche, L. Boon-Brett, Review of abuse standards and regulations for Li-ion batteries in Electric and Hybrid vehicles, submitted to Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews. Movie about battery testing at JRC 49

50 Stay in touch EU Science Hub: ec.europa.eu/jrc Facebook: EU Science Hub - Joint Research Centre LinkedIn: Joint Research Centre YouTube: EU Science Hub 50