Impact of Electricity

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SOLAR ENERGY TECHNOLOGY What will be discussed: Solar Photovoltaic Systems Gerrit Jacobs 14-18 June 2010 Jakarta Indonesia Training Course on Renewable Energy Part II - MEMR

Electricity 1. Evaluate the energy needs of the client 2. Determine the appropriate size of the solar system 3. Estimate the prices of such systems 4.

Inform and advice current and future solar system users 3 4 Electricity plays an important role After Before WARNING! Photovoltaic modules can be short-circuited without damage.

1 SOLAR ENERGY TECHNOLOGY What will be discussed: Solar Photovoltaic Systems Gerrit Jacobs June 2010 Jakarta Indonesia Training Course on Renewable Energy Part II - MEMR CASINDO 1 s Units of measurement and basic formula The client Meeting the needs of the client PV system components Charge regulators 2 Duties of a solar entrepreneur Impact of Electricity 1. Evaluate the energy needs of the client 2. Determine the appropriate size of the solar system 3. Estimate the prices of such systems 4. Select and purchase quality components 5. Ensure the marketing of solar systems as well as other services for the clients 6. Install maintain and repair the solar system 7. Inform and advice current and future solar system users 3 4 Electricity plays an important role After Before WARNING! Photovoltaic modules can be short-circuited without damage. However, a short circuit in other system components or sparks may cause component damage and dangerous, even lethal, conditions. This is particularly true for storage batteries. Never short-circuit batteries! Photo: Jon Exel

2 PV Technologies for Rural Electrification Solar Lantern DC Solar Home System AC PV Battery Charging Station 12V DC System PV Mini-grid Hybrid Systems PV - Diesel engine PV - Windmill AC System Stand-alone Solar Systems 9 10 Minigrid System Grid Connected System a x x

Types of Stand-Alone PV Systems System for Communication Regulator 13 PV Array Battery Load 14 14 Units of measure and basic formulas Back to the Basics Energy: ability to do work (J or Wh) Electric

Volt V P / I Current I Ampere A P / V Power P Watt W V x I Energy E Watt-hour Wh or J W x t Battery capacity Q Ampere-hours Ah I x t; E / V Irradiation Irr Watt per square metre W/ m 2 ---- Lumen lm

3 Types of Stand-Alone PV Systems System for Communication Regulator 13 PV Array Battery Load Units of measure and basic formulas Back to the Basics Energy: ability to do work (J or Wh) Electric power: rate at which energy is consumed or supplied Units of measure and basic formulas Units and Formulas Unit Symbol Measure Symbol Expressed in other units Time t Second Hour hs ---- Voltage V Volt V P / I Current I Ampere A P / V Power P Watt W V x I Energy E Watt-hour Wh or J W x t Battery capacity Q Ampere-hours Ah I x t; E / V Irradiation Irr Watt per square metre W/ m Lumen lm Flow of light Lux lx Illumination lm / m Irradiation: Solar radiation per square metre (W/m 2 ) Formula Power = Voltage x Current Power = Current x Current x Resistance Energy = Power x Time Energy = Battery capacity x Voltage Resistance = Voltage / Current Symbols P = V x I P = I 2 x R E = P x t E = Q x V R = V / I The client Adding up to succes The client It is important to:

Appliances only for larger PV systems or alternatives Possible appliances in SHSs Common appliance s in SHSs Meeting the needs of the client Appliances

consumption (Wh/day) Light bulb 5 15 1 4 5 60 Radio 5 1 10 5 50 Radio cassette player 10 1 5 10 50 B/W television 35 1 5 35 175 Small fan 5 3 6 15 30

5 0 150 Video recorder 70 1 3 70 210 Lap-top 40 1 6 40 240 Blender 300 0.

600 1 3 600 1,800 Electrical cooking plate 1,000 0.

4 Appliances only for larger PV systems or alternatives Possible appliances in SHSs Common appliance s in SHSs Meeting the needs of the client Appliances Meeting the needs of the client Sizing of a DC Solar System (1) Appliance Typical power consumption (Watts) Typical daily use (hours/day) Typical daily consumption (Wh/day) Light bulb Radio Radio cassette player B/W television Small fan Battery charger Mobile phone charger Stereo installation Radio transmitters stand-by: transmit: Video recorder Lap-top Blender Sewing machine Small refrigerator ,680 Water pump ,000 Electrical drill ,800 Electrical iron ,800 Electrical cooking plate 1, , colour TV Meeting the needs of the client Sizing of a DC Solar System (2) Meeting the needs of the client Different Cable Sizes PV system components Solar Home System PV system components Components of a small SHS Solar Module (Panel) Battery Module Battery Regulator Regulator Wiring Lights Lights Cables

Photovoltaic Process Light LUZ from SOLAR the sun PV Cell Types solar cell CELDA SOLAR voltage Voltaje fotogenerado generated mono-crystalline Solar cell efficiency: multi-crystalline

efficiency unifirm colour One solar cell produces approximately 0.

5 Photovoltaic Process Light LUZ from SOLAR the sun PV Cell Types solar cell CELDA SOLAR voltage Voltaje fotogenerado generated mono-crystalline Solar cell efficiency: multi-crystalline generated energy Corriente fotogenerada current flow 25 incident energy 26 PV Cell Types Characteristics of a PV Module Silicon Monocrystalline 14% to 16% efficiency CIS thin film 12% efficiency unifirm colour One solar cell produces approximately 0.5V DC Normally 36 cells are connected in series Nominal voltage of the module is 12V DC The area of the solar cells determines the current Tempered glass with low iron content Embedding medium Solar cell Construction of Back sheet a PV Module Aluminium frame Connection box Quality Labels

6 Photovoltaic Process Mono-Crystalline, Poly-Crystalline and Amorphous silicon 32 Cells, Modules and Arrays Construction of a Lead-Acid Battery Battery Capacity Connecting h h

7 Battery Connections Battery Connections Battery Connections Battery Connections The Reality... Automotive versus Deep Cycle Battery (discharge rate = 25 A)

Battery Life-time Battery Life-time Depth of discharge Depth of discharge Number of cycles 43 43

screens Controls the module and load Minimises harm in case of short-circuit Charge regulator

8 Battery Life-time Battery Life-time Depth of discharge Depth of discharge Number of cycles Charge regulator Regulator / Controller Indicates systems performance through LEDs and LCD screens Controls the module and load Minimises harm in case of short-circuit Charge regulator Operation of the Regulator Different Types of Regulators Charge regulator ProStar-30 Regulator

9 Charge regulator Old Design Regulator Charge regulator Old Controller Technology Charge regulator Controller - OutBack Selecting Lights OutBack MX60 60A at 48V MPPT Efficiency of 98% Large digital display Datalogger of 64 days Fully programmable Power Rating of Appliances

10 Connecting Inverters Different Types of Inverters (1) Regulator Inverter Inverter connected to the regulator Different Types of Inverters (2) Installation using OutBack Inverters Testing of Inverter Inverter Output Signal

11 Voltage (V) and Power (W) Performance of Inverters Ecopower 500 W inverter Output Voltage (V) Output Power (W) Output Voltages of Inverters sine wave quasi sine wave square wave Current (A) Characteristics of Inverters Output Voltages and Currents of Inverters QUESTIONS? Gerrit Jacobs ETC Energy winter@etcnl.nl PO Box AB Leusden the Netherlands T: F:

WELCOME! Small Wind Generators. Structure of this Presentation. Where is this? Where is this? Introduction to Wind Energy

WELCOME! Small Wind Generators. Structure of this Presentation. Where is this? Where is this? Introduction to Wind Energy WIND ENERGY TECHNOLOGY Introduction to Wind Energy Small Wind Generators Gerrit Jacobs This presentation uses material from the training course "The implementation of Wind Energy organized by ECN and Arrakis,