Utilization of Solar Energy to make RF Based Remote Control Chair for Handicapped

Transcription

1 Utilization of Solar Energy to make RF Based Remote Control Chair for Handicapped Sibasis Bandyopadhyay 1, Subha Ram 2, Soumya Dutta 3, Arindam Mardanya 4 1 Lecturer, Technique Polytechnic Institute, West Bengal 2 Project Fellow, Technique Polytechnic Institute, West Bengal 3 Project Fellow, Technique Polytechnic Institute, West Bengal 4 Project Fellow, Technique Polytechnic Institute, West Bengal ABSTRACT In the years to come the need for energy will increase manifold while the reserve of conventional energy will deplete in rapid pace. To meet the growing demand of energy harnessing of non-conventional / renewable energy is the necessity. Among all the available non-conventional sources, solar energy is the most abundant and uniformly distributed. In cities of India one of the major medium of transportation is auto rickshaws, which is producing a huge amount of air pollution as well as greenhouse gases like CO2. Fuel, which is used, is a non-renewable source and also which costs high as a result of that transportation charges increases. It would also affect the economy. Thus they should go for a reliable source as know that current trend of using the reliable source like solar which is available in plenty in country like India. This car using the solar panel, controller and DC motor setup to convert the light energy as an electrical energy which is fed to the DC motor to obtain mechanical motion. The system is the improved system to provide higher efficiency for lower cost. Solar powered car is the system with the efficient utilization of solar energy designs a general purpose vehicle by charging battery using solar energy and especially designed for physically challenged. The existing system receives maximum sun energy only from 11 am to 2 pm, because always the solar collector kept at 30 degrees and charges a small battery. A new method is developed, where sun light is tracked from morning 6 am to 6 pm by moving the solar collector along with the movement of the sun using stepper motor. Keywords: Photovoltaic cells, Encoder, Motor, Decoder. 1. INTRODUCTION If Environmental concerns keep growing, and restrictive guidelines constrain the use of the pollutant sources, wind and solar Photovoltaic (PV) power can be considered as viable option for future transportation. Besides being emission-free, the energy coming from the sunrays is available at no cost. As the awareness of environmental protection and energy saving continues to rise, only the electric vehicle can realize real zero oil consumption and zero pollution. The gasoline engine and the diesel engine (no matter how much their efficiency is improved) as well as hybrid vehicles all consume fossil fuel, so there is still some way to go in realizing real zero emissions. Therefore, the electric vehicle with zero emission will undoubtedly become the mainstream means of private transportation in the future. The governments of each country and their societies have outlined large scale plans to promote battery-powered electric vehicles for considerable opportunities to change the nature of private vehicles. This paper discusses about the solar powered battery operated EV as an option for fuel vehicle. We make the solar car and above the car we placed a plastic chair which can able to carry a person. We specially made it only for handicap people who are unable to move from one place to another. Figure 1: System block diagram Volume 4, Issue 4, April 2016 Page 6

2 2. SYSTEM CONFIGURATION AND OVERVIEW The flowchart helps us to understand the working logic of the car and chair. First we will go over the basic idea of the car and the working logic that is involved in the car. There are two blocks, the Transmitter (remote control) and the Receiver (car). On the transmitter side, we have the switches to give the digital inputs to the encoder IC. The encoder then encodes this data and sends it to the RF Transmitter module. On the receiver side, we will have the RF Receiver which receives the encoded data and passes it on to the decoder. The decoder decodes the data and sends it to the motor driver IC to drive the motors. Figure 2: Transmitter and Receiver block 1. HARDWARE DESCRIPTION 1.1. Solar Charger and Battery unit Figure: 3show the solar charger circuit that is used to charge Lead Acid or Ni-Cd batteries using the solar energy power. The circuit harvests solar energy to charge a 6 volt 4.5 Ah rechargeable battery for this application. The charger has voltage and current regulation and over voltage cut-off facilities. The circuit uses a 12 volt solar panel and a variable voltage regulator IC LM 317. The solar panel consists of solar cells each rated at 1.2 volts. 12 volt DC is available from the panel to charge the battery. Charging current passes through D1 to the voltage regulator IC LM 317. By adjusting its Adjust pin, output voltage and current can be regulated. VR is placed between the adjust pin and ground to provide an output voltage of 9 volts to the battery. Resistor R3 Restrict the charging current and diode D2 prevents discharge of current from the battery. Transistor T1 and Zener diode ZD act as a cut off switch when the battery is full. Normally T1 is off and battery gets charging current. When the terminal voltage of the battery rises above 6.8 volts, Zener conducts and provides base current to T1. It then turns on grounding the output of LM317 to stop charging. This solar unit is placed in the car or chair to make the supply of receiver unit. That means to drive the motor. Figure 3: Solar Charger circuit Volume 4, Issue 4, April 2016 Page 7

3 3.2 RF Transmitter and Receiver Module In the RF transmitter and receiver modules the frequency in which they communicate should not be a problem as long as both the receiver and the transmitter are of the same frequency. All modules are Pin and Pad compatible. But there are some modules that have inverted numbering, like first pin will be last pin and second pin will be second from last and so on RF Transmitter (Remote Control) In Figure:4 shows the transmitter circuit, we have in mind that this is our remote. So we try to make it as handy as possible. Make a good closure for this circuit. The HT12E encoder is 12 bit encoders that are they have 8 address bits and 4 data bits. The address bits can left open or pulled low. In the circuit below, it will see that each of the address pins (A0 to A7) are connected to a switch. So if the switched is ON then that line is connected to GND (Vss) otherwise the pin is left floating. The TE (transmit enable) is a active low input to the IC. This enables the transmission. So when the switch connected to pin 14 is pressed, the 8 address bits along with the 4 data bits (AD8 to AD11) are serially encoded and sent out at the DOUT pin. For our application (RC robot car) we will connect TE directly to GND as we have to keep sending the data as and when they arrive to the car. Unlike the receiver circuit, this does not need to have a beefy battery. We can power this circuit with a 9V battery. Figure 4: Transmitter Section (Remote Control)& RF Transmitter Module RF Receiver circuit with motor driver In figure:3 shows the circuit diagram of the receiver. It handles the RF reception as well as the motor drive. The address pin in the decoder (HT12D) behaves just like that of the encoder. The data is received at the DIN pin from the RF receiver circuit and then this data is checked 3 times (according to the datasheet the data is transmitted 3 times and received 3 times and only if all 3 times the data is same it is decoded) and then decoded and IC checks if the address pin connection of the encoder is same as that of the decoder. If the address configuration of the decoder matches that in the received data (from encoder) the data is decoded and latched on to the data pins (D8 to D11).This decoded data is then send as control signals to the motor driver IC. L293D a dual H-bridge motor driver to be short. It is used to drive the motor in both forward and back ward direction. The VT (valid transmit) pin is used to indicate if there is a valid transmission between the encoder and decoder. This pin can be left open or like in the circuit below, an LED with series resistance can be used to give a visual indication. Volume 4, Issue 4, April 2016 Page 8

4 4.DIFFERENTIAL DRIVE ALGORITHM Figure 5: Receiver Section& RF receiver Module There are a lot of different types of drive algorithms for driving cars. One such method is the differential drive method. We will be using only one pair of motors to drive the car. We have one castor wheel asides from the two motors and it will be used to give mechanical stability to the car. Now the obvious question is how the car will change direction if it has only two wheels. That is when the differential drive algorithm comes in the picture. The direction control is achieved by rotating one of the wheels in one direction and the other in another direction. The following table: 1givesus a better understanding the movement. The car will go front or back if both the pair of motors operates in one direction and left or right if they operate in different directions. Table 1: Motor Operation to control the movement Left Motor Right Motor Direction Front Front Front Front Back Right Back Front Left Back Back Back 5.PCB WORK We make PCB layout for the above two circuits. We make it by using eagle software and printable PCB art works done in our college PCB Laboratory. Volume 4, Issue 4, April 2016 Page 9

5 Figure 6: Transmitter section PCB Figure 7: Receiver Section PCB 6.CONCLUSIONS Thus, to collect the greatest amount of energy from the sun, solar panels must be aligned orthogonally to the sun. In future this type of car has lot of marketing value because it will be used nonrenewable resource and renewable energy. This type of car does not create any pollution so it is also having a lot of positive point toward nature. Only the manufacturing cost is high but maintenance cost is almost zero. Hence this car is economic and environmental friendly. Future work is planned to increase the capability and the efficiency of car by creating a user friendly Graphical User Interface (GUI).Finally, we are able to design an Eco-friendly, no emission vehicle which is very useful even for physically challenged and senior citizens. 7.ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We sincerely thank to Smt. Madhurima Santra IN-Charge-DETC, TPI, Mr S.N. Basu Executive Director,TPI, and the Staff members of DETC Dept., TPI, family members, friends, one and all who helped us to make this project and paper successful. Appendix: Photos of experimental Car Unit with chair and solar cell Reference [1]. Arsie I.,Rizzo G., Sorrentino M.; A Model for the Optimal Design of a Hybrid Solar Vehicle, Review of Automotive Engineering, Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan (JSAE), 2008, ISSN : [2]. Andrea Vezzini, Hari sharan and Loganathan umanand, (2005) Low-pollution three- wheeler auto rickshaw with power-assist series hybrid and novel variable DC-link voltage system Journal of Indian institute of science pp.1-14 [3]. Preitl Z., Bauer P., Kulcsar B., Rizzo G., Bokor,J.,Control Solutions for Hybrid Solar Vehicle Fuel Consumption Minimization In: Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium, Istanbul, Turkey, June 13-15, [4]. Srdjan Lukic M., Mulhall P., Choi G., Naviwala M., Nimmagadda S., and Emadi, A., Usage Pattern Development for Three-Wheel Auto Rickshaw Taxis in India,pp ( ) in 2007 IEEE [5]. Arsie I, Rizzo G, Sorrentino M, Effect of engine thermal transients on the management of series Hybrid solar vehicles, International journal of control engineering practice, (2010) pp [6]. C. Lozoya, P. Marti, M. Velasco and J.M. Fuertes, Effective Real- Time Wireless Control of an Autonomous Guided Vehicle, Proceedings of the IEEE, pp , [7]. Immanuel Alphonse, Dr. S. Hosimin Thilagar, F. Bright Singh; Design of Solar Powered BLDC Motor Driven Electric Vehicle ;International journal of renewable energy research Immanuel Alphonse et al.,vol.2, No.3, 2012 [8]. Vimal Vas J., Nair, V. G.; Control scheme For Electric Drive Of Solar Powered Vehicles, Indian conference of INDICON (2008) pp75-80 Annual IEEE Volume 4, Issue 4, April 2016 Page 10

6 [9]. Vimal Vas J., Nair V. G., ;Control scheme For Electric Drive Of Solar Powered Vehicles, Indian conference of INDICON(2008) pp75-80 Annual IEEE [10]. Wale J. D. and Pollock, Hybrid C., stepping motors and drives, Power Engineering Journal, vol. 15, pp [11]. Zhang X.., Yang J., Bo Sun, Jia Wang; Study on the Policy of New Energy Vehicles In China (2009) IEEE [12]. Shimizu Y., Kamatsu Y., Torii M., Takamuro M.; Solar car Cruising strategy and its supporting system, journal Society of Automobile Engineering Review (1998) pp [13]. Wamborikar Y.S., Sinha A., ;Solar Powered Vehicle, Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering and Computer Science 2010 Vol. II WCECS 2010, October 20-22, 2010, San Francisco, USA AUTHOR Sibasis Bandyopadhyay received the B. Tech. Degrees in Electronics And communication Engineering from Techno India, Salt Lake in 2011.He was worked in Cable TV Industry from 2011 and now working in Technique polytechnic Institute as a lecturer since Subha Ram is the final year students of Technique polytechnic Institute in Electronic and Tele communication. His Interested areas are Communications, Embedded systems and Electronics. Soumya Dutta is the final year students of Technique polytechnic Institute in Electronic and Tele communication. His Interested areas are Communications and Electronics. Arindam Mardanya is the final year students of Technique polytechnic Institute in Electronic and Tele communication. His Interested areas are Communications and Electronics. Volume 4, Issue 4, April 2016 Page 11