Solar Power Basics. Solar-Power-Made-Affordable.com

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1 Solar Power Basics Solar-Power-Made-Affordable.com

2 Solar Power Basics Explained Page 2 Solar Power Basics Explained Terminology and Components You Need to Know Presented by Solar-Power-Made-Affordable.com Compiled and Edited by Don Bell

3 Solar Power Basics Explained Page 3 Copyright 2016 by Don Bell All Rights Reserved Worldwide This FREE Report is an electronic publication offered by Don Bell and Solar-Power-Made-Affordable.com. This publication is protected by Canadian and international copyright law. This Report may NOT be rewritten, modified or changed in any way. This Report may NOT be offered for sale or distributed in any form or by any means without the prior written permission of the copyright owner. Published Photographs by Don Bell Report compilation and cover design by Don Bell. Don Bell, epublisher Otonabee, Ontario, CANADA

4 Solar Power Basics Explained Page 4 DISCLAIMER AND TERMS OF USE AGREEMENT The editor and publisher of this report and any accompanying materials have used their best efforts in preparing this report. The editor and publisher make no representation or warranties with respect to the accuracy, applicability, fitness, or completeness of the contents of this report. The information contained in this report is strictly for educational purposes. Therefore, if you wish to apply ideas contained in this report, you are taking full responsibility for your actions. The editor and publisher disclaim any warranties (express or implied), merchantability, or fitness for any particular purpose. The editor and publisher shall in no event be held liable to any party for any direct, indirect, punitive, special, incidental or other consequential damages arising directly or indirectly from any use or misuse of this material, which is provided as is and without warranties. Every effort has been made to accurately represent this product and its potential. Many factors will be important in determining your actual results and no guarantees are made that you will achieve results similar to ours or anybody else s, in fact no guarantees are made that you will achieve any results from our ideas and techniques in our material. The editor and publisher do not warrant the performance, effectiveness or applicability of any Internet sites that may be listed or linked to in this report. All links are for information purposes only and are not warranted for content, accuracy or any other implied or explicit purpose. This report is copyrighted by Don Bell. No part of this may be changed in any format, sold, or used in any way other than what is outlined within this report under any circumstances.

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6 Solar Power Basics Explained Page 6 Contents Introduction... 9 Electricity Basics Current (I) Volts (V) Amps (A) Ohms (Ω) Watts (W) How Volts, Amps, Ohms, and Watts Interrelate Kilowatts (KW) Kilowatt Hour (KWH) Alternating Current (AC) Direct Current (DC) Types of Solar Electric Systems Grid Tied System... 13

7 Solar Power Basics Explained Page 7 Grid Tied System With Battery Backup Off Grid System Solar Cell Basics Electrons Conductor Semi Conductors Solar Cells Solar Panel Basics Insolation Photovoltaic Module Solar Panel Solar Array Flush Mounts Roof-Ground Mounts Pole Mounts Solar Trackers Electrical Grid Grid Grid Tied Off Grid Additional PV System Components On & Off Grid AC Breaker Panel Inverters Additional PV System Components Grid Tied Utility Meter Net Metering... 22

8 Solar Power Basics Explained Page 8 Additional PV System Components Off Grid Storage Batteries System Monitor Charge Controllers Array Disconnect Battery Disconnect Backup Generator Resources In Appreciation... 27

9 Solar Power Basics Explained Page 9 Introduction Building or installing a solar electric (also known as photovoltaic or PV) system for your home is a complex project involving many different parts. Whether you plan to do it all yourself or hire a professional to do it for you, you will need to know the correct terminology to use to research, design, purchase, and communicate about it. You will also have to decide whether you want a system that s tied to the common electrical grid, or a totally independent system. This 27-page report is not intended to be a comprehensive guide to residential solar electric systems. Rather, it is meant to be a handy resource. It simply provides an overview of the basic components needed in each type of system setup, and it provides plain-english explanations of the most important terms you will need to know. It s important to note that many of these components are known by more than one name. For example, solar panels are also known as PV or photovoltaic panels, and an AC breaker panel can also be called a breaker box. It s also very common for terms to be slightly different depending on the city, state, or country you are building your system in. But, a solar electric system functions in the same way no matter what names are used for its components. So it s important to double check the name of the component with its function when you are buying parts or services. Print this guide out to use as a handy reference while you are planning your PV power system. Write on its pages and take notes when you are surfing the web pricing parts, and when you are talking with vendors and solar panel installers. All the best with your solar project!

10 Solar Power Basics Explained Page 10 Electricity Basics Current (I) A flow of electricity resulting from the ordered directional movement of electrons, usually measured in amps. Volts (V) Volts (voltage) refers to the electrical potential of a stream of electrons. Amps (A) Amps (short for amperage ) refers to the amount of current that flows through an electrical circuit based on the amount of resistance that s present. The ampere is named after Andre-Marie Ampere ( ), French physicist, considered the father of electrodynamics. Ohms (Ω) Ohms are a measure of the resistance that the electrical current meets in a circuit. The Ohm is named after Geog Simon Ohm ( ), German physicist and discoverer of Ohm s Law: I=V/R, which states that electric current is proportional to voltage and inversely proportional to resistance. Watts (W) Watts (wattage) are a measurement of how much electrical power is available for use, depending on the combination of volts and amps (and ohms) that are present. The unit of power is named after James Watt ( ), Scottish engineer and renowned inventor. How Volts, Amps, Ohms, and Watts Interrelate The formula W=V I can be used to calculate wattage, where V equals the voltage (120 or 240) and I equals the current (amperage).

11 Solar Power Basics Explained Page 11 A convenient way to think of how these terms interrelate is to imagine a garden hose. The water pressure in the hose is the voltage, the rate that the water flows through the hose is the current or amps, and the diameter of the garden hose (or nozzle) is like the resistance or ohms. Now imagine that you want to clean the sidewalk with the hose. The various combinations of water pressure, flow rate, and hose (or nozzle) diameter will determine whether you will be able to merely soak the sidewalk with a steady flow of water (low wattage) or whether you can power wash it (high wattage) and get all the cracks and crevices clean. If you want a more detailed and clear description of how these electrical terms relate to your solar panel project, see whether your local library has a copy of the book Got Sun? Go Solar, by Rex Ewing and Doug Pratt. Kilowatts (KW) A Kilowatt is equal to 1,000 Watts of electrical power. Kilowatt Hour (KWH) A Kilowatt Hour (KWH) is the unit of measurement used to describe the amount of energy an electrical source produces in one hour. It is also used to express the amount of energy that electrical appliances consume during a given time period. Most utility companies bill on a monthly basis, and your electric bill will be based on the total number of Kilowatt Hours your household has used during that month. You will need to know the number of kilowatt hours your family uses for every month of the year to design a solar electric system that will deliver enough power to meet your needs. Using a year s daily average in your calculations will not work, since you will want enough electrical power available during the extreme summer and winter temperatures occurring in your area. Alternating Current (AC) Alternating current (AC) travels in sine waves (short for sinusoidal ), which means the current is constantly cycling between the peaks and troughs of the wave, instead of traveling in a steady stream like direct current (DC) does. Residential and commercial appliances like toasters, computers, and copying machines run on AC electricity. Public utility companies deliver AC electricity via the common electrical grid. AC electricity cannot be

12 Solar Power Basics Explained Page 12 stored, so the systems (and the appliances that use it) are designed to turn on and off. Direct Current (DC) Direct current (DC) is a steady stream of electrons that travel along a conductor from one point to another. Solar panels generate direct current electricity, and it can be stored in cells within a storage battery for use later. The kinds of batteries that are used in off grid solar electric systems are similar to automobile batteries yet different in their design and function. (See Storage Batteries in this report.)

13 Solar Power Basics Explained Page 13 Types of Solar Electric Systems Grid Tied System Here are the basic components you will need for a grid tied system: PV Array (solar panels) Array Disconnect Inverter AC Breaker Panel Utility Meter Grid Tied System With Battery Backup PV Array (solar panels) Array Disconnect Charge Controller Storage Batteries System Monitor Battery Disconnect Inverter AC Breaker Panel Utility Meter Off Grid System PV Array (solar panels) Array Disconnect Charge Controller Storage Batteries System Monitor Battery Disconnect Inverter Backup Generator AC Breaker Panel

14 Solar Power Basics Explained Page 14 Solar Cell Basics Electrons Electrons are extremely tiny particles which carry a negative charge, and which create electricity when they flow through a conductor. They are one of the most basic components of a solar cell, and the entire process of converting sunlight into electricity is based on their activity. Sunlight transfers its energy to the electrons in the atoms of the solar cell, and they become part of an electrical current. It is this direct current (see DC ) that can then be stored (see Batteries ) or converted into alternating current (see AC ), and used to power electrical appliances and equipment. Conductor A Conductor is anything that will allow the flow of (or conduct ) electricity. Substances like rubber will not conduct electricity and are used as insulators. Materials like copper wiring offer almost no resistance to electrical current and make excellent electrical conductors. Semi conductor materials are used to make computer chips and solar cells. Semi Conductors Semi conductors are made from a variety of different types of silicon: single-crystalline, polycrystalline, or non-crystalline (amorphous or thin film). The silicone partially insulates electrical current and conducts only a limited amount of electricity. Solar Cells Solar Cells (also knows as PV cells or photovoltaic cells ) are the basic unit of any solar electric system. They can be made from many different types of semi conductor materials, but those most commonly used in the conventionally designed solar panels that people are used to seeing are crystalline silicon-based. The PV cell converts sunlight into electricity during a process that causes the electrons in the semi conductor material to create an electric field. Since each solar cell is quite small and generates only 1 or 2 volts of electricity, a solar panel (or PV module) contains dozens (or tens of dozens) of solar cells that are interconnected.

15 Solar Power Basics Explained Page 15 In response to the shortage of silicon and its increasing cost, other materials (for example, cadmium indium gallium selenide, also known as CIGS) have been used in the last 10 years. But since these materials are also expensive, innovation has led to manufacturing processes that use less of the materials to bring prices down. Hence, thin film solar cells have been developed and products are now being manufactured that rival the electricity production of the larger and heavier conventional solar panels made with silicon-based solar cells. (See Thin Film Photovoltaics (TFPV) )

16 Solar Power Basics Explained Page 16 Solar Panel Basics Insolation Insolation (short for incoming solar radiation, also known as solar irradiance ) refers to the amount of solar radiation (heating) that hits the earth at any given geographical location. It s an important concept in relation to solar panels because each solar electric installation is at a unique location on the planet and receives a particular amount of sunlight that effects how much electric power it will be able to produce. Think of it this way: a solar array located in Juneau, Alaska will receive a different amount sunlight than a solar array located in Denver, Colorado, no matter whether it s June 31st or December 31st. This is caused by the angle of the sunlight reaching the earth is different at different geographical locations (latitudes) on the planet. The amount of insolation your PV system will receive will be a factor in determining the size (and the resulting cost) of the solar electric system you will need to install to meet your desired energy needs. But don t worry, you won t need to figure out your project s insolation value by yourself. Your government provides helpful maps that will quickly tell you the insolation number that you need to plug into your calculations. To find insolation values for the United States, use the maps provided by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory: To find insolation values for Canada, use the maps provided by EcoSmart that are based on data from Natural Resources Canada: To find insolation values for locations in other countries, search online for solar maps, insolation maps, or solar radiation maps plus the name of the country you are interested in researching Solar maps typically provide monthly average, daily global insolation (kwh/m2/day) data. The insolation values to use in your calculations represent the solar energy available to a flat plate collector, such as a photovoltaic panel, oriented due south at an angle from horizontal to equal to the latitude of the collector location.

17 Solar Power Basics Explained Page 17 For example, by comparing the insolation table values to Denver s approximate location on the insolation map, we can determine that Denver s average daily insolation value in December is about 4.0. Look for the PV Solar Radiation Static Maps that show monthly averages since using a yearly (annual) average will give you incorrect values for the summer and winter extreme temperatures. Always use the monthly average with the minimum insolation value, which is December for Canada and the United States. That way your estimate will be based on the least amount of the sun s energy available for your location, and your solar electricity system will be able to handle your family s energy needs even when the sun s energy is at its weakest. See Solar Panel (below). Photovoltaic Module Solar Panel A Solar Panel (also known as a photovoltaic module or PV module ) is a collection of solar cells (see Solar Cells) sandwiched between a substrate of glass, metal, or plastic (to provide support), and a translucent or transparent glass or film layer that faces the sun and allows the sunlight to interact with the solar cells which converts sunlight into electricity. The module packages are designed to withstand even severe weather conditions. They can look like a traditional solar panel, or can be in the form of thin film shingles, siding panels, or other formats that can be designed to make installation easier and more integrated with existing building materials.

18 Solar Power Basics Explained Page 18 Solar Array A Solar Array is the entire configuration of several solar panels that are assembled and used to collect sunlight. It consists of racks and mounting hardware positioned to receive maximum sun exposure throughout the day. The arrays can either be mounted on the roof or on the ground. The size of the array depends on the total amount of energy that needs to be generated. An array can be built to provide power to one house, or to an entire office complex, or town. Flush Mounts The flush mount is the simplest type of solar panel mount. It is suitable for small, lightweight installations of conventional type solar panels. It consists of only a few brackets, so cost is minimal. But, its exposure to the sun (and the amount of electricity it can produce) is dependent on the orientation of the surface it s mounted on, so care must be taken to choose the best location to maximize sunlight capture. Flush mount systems are good choices for RVs because of their simple installation, low wind resistance, and light weight. The newer solar shingle technology is designed to be flush mounted and is more visually appealing than conventional solar array installations for residential and commercial buildings. Roof-Ground Mounts Roof-Ground Mounts are the installation that most people associate with residential solar panels. They are constructed to raise and tilt the solar panels to maximize their orientation to the sun. They can be installed on a rooftop with anchors into the beams to help withstand high winds. Or, they can be installed on the ground using concrete pads of footings. Because of their sturdy construction, they can be used for larger arrays than the flush mount system. A variation of this type of mounting system includes a solar tracking system (see Solar Trackers) that allows the panels to move along with the daily movement of the sun to capture maximum sunlight for the entire day.

19 Solar Power Basics Explained Page 19 Pole Mounts Pole Mounts allow solar panels to be installed on the tops or sides of poles. This type of support system allows panels to be located higher off the ground than a ground mount system. A pole mounted system can be a good solution when a roof surface is not optimally oriented to the sun (for instance, a flat roof, or a north-south facing roof where the south side is shaded by trees), and when ground installation is not possible (for example, a small or heavy-shaded backyard, or a parking lot). Solar Trackers Solar trackers are devices that automatically orient solar panel arrays and other solar payloads near perpendicular to the streaming rays of sunlight at the minimal angle of incidence; they can adapt to both the daily passage of the sun and the changing seasons. By pointing the solar panel array directly at the brightest light source, either reflected light or the sun itself, energy produced from the solar panels is greatly increased. Annual electrical power output can be increased by up to 30% or more. This represents a significant increase revenue earned compared to fixed angle modules. A solar panel tracker can offer a much quicker payoff period for a solar power installation, especially in northern climates. Maximizing system power output simply makes economic sense. Tracking systems are classified by the number and orientation of their axes. There are two basic tracker types: single axis and two axis (also called dual or double axis). Photovoltaic trackers that operate with a single axis can increase solar power output 25-30%, while a two axis tracker can further increase output by up to 10% and possibly more when compared to a fixed solar panel system. Considering that the solar PV industry continually strives to improve solar cell conversion performance by a single percentage point, or less, an increase of 40% over fixed panel performance is impressive. Solar trackers can boost daily energy production significantly. Visit my website for photos and detailed information on solar trackers.

20 Solar Power Basics Explained Page 20 Electrical Grid Grid The Grid is the distribution system used by public utility companies to deliver electricity to business and residential consumers. It includes the network of electrical towers, poles, and wires that have been built across the entire country to deliver electricity from coal burning, nuclear, or hydroelectric (water-generated) power plants into commercial buildings and residential homes. Grid Tied Grid Tied refers to solar electric systems that also use electricity from the grid. Since solar panels do not store electricity, they can only deliver electricity to power appliances during daylight hours. Consumers with grid tied systems use electricity generated from their solar power system during the day while the sun is shining, then automatically switch to using electricity from the grid after the sun goes down or when the weather turns extremely cloudy. Local electric companies in some areas allow credit for the electricity that s produced during the daylight hours. (See Net Metering.) Off Grid Off Grid solar electric systems are self-contained and are not hooked up to a public utility company s electrical distribution network (grid). Since solar panels can only produce electricity during daylight hours, off grid systems include battery storage and backup generator systems. Off grid systems are most common in rural locations where there s enough space for the storage batteries and backup generators. And in remote locations far from existing utility poles, it s often less expensive to install an off grid solar electric system than to pay for a hook up to a public utility.

21 Solar Power Basics Explained Page 21 Additional PV System Components On & Off Grid AC Breaker Panel The AC Breaker Panel is the main electrical control center for any residence. Electricity from the main source (grid or solar electric system) meets up with all the electrical wiring in the house in this metal box that s often located in the basement. It contains the circuit breakers that manage the electricity to the various rooms and appliances in the house, prevents electrical overloads, and allows power to be turned off when electrical repair work is being done. Inverters Inverters convert the direct current (DC) electricity generated by the solar panels on your roof (or in your yard) into alternating current (AC) that powers your household appliances (televisions, blenders, toasters, etc.). In a grid tied system, the inverter is usually located next to the main electrical panel, between the panel and wiring from the solar array. Some of these inverters are designed to feed power back into the grid, and can be used in areas where the local utility company participates in buying back excess electricity. (See also Net Metering. ) The best (and most expensive) types of inverters are called sine wave inverters, and they are capable of transforming the direct current produced by solar panels into clean sine waves that replicate the alternating current produced by power companies. The less expensive modified sine wave inverters can be used to run some lighting and simple appliances (like toasters and space heaters), but should not be used for running complex electronic equipment with timers or speed controls. The least expensive inverters may produce dirty sine waves, which means the pattern of the current they produce does not match the pattern of typical AC electricity delivered by the utility companies. Since most electrical appliances are manufactured to operate using the typical AC pattern from utility companies, using dirty electricity is not safe, and could cause some appliances or tools to overload or overheat. Always purchase the best sine wave inverter for your solar power system or when installing a backup generator.

22 Solar Power Basics Explained Page 22 Additional PV System Components Grid Tied Utility Meter In a grid tied system, the utility meter tracks both electricity coming in from the grid, and excess electricity (produced by the solar panels) going back to the grid. The dials will actually spin backwards when this excess electricity is being sent to the grid (it s satisfying to watch, as it means you re saving money), and the homeowner will receive credit for it if the utility participates in net metering (See Net Metering ). Net Metering Net Metering means selling excess energy back to the local utility company at the same rate you are charged when you draw energy from the utility. For example, say your solar panels produce so much electricity during the day that your household doesn t use it all, so the surplus gets sold back to the utility company at the retail rate. Later, when your household needs to draw on the utility company for electrical power, you pay the same retail rate for that power you use. If the amount of electricity you sold is equal to the amount of electricity that you had to buy, your net usage would be zero. Net metering simply balances the amount of energy that you sell against the amount that you buy. You then either pay the difference, or accumulate credits you can use to pay for electricity later when it s needed.

23 Solar Power Basics Explained Page 23 Additional PV System Components Off Grid Storage Batteries Storage Batteries are a necessary part of all off grid solar electric systems. Solar panels can only generate electricity when they are exposed to sunlight, so storage batteries must be used to supply electricity at night and during prolonged periods of low sunlight (like foggy or cloudy days). There are several different types of direct current (DC) batteries that can be used, depending on your project s budget. The least expensive lead acid types are called flooded because they contain wet acid, usually sulfuric acid. The more expensive nickel cadmium batteries, commonly called NiCd or NiCad batteries, operate under the same principles as lead acid batteries with some important differences. They tend to deliver greater value by being able to endure more charge/discharge cycles and lasting much longer, and they can discharge more current before needing to be recharged. If your budget permits, choose NiCad over lead acid when buying solar storage batteries, but the cheaper lead acid variety is perfectly reliable if cost is a major concern. The most expensive deep cycle types are made with Absorbed Glass Mat (AGM), which absorbs the battery acid and prevents it from spilling if the case is ever broken. AGM batteries are maintenance free and perfect for heavy discharge applications, being designed to be discharged completely. They are most often used in electric vehicles and wheelchairs. Solar electric systems use deep cycle batteries. This means that the battery can be discharged about 80% on a recurring basis and can maintain its expected lifespan of 6 to 10 years. They will also deliver power over a longer time span of several hours or days. Automobile batteries, however, are classed as shallow cycle batteries, since they are designed to start engines and need to deliver lots of power for a very short time span. Once the car has started and its engine is running, the alternator takes over to power the car s electrical needs and to quickly recharge the battery. Their quick discharge rate makes them unfit for delivering stored solar power, so they should never be used in a solar power installation.

24 Solar Power Basics Explained Page 24 The size of the solar storage battery array needed will depend on the size of your home or building and its daily power requirements, and the size of your solar panel system. System Monitor The System Monitor tracks how fully charged your storage batteries are, how much electricity your solar panels produce, and the amount of electricity that your household consumes. For small installations of one or two panels, this device may not be necessary, but if you are powering your entire household with solar electricity, being able to monitor your system performance can help you prevent unexpected power outages and damage to your expensive equipment. Necessary or not, their indicators are fun to watch. Charge Controllers Charge Controllers are used in off grid solar power systems to regulate the flow of current to and from the storage batteries. They protect the storage batteries from over charging and from over discharging, which extends the service life of the batteries. Draining a battery completely, or overcharging it repeatedly, would greatly shorten its useful lifespan. A programmable battery charge controller prevents that from happening by allowing you to safely manage the battery's discharge level. Array Disconnect An Array Disconnect is necessary for off grid systems to cut off power between the solar panel array and the inverter when maintenance or repairs need to be performed. Battery Disconnect A Battery Disconnect is used in off grid systems to easily disconnect the inverter from the batteries when the batteries need to be serviced.

25 Solar Power Basics Explained Page 25 Backup Generator Many off grid systems use an automatic backup generator to insure uninterrupted electrical power during long spells of rain, snow, or fog when sunlight does not produce electricity at full capacity. Unlike the small plugin generators commonly used in emergency power outages, these larger standby generators are hardwired into the wiring system and can supply a cleaner, higher quality of electricity to your home whenever it s needed. Generators come in various sizes up to 45 kilowatts or more, depending on the need, but even a 16 kilowatt unit can supply power to essential circuits for running lighting, water pumps, non-electric furnaces, microwave ovens, and freezers. Usually, these standby generators are powered by alternative fuels such as liquid propane, gasoline, kerosene, or bio diesel.

26 Solar Power Basics Explained Page 26 Resources Solar-Power-Made-Affordable.com has free, practical information on the topic of solar energy and affordable residential solar power systems. National Renewable Energy Laboratory has solar maps with accurate insolation values for U.S. locations. EcoSmart has Canadian solar maps by province based on monthly data from Natural Resources Canada. Solar Power Calculator at EcoWho.com will, given the Watt rating of a solar panel, your location, and grid cost, produce a table showing the energy you can expect to generate, and the equivalent cost of supplying the same electricity from the grid, and more. Solar Panel Calculator at EcoWho.com will, given the Watt rating of a solar panel, its size, and quantity of panels, calculate the total solar power produced and the roof space (or ground area) required. Solar Savings Calculator at EcoWho.com will, given the solar system cost, work out whether installing a PV panel power system is worth the financial investment or not. Note: These resource links were accurate at the time of publication. However, online resources can and do change from time to time.

27 Solar Power Basics Explained Page 27 In Appreciation Thank you for downloading this free 27-page report. I hope you ll find it useful in calculating your solar panel needs. For additional information on residential solar power systems, be sure to visit my popular website: Solar-Power-Made-Affordable.com On my website, you ll find free articles on solar power, PV panels, solar batteries, solar trackers, and an overview of renewable energy sources. If you find this report to be of use, please tell your friends and associates about my website at Facebook, Twitter, or (if you have one) place a link to it in your blog. I would really appreciate it. Please respect my report s legal copyright. It s through my website and published information that I earn my living and can continue to publish additional topics for your enjoyment. Again, thank you for downloading my report. Sincerely,

28 Copyright 2016 by Don Bell. All rights reserved worldwide.