Photovoltaïque et gestion de l énergie : un aperçu des activités au CSEM PV-center

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Swiss PV conference 2017 Photovoltaïque et gestion de l énergie : un aperçu des activités au CSEM PV-center Prof. Christophe Ballif christophe.ballif@csem.

1 Swiss PV conference 2017 Photovoltaïque et gestion de l énergie : un aperçu des activités au CSEM PV-center Prof. Christophe Ballif christophe.ballif@csem.ch 2 Centre Suisse d'electronique et Microtechnique (CSEM), PV-Center NeuchatelEcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Photovoltaics and Thin-Film Electronics Laboratory, PV-lab Copyright 2017 CSEM page 1

PV-Center (since 2013) Focus on techn. transfer Dev.

2 2 R&D in photovoltaics in Neuchâtel Production and commercialization EPFL IMT/PV-Lab (1984) Fundamental research Advanced devices PV-Center CSEM, RTO PV-Center (since 2013) Focus on techn. transfer Dev. for industry, innovation Industrial partners Spin-off, Start-ups In contracts with over 40 companies Copyright 2017 CSEM page 2

3 Application fields Powerpure technologies for lowest cost solar electricity 2020>20%, < 0.4 /Wp, > 30 years 2026 >23% <0.3 /Wp, > 40 years high energy yield Talk by L.E. Perret- Aebi Elegance and architecture transforming building and cities with solar All shapes, all colors, and/or active construction material Smart intelligent E-management, efficiency in building, storage, renewable Algorithms and electronics/ IT services managing light, heat, electricity Explore customized PV products from the water to the air Lightweight modules and power solutions for planes, drones, cars and more E-tonomy energy scavengers and ubiquitous power sources 20% indoor autonomous harvesters, connected Copyright 2017 CSEM page 4

5 Key infrastructures from coatings, to cells with polymers, to modules, to systems Technology infrastructure Platforms Thin film Coating & lasering Cells Pilot lines Modules R&D lines Polymers

4 5 Key infrastructures from coatings, to cells with polymers, to modules, to systems Technology infrastructure Platforms Thin film Coating & lasering Cells Pilot lines Modules R&D lines Polymers compounding Metrology and characterization Testing and reliability (with Supsi) storage R&D center (with BFH) Over 2000 m sq of lab and facilities in Neuchatel (and Fribourg and Basel CSEM Muttenz) Copyright 2017 CSEM page 5

maintenance of PV power plants Support to a broader range of national and international companies

6 SUPSI-CSEM cooperation on modules and PV systems Objectives Development of novel PV products Advanced reliability testing, wide range of tests Failure modes, predictive performance and maintenance of PV power plants Support to a broader range of national and international companies CSEM offers performance measurement curve on Neuchâtel site, validated by Supsi! Copyright 2017 CSEM page 7

POWERPURE Low temperature Heterojunction solar

for crystalline silicon Lowest cost At highest

7 POWERPURE Low temperature Heterojunction solar cells Metalisation and multi-wire interconnection for crystalline silicon Lowest cost At highest efficiency Indium free coating for wire interconnect. Optimal Module structures High temperature passivating contacts Extending standard technology Polymer design, extrusion and reliability of PV components Ultimate reliabilty Copyright 2016 CSEM Page 11

Bifacial with 20% rear light Standard/PERC Today Short-term manufacturing costs of ~0.

8 Future of c-si SHJ modules, 60 cells, 6 Optimised Optimised cells modules / Multi- wire Basic HJT 300 W 320 W 310 W 360 W 350 W 340 W 330 W R&D Back-contacted 360 W-400 W Bifacial with 20% rear light Standard/PERC Today Short-term manufacturing costs of ~ US$/Wp at 20% efficiency Potential for further cost reductions Copyright 2016 CSEM Page 12

Diffused rear contact «stable» at 900 C 86 84 FF pff V oc pv oc 0.715 0.710 FF (%) 82 80 78 0.705 0.700 V oc (V) G. Nogay et al. A. Ingenito et al 76 0.695 J sc (ma.cm -2 ) 74 39.0 38.5 38.0 37.

9 Diffused rear contact «stable» at 900 C FF pff V oc pv oc FF (%) V oc (V) G. Nogay et al. A. Ingenito et al J sc (ma.cm -2 ) CH 4 /SiH 4 ratio p 22.5 V oc value of >> Carbon content a.u. (%) 700 mv on p type wafer reached

ENABLES high FF (up to 81.7 % achieved in front emitter). Example EFFICIENCY @ 23.

10 SCREEN-PRINTED SILICON HETEROJUNCTION SOLAR CELL Hole-selective passivating contact Metal TCO (p) a-si:h (i) a-si:h (i) a-si:h of hole selective heterocontact key for performance New thin (i) a-si:h layer: ENABLES high FF (up to 81.7 % achieved in front emitter). Example % (ITO & screen printing) V OC = 728 mv FF = 81.3 % J SC = 39.8 ma/cm 2 EFF = % n-type FZ, Area 4 cm 2 Copyright 2016 CSEM I page 14

devices Efficiency > 23% achieved A. Tomasi, B.

11 C-Si Heterojunctions with all contacts at the back Simplest process (Patented) to make back-contacted devices Efficiency > 23% achieved A. Tomasi, B. Paviet Salomon et al, Nature Energy, to be published Copyright 2016 CSEM Page 15

Multi-wire high performance/reliability:

degradation after TC 800 and DH 4000 h TC

12 Multi-wire high performance/reliability: SmartWire Contacting 329 W GG 60-cell module* Module bifaciality factor: 92.4% * Measured at SUPSI with a white backsheet taped to the module High Reliability demonstrated < 5 % degradation after TC 800 and DH 4000 h TC 0 TC 800 All wafers and cells made at MB Copyright 2016 CSEM Page 16

14 What after silicon? 20 % 21 % 22 % IBC: % 23 % IBC - HETEROJONCTION: Record 25.6 % 26 % 25 % 24 % TANDEM Theoretical limit c-si single cell: 29.4 % 18 % 19 % mc: % Record 21.2 % CZ PERC: % Record 22.1 % HETEROJONCTION: % Record %

15 Mechanically stacked III-V//Si tandem solar cells 1.8 ev 1.4 ev

16 Mechanically stacked III-V // Silicon Tandem: record results GaAs/Si GaInP/Si > 32% > 32% S. Essig et al. IEEE JPV 2016 S. Essig et al. Submitted

17 SHJ cell Perovskite cell Record «low cost potential» next generation devices «Potential low cost» Perovskites on Silicon, 4 terminal measurements 25.6% in house Full integration into 2 terminal deivces > 22% in house J. Werner et al. JCS F. Sahli, unpublished

19 Tools for specialty PV products Formulation, compounding, extrusion, diffusion layer Exemple: Special tool for assembly light weight moduels < 700 g/m2 modules 21%, passing 200 cycles from -70 C 85 C and 1000h in DH ( 85 C/85% RH)

and impact of grid-tied electrochemical storage Predictive modelling Development of system

23 Smart: Energy management Collaboration with Berner Fachhochschule: BFH-CSEM Energy Storage Research Center Research on batteries and supercapacitors Objectives: Assessment of potential and impact of grid-tied electrochemical storage Predictive modelling Development of system solutions based on PV-tied storage Copyright 2017 CSEM Energy Systems A. Hutter, P.-J. Alet Page 29

24 Energy density [Wh/kg] Efficiency Energy Systems Research at CSEM BFH-CSEM Battery dependence on operating conditions Lithium energy density % at low T Ambient temperature [ C] Lithium NMC efficiency 95% in literature % lower Current rate (x Nominal current) Cylindric LiFePO4 Pouch LiFePO4 Prismatic LiCoO2 Li-polymer 0% - 100% SoC 50%, ±5% SoC 20%, ±5% SoC 0%, ±5% SoC Copyright 2017 CSEM Energy Systems A. Hutter, P.-J. Alet Page 30

25 Energy Systems Research at CSEM BFH-CSEM Physical battery performance model Objective: model incl. electrical, thermal, aging characteristics Electrical model R i Ta(t) P(t) Thermal model Charge transfer T(t) I(t) Redistribution Electric V(t) model Q(t) δp, δw, η Ion diffusion Self-discharge Ion intercalation Aging R th (t), C th (t) model R(t), C(t) Life-time Ageing and performance tests based on programmable charge/discharge cycles Component characterisation by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) RMSE = Battery terminals voltage application to system design, e.g. simplified model for system integrators Copyright 2017 CSEM Energy Systems A. Hutter, P.-J. Alet Page 32

26 Micro-grid solutions Integration examples LVDC microgrid demonstrator Ramp-rate control for PV generators Reduction in amplitude of voltage fluctuations by 30% Copyright 2017 CSEM Energy Systems A. Hutter, P.-J. Alet Page 33

7 (+163%) + Load control 310.4 (+189.8%) + Inverter control 264.5 (+171.

27 Energy management PV Hosting Capacity (PVHC) - simulated results Case Installed power [kva] Before PVHC 93.0 After PVHC (+163%) + Load control (+189.8%) + Inverter control (+171.4%) + Load and inverter control ( 203.1%) Copyright 2017 CSEM Energy Systems A. Hutter, P.-J. Alet Page 35

SVR RMSE 12-15 % 7-9 % MBE 4-6 % 2-4 % Measurements from EURAC, Bolzano, South Tyrol RMSE : Root Mean Square Error

28 Energy management PV Power Prediction A Support Vector Regression (SVR) technique is used to predict a 24h ahead PV power based on solar irradiance forecast Forecast error for the SVR and the Persistence Model (PM) benchmark : PM SVR RMSE % 7-9 % MBE 4-6 % 2-4 % Measurements from EURAC, Bolzano, South Tyrol RMSE : Root Mean Square Error MBE : Mean Bias Error Daily errors averaged over one year Copyright 2017 CSEM Energy Systems A. Hutter, P.-J. Alet Page 36

MULTI-WIRE INTERCONNECTION OF BACK-CONTACTED SILICON HETEROJUNCTION SOLAR CELLS

MULTI-WIRE INTERCONNECTION OF BACK-CONTACTED SILICON HETEROJUNCTION SOLAR CELLS A. Faes 1, B. Paviet-Salomon 1, A. Tomasi 2, D. Lachenal 3, N. Badel 1, G. Christmann 1, L. Barraud 1, A. Descœudres 1, J.