TYPES, APPLICATIONS, NEW DEVELOPMENTS, INDUSTRY STRUCTURE AND GLOBAL MARKETS

Transcription

1 irap Nano-Enabled Batteries for Portable and Rechargeable Applications Types, Applications, New INNOVATIVE RESEARCH AND PRODUCTS, INC. EN-101: NANO-ENABLED BATTERIES FOR PORTABLE AND RECHARGEABLE APPLICATIONS TYPES, APPLICATIONS, NEW DEVELOPMENTS, INDUSTRY STRUCTURE AND GLOBAL MARKETS Babu Lal Gupta Project Analyst Dr. Thomas Abraham Project Supervisor INNOVATIVE RESEARCH AND PRODUCTS ( irap), (irap INC. P.O. Box Stamford, CT Tel: (203) Web: innoresearch@innoresearch.net

2 Nano-Enabled Batteries for Portable and Rechargeable Applications Types, Applications, New ABOUT irap Innovative Research and Products (irap), Inc. conducts market research and industry analysis in new generation technologies and products. Areas covered include advanced materials, nanotechnology and nonmaterial processing technologies and products, advanced ceramics, metals and alloys, highperformance coatings, automotive components, aircraft and aerospace materials, electronic devices, photonic components, membranes, plastics, pharmaceutical products and biotechnology. CUSTOM ANALYSIS irap will be happy to talk to you about your market research needs if you need to expand on the current market survey to cover a new product or technology. We are confident that we will meet your expectations and provide you the most accurate industry and market analysis. Send us an outlining your market research and industry analysis objectives and we will provide you a FREE quote. TERMS OF PURCHASE By purchasing this report, the purchaser is bound to the following conditions: The report can only be used by the group or the division which bought this report. The report cannot be copied and sent to other groups or divisions in the same company or other companies. Other than internal use, any quotes from this report can be made only with written permission from the publisher. DISCLAIMER irap has compiled information in this report as accurately as possible at the time of its publication. irap cautions that any information contained in this report should not be considered as a policy guide or endorsement of any company, technology, or product. irap takes no responsibility for any losses or damages that might result because of the reliance on this material. Copyright 2009 by Innovative Research and Products, Inc., Stamford, CT 06905, USA. Reproduction of any passage or table is strictly forbidden without permission of irap. FEBRUARY 2009

3 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION...I STUDY GOAL AND OBJECTIVES... II REASONS FOR DOING THE STUDY... II CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE STUDY...III SCOPE AND FORMAT...III METHODOLOGY... IV INFORMATION SOURCES... IV WHOM THE STUDY CATERS TO...V AUTHOR S CREDENTIALS... VI EXECUTIVE SUMMARY...VII EXECUTIVE SUMMARY (CONTINUED)... VIII SUMMARY TABLE GLOBAL MARKET SIZE/PERCENTAGE SHARE FOR NANO- ENABLED BATTERIES BY TYPE, 2008 AND IX SUMMARY FIGURE GLOBAL MARKET SIZE FOR NANO-ENABLED BATTERIES BY TYPE, 2008 AND 2013 ($ MILLIONS)... IX INDUSTRY OVERVIEW... 1 BUSINESS STRATEGY... 1 COMPETITION... 2 JOINT VENTURES AND DEVELOPMENT EFFORTS... 3 EMERGENCE OF CHINA IN NANO-ENEABLED BATTERIES... 3 EMERGENCE OF CHINA IN NANO-ENEABLED BATTERIES (CONTINUED)... 4 TECHNICAL OVERVIEW... 5 TYPES OF BATTERIES... 5 PRIMARY BATTERIES... 5 SECONDARY CELLS/BATTERIES... 6 SECONDARY CELLS/BATTERIES (CONTINUED)... 7 KEY TERMINOLOGIES RELATED TO BATTERIES... 8 TABLE 1 ELECTROCHEMICAL CHARACTERSTICS OF RECHARGEABLE BATTERIES... 8 TABLE 2 DEFINITIONS OF KEY TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NANO-ENABLED BATTERIES... 9 TABLE 2 DEFINITIONS OF KEY TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NANO-ENABLED BATTERIES (CONTINUED) LITHIUM VERSUS NON-LITHIUM TECHNOLOGIES LITHIUM VERSUS NON-LITHIUM TECHNOLOGIES (CONTINUED) LITHIUM VERSUS NON-LITHIUM TECHNOLOGIES (CONTINUED) TABLE 3 COMPARISON OF RECHARGEABLE BATTERY POWER SOURCE OPTIONS DESCRIPTION OF ELECTRODE MATERIAL PROCESSING TECHNOLOGIES TABLE 4 SYNTHESIS PROCESSES USED TO MANUFACTURE NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS USED IN ELECTRODES FOR NANO-ENABLED LITHIUM BATTERIES... 14

4 TABLE 4 SYNTHESIS PROCESSES USED TO MANUFACTURE NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS USED IN ELECTRODES FOR NANO-ENABLED LITHIUM BATTERIES (CONTINUED) TABLE 4 SYNTHESIS PROCESSES USED TO MANUFACTURE NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS USED IN ELECTRODES FOR NANO-ENABLED LITHIUM BATTERIES (CONTINUED) RECHARGEABLE LITHIUM BATTERIES TECHNOLOGIES FIGURE 1 SCHEMATIC OF A LITHIUM-ION CELL CONVENTIONAL LITHIUM-ION BATTERY USAGE IN TRANSPORT MATERIALS FOR LI-ION BATTERIES CATHODE MATERIALS TABLE 5 MICRON-SCALE CATHODE ELECTRODE MATERIALS TABLE 6 NANOSCALE CATHODE ELECTRODE LITHIUM IRON PHOSPHATE PROPERTIES WITH DIFFERENT CARBON % DOPING ANODES SEPARATORS ELECTROLYTES TABLE 7 ELECTROLYTES USED IN NANO-ENABLED BATTERIES ORGANIC SOLVENTS TABLE 8 ORGANIC SOLVENTS USED IN NANO-ENABLED BATTERY CELL PACKAGING SAFETY CIRCUITS MODULE AND BATTERY PACK MATERIALS ADVANTAGES OF RECHARGEABLE LITHIUM-BASED BATTERIES LITHIUM-ION BATTERY SAFETY LITHIUM-ION BATTERY SAFETY (CONTINUED) HOW CELL TYPES DIFFER FIGURE 2 SCHEMATIC OF A CYLINDRICAL LITHIUM-ION CELL FROM CELLS TO MODULES TO BATTERY PACKS FIGURE 3 SCHEMETIC OF A CELL.MODULE, PACK NANOMATERIALS IN LI-ION BATTERIES NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS PRESENT STATUS AND FUTURE F CHALLENGES LENGES THE ROLE OF NANOMATERIALS IN RECHARGEABLE BATTERIES THE ROLE OF NANOMATERIALS IN RECHARGEABLE BATTERIES (CONTINUED) FIGURE 4 SCHEMETIC DIAGRAM OF A LITHIUM ION BATTERY SHOWING ION MOVEMENT TABLE 9 MATERIALS USED IN NANOSTRUCTURED ELECTRODES OF RECHARGEABLE BATTERIES AND THEIR ELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES TABLE 9 MATERIALS USED IN NANOSTRUCTURED ELECTRODES OF RECHARGEABLE BATTERIES AND THEIR ELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES (CONTINUED) TABLE 9 MATERIALS USED IN NANOSTRUCTURED ELECTRODES OF RECHARGEABLE BATTERIES AND THEIR ELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES (CONTINUED) TABLE 9 MATERIALS USED IN NANOSTRUCTURED ELECTRODES OF RECHARGEABLE BATTERIES AND THEIR ELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES (CONTINUED) TABLE 10 SUMMARY OF OTHER POTENTIAL MATERIALS FOR NANOSTRUCTURED ELECTRODES USED IN BATTERIES... 42

5 TABLE 10 SUMMARY OF OTHER POTENTIAL MATERIALS FOR NANOSTRUCTURED ELECTRODES USED IN BATTERIES (CONTINUED) TABLE 10 SUMMARY OF OTHER POTENTIAL MATERIALS FOR NANOSTRUCTURED ELECTRODES USED IN BATTERIES (CONTINUED) ELECTRODE MATERIAL STRUCTURE TABLE 11 LAYERED, SPINEL AND OLIVINE STRUCTURE OF POSITIVE ELECTRODE MATERIAL FOR NANO-ENABLED LITHIUM BATTERIES KEY POINTS NANOMATERIALS USED FOR NEGATIVE ELECTRON ANODES THE ELECTRODE-ELECTROLYTE INTERFACE CASE STUDY: CONSTRUCTING A NANO-ENABLED BATTERY TABLE 12 NANOSAFE TM BATTERY PERFORMANCE DATA CASE STUDY 1: A123 SYSTEMS BATTERY CASE STUDY 1: A123 SYSTEMS BATTERY (CONTINUED) CASE STUDY 2: ALTAIR NANOTECHNOLOGIES BATTERY CASE STUDY 3: MPHASE TECHNOLOGIES MULTI-BATTERIES TABLE 13 NANO-ENABLED CHEMISTRIES AND MANUFACTURERS IN APPLICATIONS POWER TOOLS POWER TOOLS (CONTINUED) NANO-ENABLED BATTERIES VERSUS NORMAL LITHIUM BATTERIES IN POWER TOOLS CASE STUDY 1: MILWAUKEE ELECTRIC TOOL CORP. CORDLESS POWER TOOLS CASE STUDY 2: DEWALT-BLACK & DECKER CORDLESS POWER TOOLS BATTERIES FOR VEHICLES BATTERIES FOR VEHICLES (CONTINUED) HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLES (HEVS) ELECTRIC VEHICLES (EVS) PLUG-IN HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLES (PHEVS) LIGHT ELECTRIC VEHICLES (LEVS) HEAVY-DUTY VEHICLES COMPARISON OF NANO-ENABLED BATTERIES VERSUS NORMAL NIMH BATTERIES IN HYBRIDS/EVS CASE STUDY 1: TOYOTA PRIUS CONVERTED TO PHEV CASE STUDY 2: KILLACYCLE, ELECTRIC MOTORCYCLE RUNNING ON NANO-ENABLED BATTERIES NANOSTRUCTURED BATTERIES FOR LAPTOPS NANOSTRUCTURED BATTERIES FOR LAPTOPS (CONTINUED) TABLE 14 USERS OF NANO-ENABLED BATTERIES IN TABLE 15 TYPICAL SPECIFICATIONS OF COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE NANO BATTERIES IN TABLE 16 NANO-ENABLED BATTERY ADVANTAGE IN THE TOYOTA PRIUS HYBRID CAR CONVERTED TO PHEV INDUSTRY STRUCTURE INDUSTRY STRUCTURE (CONTINUED) INDUSTRY STRUCTURE (CONTINUED) INDUSTRY STRUCTURE (CONTINUED)... 73

6 TABLE 17 TOP MANUFACTURERS OF NANO-ENABLED BATTERIES FOR CORDLESS TOOLS, TRANSPORT AND UTILITIES (ELECTRIC FORK LIFT), COMPETITION COMPETITION (CONTINUED) COMPETITION (CONTINUED) R&D IN NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS IMPACTING THE NANO- ENABLED BATTERY BUSINESS TABLE 18 ONGOING RESEARCH IN NANOSTRUCTURED ELECTRODE MATERIALS IMPACTING THE NANO BATTERY BUSINESS BEYOND TABLE 18 ONGOING RESEARCH IN NANOSTRUCTURED ELECTRODE MATERIALS IMPACTING THE NANO BATTERY BUSINESS BEYOND 2008 (CONTINUED) TABLE 18 ONGOING RESEARCH IN NANOSTRUCTURED ELECTRODE MATERIALS IMPACTING THE NANO BATTERY BUSINESS BEYOND 2008 (CONTINUED) TABLE 19 COMPANY/PRODUCT REFERENCE FOR NANO-ENABLED BATTERIES PARTNERSHIPS AND CONSOLIDATIONS TABLE 20 RELATIONSHIPS OF TECHNOLOGY PROVIDERS AND MANUFACTURERS IN CHINA DURING TABLE 21 RELATIONSHIPS OF MANUFACTURERS WITH END USERS (OEMS) DURING TABLE 22 RELATIONSHIPS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF COMPONENTS OF NANO- ENABLED LITHIUM BATTERIES FROM 2006-JULY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT FUNDING TABLE 23 FUNDING TO DEVELOP ADVANCED NANO-ENABLED BATTERIES, 2006 THROUGH AUG 15, TABLE 23 FUNDING TO DEVELOP ADVANCED NANO-ENABLED BATTERIES, 2006 THROUGH AUG 15, 2008 (CONTINUED) TABLE 23 FUNDING TO DEVELOP ADVANCED NANO-ENABLED BATTERIES, 2006 THROUGH AUG 15, 2008 (CONTINUED) OVERVIEW OF MATERIAL SUPPLIERS TABLE 24 MAJOR SUPPLIERS OF MATERIALS FOR NANO-ENABLED BATTERIES TABLE 24 MAJOR SUPPLIERS OF MATERIALS FOR NANO-ENABLED BATTERIES (CONTINUED) TABLE 25 NANO-ENABLED BATTERY INDUSTRY PARTICIPANTS TABLE 25 NANO-ENABLED BATTERY INDUSTRY PARTICIPANTS (CONTINUED) TABLE 25 NANO-ENABLED BATTERY INDUSTRY PARTICIPANTS (CONTINUED) GLOBAL AND REGIONAL MARKETS GLOBAL MARKET ACCORDING TO TYPES TABLE 26 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE/PERCENTAGE SHARE FOR NANO-ENABLED BATTERIES, BY TYPE 2008 AND FIGURE 5 GLOBAL MARKET FOR NANO ENABLED BATTERIES, BY TYPE 2008 AND 2013 ($ MILLIONS) BASIS OF MARKET ESTIMATIONS NANO-ENABLED VERSUS MICRONIC RECHARGEABLE BATTERIES TABLE 27 PERCENTAGE OF NANO- VERSUS MICRONIC-STRUCTURED BATTERIES BY MARKET DOMAIN IN TABLE 28 PERCENTAGE OF NANO-ENABLED VERSUS MICRONIC STRUCTURED BATTERIES IN NANO-ENABLED BATTERIES FOR TRANSPORT ENERGY STORAGE... 97

7 TABLE 29 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE/PERCENTAGE SHARE FOR NANO-ENABLED BATTERIES IN TRANSPORT AND UTILITY ENERGY STORAGE, 2008 AND NANO-ENABLED BATTERIES FOR CORDLESS TOOLS TABLE 30 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE/PERCENTAGE SHARE FOR NANO ENABLED BATTERIES IN CORDLESS TOOLS, 2008 AND GLOBAL MARKET ACCORDING TO TECHNOLOGIES TABLE 31 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE/PERCENTAGE SHARE FOR NANO-ENABLED BATTERIES BY TECHNOLOGY, 2008 AND FIGURE 6 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE FOR NANO-ENABLED BATTERIES BY TECHNOLOGY, 2008 AND 2013 ($ MILLIONS) GLOBAL MARKET ACCORDING TO REGION GLOBAL MARKET SIZE/PERCENTAGE SHARE FOR NANO-ENABLED BATTERIES BY REGION, 2008 AND FIGURE 7 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE FOR NANO-ENABLED BATTERIES BY REGION, 2008 AND 2013 ($ MILLIONS) COST STRUCTURE OF NANO-ENABLED BATTERIES COST STRUCTURE OF NANO-ENABLED BATTERIES (CONTINUED) COST STRUCTURE OF NANO-ENABLED BATTERIES (CONTINUED) COST STRUCTURE OF NANO-ENABLED BATTERIES (CONTINUED) TABLE 33 COST BASIS FOR NANO LITHIUM-IRON-PHOSPHATE BATTERIES IN SIZE IN COST STRUCTURE OF NANO-ENABLED BATTERIES (CONTINUED) FUTURE DIRECTIONS FOR NANOSTRUCTURED BATTERIES FUTURE DIRECTIONS FOR NANOSTRUCTURED BATTERIES (CONTINUED) PATENTS AND PATENT ANALYSIS LIST OF PATENTS METHOD OF MAKING FINE LITHIUM-IRON-PHOSPHATE/CARBON- BASED POWDERS WITH AN OLIVINE-TYPE STRUCTURE SELF-ORGANIZING BATTERY STRUCTURE WITH ELECTRODE PARTICLES THAT EXERT A REPELLING FORCE ON THE OPPOSITE ELECTRODE NANOPARTICLE-BASED POWER COATINGS AND CORRESPONDING STRUCTURES LITHIUM TRANSITION-METAL PHOSPHATE POWDER FOR RECHARGEABLE BATTERIES PREPARATION OF NANOCRYSTALLINE LITHIUM-TITANATE SPINELS LITHIUM SECONDARY CELL WITH HIGH CHARGE AND DISCHARGE RATE CAPABILITY METHODS FOR NANOWIRE GROWTH STRUCTURES, SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR JOINING ARTICLES AND MATERIALS AND USES THEREFOR CONDUCTIVE LITHIUM STORAGE ELECTRODE SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR HARVESTING AND INTEGRATING NANOWIRES POLYMER COMPOSITION FOR ENCAPSULATION OF ELECTRODE PARTICLES SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR NANOWIRE GROWTH AND HARVESTING NANOSCALE WIRE-BASED SUBLITHOGRAPHIC PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC ARRAYS

8 POST-DEPOSITION ENCAPSULATION OF NANOSTRUCTURES: COMPOSITIONS, DEVICES AND SYSTEMS INCORPORATING SAME HIGH-ASPECT-RATIO METAL-POLYMER COMPOSITE STRUCTURES FOR NANO INTERCONNECTS LITHIUM SECONDARY CELL WITH HIGH CHARGE AND DISCHARGE RATE CAPABILITY DETERMINISTIC ADDRESSING OF NANOSCALE DEVICES ASSEMBLED AT SUBLITHOGRAPHIC PITCHES NANOCOMPOSITES ELECTROWETTING BATTERY HAVING A NANOSTRUCTURED ELECTRODE SURFACE METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING SINGLE-WALL CARBON NANOTUBE TIPS NANOSTRUCTURE LITHIUM-TITANATE ELECTRODE FOR HIGH CYCLE RATE RECHARGEABLE ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL METHODS AND APPARATUS FOR DEPOSITION OF THIN FILMS NANOSCALE ION STORAGE MATERIALS METHODS OF POSITIONING AND/OR ORIENTING NANOSTRUCTURES METHODS OF MAKING, POSITIONING AND ORIENTING NANOSTRUCTURES, NANOSTRUCTURE ARRAYS AND NANOSTRUCTURE DEVICES NANOFIBER SURFACE-BASED CAPACITORS SYSTEM AND PROCESS FOR PRODUCING NANOWIRE COMPOSITES AND ELECTRONIC SUBSTRATES THEREFROM COATED ELECTRODE PARTICLES FOR COMPOSITE ELECTRODES AND ELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS METHOD OF PRODUCING REGULAR ARRAYS OF NANOSCALE OBJECTS USING NANOSTRUCTURED BLOCK-COPOLYMERIC MATERIALS ARRAY-BASED ARCHITECTURE FOR MOLECULAR ELECTRONICS ELECTROLYTIC PEROVSKITES PROCESS FOR MAKING NANOSIZED STABILIZED ZIRCONIA METHOD FOR PRODUCING MIXED METAL OXIDES AND METAL OXIDE COMPOUNDS SUBLITHOGRAPHIC NANOSCALE MEMORY ARCHITECTURE METHODS OF MAKING, POSITIONING AND ORIENTING NANOSTRUCTURES, NANOSTRUCTURE ARRAYS AND NANOSTRUCTURE DEVICES TIN OXIDE NANOSTRUCTURES CATHODE MATERIAL FOR LITHIUM BATTERY METHOD OF MANUFACTURING NANOSIZED LITHIUM-COBALT OXIDES BY FLAME-SPRAYING PYROLYSIS PROCESS FOR MAKING LITHIUM TITANATE PROCESS FOR MAKING NANOSIZED AND SUBMICRON-SIZED LITHIUM-TRANSITION METAL OXIDES STOCHASTIC ASSEMBLY OF SUBLITHOGRAPHIC NANOSCALE INTERFACES METHODS OF POSITIONING AND/OR ORIENTING NANOSTRUCTURES SALTS OF ALKALI METALS OF N, N DISUBSTITUTED AMIDES OF ALKANE SULFINIC ACID AND NONAQUEOUS ELECTROLYTES ON THEIR BASIS NEGATIVE ELECTRODES FOR LITHIUM CELLS AND BATTERIES

9 SECONDARY POWER SOURCE HAVING A LITHIUM TITANATE ELECTROLYTE OXYGEN ION CONDUCTING MATERIALS NONAQUEOUS ELECTROLYTES BASED ON ORGANOSILICON AMMONIUM DERIVATIVES FOR HIGH-ENERGY POWER SOURCES ELECTRODES FOR LITHIUM BATTERIES NONAQUEOUS SECONDARY BATTERY WITH LITHIUM TITANIUM CATHODE LONG-LIFE LITHIUM BATTERIES WITH STABILIZED ELECTRODES INTERMETALLIC NEGATIVE ELECTRODES FOR NON-AQUEOUS LITHIUM CELLS AND BATTERIES METHOD FOR PRODUCING CATALYST STRUCTURES DEVELOPMENT OF A GEL-FREE MOLECULAR SIEVE BASED ON SELF-ASSEMBLED NANO-ARRAYS PATENT ANALYSIS TABLE 34 NUMBER OF U.S. PATENTS GRANTED TO COMPANIES DEVELOPING MATERIALS AND PROCESS TECHNOLOGIES FOR NANO-ENABLED BATTERIES FROM 2004 THROUGH JUNE FIGURE 8 TOP COMPANIES IN TERMS OF U.S. PATENTS GRANTED FOR NANO- ENABLED BATTERIES FROM 2004 THROUGH JUNE INTERNATIONAL OVERVIEW OF U.S. PATENT ACTIVITY IN NANO-ENABLED BATTERIES TABLE 34 NUMBER OF U.S. PATENTS GRANTED BY COUNTRY/REGION FOR NANOSTRUCTURED BATTERIES, (JANUARY 2004 TO JUNE 2008) OTHER INTERNATIONAL PATENTS COMPANY PROFILES M 136 A123 SYSTEMS A123 SYSTEMS (CONTINUED) ACTACELL, INC ADVANCED BATTERY TECHNOLOGIES, INC ADVANCED MEMBRANE SYSTEMS ALFA AESAR ALTAIR NANOTECHNOLOGIES, INC ARGONNE NATIONAL LABORATORY CELGARD K.K CHINA BAK BATTERY, INC CONTINENTAL AG DEGUSAA DEWALT INDUSTRIAL TOOL CO EDRIVE SYSTEMS LLC ELECTROVAYA ENER1, INC ENERGYPLEX CORPORATION ENTEK MEMBRANES LLC GE GLOBAL RESEARCH CENTER GENERAL MOTORS GRIDPOINT, INC HITACHI MAXELL HYBRID PLUS KILLACYCLE

10 MPHASE TECHNOLOGIES MPHASE TECHNOLOGIES (CONTINUED) MILWAUKEE ELECTRIC TOOL CORPORATION MITSUI MINING & SMELTING CO NGIMAT CO NANOENER, INC NANOEXA NANOGRAM PHOSTECH LITHIUM INC NEI CORPORATION PIHSIANG ENERGY TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD PIHSIANG ENERGY TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD (CONTINUED) QUANTUMSPHERE, INC QUANTUMSPHERE, INC. (CONTINUED) QUALLION LLC QUALLION LLC (CONTINUED) SHOWA DENKO CARBON, INC SRI INTERNATIONAL SÜD-CHEMIE AG SUN NANOTECH CO., LTD THINK GLOBAL AS TIMCAL LTD TJ TECHNOLOGIES TODA KOGYO CORP. OF JAPAN TOSHIBA BATTERY CO., LTD VALENCE YAZAKI ZHANGJIAGANG GUOTAI-HUARONG NEW CHEMICAL MATERIALS CO

11 LIST OF TABLES SUMMARY TABLE GLOBAL MARKET SIZE/PERCENTAGE SHARE FOR NANO- ENABLED BATTERIES BY TYPE, 2008 AND IX TABLE 1 ELECTROCHEMICAL CHARACTERSTICS OF RECHARGEABLE BATTERIES... 8 TABLE 2 DEFINITIONS OF KEY TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NANO-ENABLED BATTERIES... 9 TABLE 2 DEFINITIONS OF KEY TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NANO-ENABLED BATTERIES (CONTINUED) TABLE 3 COMPARISON OF RECHARGEABLE BATTERY POWER SOURCE OPTIONS TABLE 4 SYNTHESIS PROCESSES USED TO MANUFACTURE NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS USED IN ELECTRODES FOR NANO-ENABLED LITHIUM BATTERIES TABLE 4 SYNTHESIS PROCESSES USED TO MANUFACTURE NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS USED IN ELECTRODES FOR NANO-ENABLED LITHIUM BATTERIES (CONTINUED) TABLE 4 SYNTHESIS PROCESSES USED TO MANUFACTURE NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS USED IN ELECTRODES FOR NANO-ENABLED LITHIUM BATTERIES (CONTINUED) TABLE 5 MICRON-SCALE CATHODE ELECTRODE MATERIALS TABLE 6 NANOSCALE CATHODE ELECTRODE LITHIUM IRON PHOSPHATE PROPERTIES WITH DIFFERENT CARBON % DOPING TABLE 7 ELECTROLYTES USED IN NANO-ENABLED BATTERIES TABLE 8 ORGANIC SOLVENTS USED IN NANO-ENABLED BATTERY TABLE 9 MATERIALS USED IN NANOSTRUCTURED ELECTRODES OF RECHARGEABLE BATTERIES AND THEIR ELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES TABLE 9 MATERIALS USED IN NANOSTRUCTURED ELECTRODES OF RECHARGEABLE BATTERIES AND THEIR ELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES (CONTINUED) TABLE 9 MATERIALS USED IN NANOSTRUCTURED ELECTRODES OF RECHARGEABLE BATTERIES AND THEIR ELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES (CONTINUED) TABLE 9 MATERIALS USED IN NANOSTRUCTURED ELECTRODES OF RECHARGEABLE BATTERIES AND THEIR ELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES (CONTINUED)... 41

12 TABLE 10 SUMMARY OF OTHER POTENTIAL MATERIALS FOR NANOSTRUCTURED ELECTRODES USED IN BATTERIES TABLE 10 SUMMARY OF OTHER POTENTIAL MATERIALS FOR NANOSTRUCTURED ELECTRODES USED IN BATTERIES (CONTINUED) TABLE 10 SUMMARY OF OTHER POTENTIAL MATERIALS FOR NANOSTRUCTURED ELECTRODES USED IN BATTERIES (CONTINUED) TABLE 11 LAYERED, SPINEL AND OLIVINE STRUCTURE OF POSITIVE ELECTRODE MATERIAL FOR NANO-ENABLED LITHIUM BATTERIES TABLE 12 NANOSAFE TM BATTERY PERFORMANCE DATA TABLE 13 NANO-ENABLED CHEMISTRIES AND MANUFACTURERS IN TABLE 14 USERS OF NANO-ENABLED BATTERIES IN TABLE 15 TYPICAL SPECIFICATIONS OF COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE NANO BATTERIES IN TABLE 16 NANO-ENABLED BATTERY ADVANTAGE IN THE TOYOTA PRIUS HYBRID CAR CONVERTED TO PHEV TABLE 17 TOP MANUFACTURERS OF NANO-ENABLED BATTERIES FOR CORDLESS TOOLS, TRANSPORT AND UTILITIES (ELECTRIC FORK LIFT), TABLE 18 ONGOING RESEARCH IN NANOSTRUCTURED ELECTRODE MATERIALS IMPACTING THE NANO BATTERY BUSINESS BEYOND TABLE 18 ONGOING RESEARCH IN NANOSTRUCTURED ELECTRODE MATERIALS IMPACTING THE NANO BATTERY BUSINESS BEYOND 2008 (CONTINUED) TABLE 18 ONGOING RESEARCH IN NANOSTRUCTURED ELECTRODE MATERIALS IMPACTING THE NANO BATTERY BUSINESS BEYOND 2008 (CONTINUED) TABLE 19 COMPANY/PRODUCT REFERENCE FOR NANO-ENABLED BATTERIES TABLE 20 RELATIONSHIPS OF TECHNOLOGY PROVIDERS AND MANUFACTURERS IN CHINA DURING TABLE 21 RELATIONSHIPS OF MANUFACTURERS WITH END USERS (OEMS) DURING TABLE 22 RELATIONSHIPS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF COMPONENTS OF NANO- ENABLED LITHIUM BATTERIES FROM 2006-JULY TABLE 23 FUNDING TO DEVELOP ADVANCED NANO-ENABLED BATTERIES, 2006 THROUGH AUG 15, TABLE 23 FUNDING TO DEVELOP ADVANCED NANO-ENABLED BATTERIES, 2006 THROUGH AUG 15, 2008 (CONTINUED)... 87

13 TABLE 23 FUNDING TO DEVELOP ADVANCED NANO-ENABLED BATTERIES, 2006 THROUGH AUG 15, 2008 (CONTINUED) TABLE 24 MAJOR SUPPLIERS OF MATERIALS FOR NANO-ENABLED BATTERIES TABLE 24 MAJOR SUPPLIERS OF MATERIALS FOR NANO-ENABLED BATTERIES (CONTINUED) TABLE 25 NANO-ENABLED BATTERY INDUSTRY PARTICIPANTS TABLE 25 NANO-ENABLED BATTERY INDUSTRY PARTICIPANTS (CONTINUED) TABLE 25 NANO-ENABLED BATTERY INDUSTRY PARTICIPANTS (CONTINUED) TABLE 26 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE/PERCENTAGE SHARE FOR NANO-ENABLED BATTERIES, BY TYPE 2008 AND TABLE 27 PERCENTAGE OF NANO- VERSUS MICRONIC-STRUCTURED BATTERIES BY MARKET DOMAIN IN TABLE 28 PERCENTAGE OF NANO-ENABLED VERSUS MICRONIC STRUCTURED BATTERIES IN TABLE 29 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE/PERCENTAGE SHARE FOR NANO-ENABLED BATTERIES IN TRANSPORT AND UTILITY ENERGY STORAGE, 2008 AND TABLE 30 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE/PERCENTAGE SHARE FOR NANO ENABLED BATTERIES IN CORDLESS TOOLS, 2008 AND TABLE 31 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE/PERCENTAGE SHARE FOR NANO-ENABLED BATTERIES BY TECHNOLOGY, 2008 AND GLOBAL MARKET SIZE/PERCENTAGE SHARE FOR NANO-ENABLED BATTERIES BY REGION, 2008 AND TABLE 33 COST BASIS FOR NANO LITHIUM-IRON-PHOSPHATE BATTERIES IN SIZE IN TABLE 34 NUMBER OF U.S. PATENTS GRANTED TO COMPANIES DEVELOPING MATERIALS AND PROCESS TECHNOLOGIES FOR NANO-ENABLED BATTERIES FROM 2004 THROUGH JUNE TABLE 34 NUMBER OF U.S. PATENTS GRANTED BY COUNTRY/REGION FOR NANOSTRUCTURED BATTERIES, (JANUARY 2004 TO JUNE 2008)

14 LIST OF FIGURES SUMMARY FIGURE GLOBAL MARKET SIZE FOR NANO-ENABLED BATTERIES BY TYPE, 2008 AND 2013 ($ MILLIONS)... IX FIGURE 1 SCHEMATIC OF A LITHIUM-ION CELL FIGURE 2 SCHEMATIC OF A CYLINDRICAL LITHIUM-ION CELL FIGURE 3 SCHEMETIC OF A CELL.MODULE, PACK FIGURE 4 SCHEMETIC DIAGRAM OF A LITHIUM ION BATTERY SHOWING ION MOVEMENT FIGURE 5 GLOBAL MARKET FOR NANO ENABLED BATTERIES, BY TYPE 2008 AND 2013 ($ MILLIONS) FIGURE 6 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE FOR NANO-ENABLED BATTERIES BY TECHNOLOGY, 2008 AND 2013 ($ MILLIONS) FIGURE 7 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE FOR NANO-ENABLED BATTERIES BY REGION, 2008 AND 2013 ($ MILLIONS) FIGURE 8 TOP COMPANIES IN TERMS OF U.S. PATENTS GRANTED FOR NANO- ENABLED BATTERIES FROM 2004 THROUGH JUNE

15 INTRODUCTION Nanostructured or nano-enabled batteries are a new generation of lithium-ion batteries and battery systems to serve applications and markets outside the historical domain of lithium-ion. Nano-enabled batteries employ technology at the nanoscale, a scale of minuscule particles that measure less than 100 nanometers, or 100x10-9 meters. In comparison, traditional lithium-ion (Li-Ion) technology uses active materials, such as lithium cobalt-oxide or lithium iron phosphate, with particles that range in size between 5 and 20 micrometres. Nano-engineering improves many of the failings of present battery technology, such as re-charging time and battery memory. Researching battery micro- and nanostructure is a whole new approach that is only just beginning to be explored Industrial production of nano batteries requires production of the electrode coatings in large batches so that large numbers of cells can be produced from the same material. Manufacturers using nano materials in their chemistry had to develop unique mixing and handling technologies. The electrodes must be assembled in cleanroom environments to help achieve the required consistency. Some manufacturers are achieving the necessary power output of the battery with thin coatings on the electrodes. To help improve consistency, the entire process includes high levels of automation. Finally, assembling the cells includes laser welded cans with 100% X-ray inspection and testing of the completed cells. Of course, all of this adds to the cost, but it is necessary to meet the reliability requirements. This report is focused on high performance batteries that are based on nanoscale materials, which are being used in cordless electric tools, notebooks and adoption in plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), HEVs, which are the next great transportation advance that will move us into a cleaner, cheaper, and more oilindependent future. A nano-enabled battery that outlasts the car will greatly improve the economics of hybrids versus traditional cars. This report analyzes the worldwide markets for nanostructure-enabled batteries already using nano lithium iron phosphates, nano titanium oxide, silicon/graphite composites, and other developments in nanometals, carbon nanotubes, nanocrystalline materials, nanowires and polymer nanocomposites specifically related to batteries. The major end use segments discussed are cordless electric cutting tools, hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), electrical vehicles (EVs), and consumer electric portable devices such as laptops. The report provides separate comprehensive analyses for the U.S., Japan,

16 Western Europe, China, Korea, and the rest of the world. Forecasts are provided for each region for the period 2008 through Cost analysis of nanostructured batteries, analysis of global patents activity and market competition and dynamics in the new technology are also covered in the report. The report profiles 44 companies, including many key and niche players worldwide as technology providers, raw material suppliers, nano batteries assemblers and users. STUDY GOAL AND OBJECTIVES This study focuses on nano-enabled batteries, providing market data about the size and growth of application segments, new developments, a detailed patent analysis, company profiles and industry trends. The goal of this report is to provide a detailed and comprehensive multi-client study of the market in North America, Europe, Japan, China, India, Korea and the rest of the world (ROW) for nanostructured batteries, and potential business opportunities in the future. More and more, battery manufacturers are using particles that have migrated from the micron world to the nano world to boost power and shelf life while minimizing fire risks. The objectives include thorough coverage of the underlying technical and economic issues driving the nano-enabled batteries, as well as assessments of new advanced nano-enabled batteries that are being developed. Another important objective is to provide realistic market data and forecasts for nano-enabled batteries. The study also provides extensive quantification of the many important facets of market developments in nano-enabled batteries all over the world. This, in turn, contributes to the determination of what kind of strategic responses companies may want to adopt in order to compete in this dynamic market. The report identifies the trends and strategies driving nano-enabled battery market segments, and focuses on detailed market share data and quantification in transport, specialty vehicles, power tools and portable consumer electronics devices. REASONS FOR DOING THE STUDY Current battery technologies are limited, making plug-in hybrid or all-electric cars prohibitively costly and insufficient to meet consumer demands. Long term, fundamental research in electrical energy storage will be needed to accelerate the pace of scientific discoveries and to see transformational advances that bridge the gaps in cost and performance, separating the current technologies and those required for future utility and transportation needs.

17 The nanoscale dimensions that let energy move rapidly also allow the battery to recharge faster when the energy flow is reversed, a feature that is important for hybrid cars that are designed to harvest energy from braking and use it to recharge the batteries. With all these new developments, irap felt the need to conduct a major study covering technology, application, industry dynamics and markets for nano-enabled batteries. CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE STUDY The report provides the most thorough and up-to-date assessment that can be found anywhere on nano-enabled batteries. The study provides extensive quantification of the many important facets of market developments in the emerging markets of these batteries, as, for example, in high power density and high energy density electric energy sources. This, in turn, contributes to the determination of what kind of strategic responses suppliers may adopt in order to compete in this dynamic market. The report goes on to analyze the prospects of different technologies and applications. SCOPE AND FORMAT The market data contained in this report quantifies opportunities for nano-enabled batteries. In addition to product types, it also covers the many issues concerning the merits and future prospects of the nano-enabled battery business, including corporate strategies, information technologies, and the means for providing these highly advanced products and service offerings. It also covers in detail the economic and technological issues regarded by many as critical to the industry s current state of change. The report provides a review of the nano-enabled battery industry and its structure, and the many companies involved in providing these products. The competitive position of the main players in the nano-enabled battery market and the strategic options they face are also discussed, as well as such competitive factors as marketing, distribution and operations. The report provides profiles of leading firms active in this space. Besides producers and users of nano-enabled batteries, the present survey also indentifies suppliers of nano materials required for the manufacture of electrodes and electrolytes and separators. The report also presents the status of ongoing research at leading institutes around the world. The role of venture capitalists and government funding agencies in the development of nano-enabled battery technology also is highlighted.

18 METHODOLOGY The research methodology was qualitative in nature and employed a triangulative approach, which aids validity. Initially, a comprehensive and exhaustive search of the literature on nano-enabled batteries was conducted. Secondary sources included journals and related books, trade literature, marketing literature, other product/promotional literature, annual reports, nano-enabled battery analyst reports, and other publications. A patent search and analysis was also conducted. In a second phase, semi-structured fact finding correspondence was conducted with marketing executives, product sales engineers, international sales managers, application engineers, and other personnel of the nano-enabled battery companies. Other sources included Nature Materials, Nano Times, Small Times, and Nanovip magazines published in the U.S. and Germany, academics, technology suppliers, technical experts, trade association officials, government officials, and consulting companies. These were a rich source of data. Subsequent analysis of the documents and interview notes was iterative. The final process included techniques such as preliminary research, fill-gap research, historic analysis of end-user markets, historic supply chain/raw materials analysis, data consolidation, cross-linking, variance determination projections, variance factorization and confirmatory primary research. INFORMATION SOURCES Initially, a comprehensive and exhaustive search of the literature on nano-enabled batteries was conducted. Sources included the latest press releases on company Websites, including application news, company news, marketing news, product news, brochures, product literature, and frequency control magazines, technical journals of power sources, Royal Chemical Society (RCS) publications, technical books, marketing literature, other promotional literature, annual reports, security analyst reports, and electric energy storage devices business publications. There is a wide range of market data in the available literature that analyzes the battery as a whole. Even with the data that do exist, for the most part, the challenge was to identify the nano-enabled battery market accurately and evaluate how it fits into the overall market for batteries. An extensive patent analysis was conducted to gauge technological innovation and to determine research activity as it applies to nano-enabled batteries.

19 Formal and informal telephone interviews/ correspondences were completed with a wide range of personnel in the field of nano-enabled batteries. Suppliers, design engineers, consulting companies, other technical experts, government officials, and trade association officials were also interviewed, as well as the personnel of the nano-enabled battery user companies. WHOM THE STUDY CATERS TO The study will benefit the existing users of batteries who are looking for the dense chemistry of nano-enabled batteries, which are rated as being able to accept a power pulse of 100 times rated capacity, compared to other "advanced" batteries which are rated at only 20 times capacity. It is specifically engineered as a power battery able to supply short bursts of electrical energy, as opposed to a battery designed for longer, slower power drains, such as is found in an electric car. This makes it ideal for use in hybrid-electric cars as well as other applications including lawn care and garden equipment. Since this study provides a technical overview of the nano-enabled batteries, especially recent technology developments and existing barriers, audiences for this study include directors of technology, marketing executives, business unit managers, and other decision makers in markets for hybrid electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid vehicles, electric vehicles, light electric vehicles, utility vehicles, power tools and laptops, as well as those in companies peripheral to these businesses. More specifically, the report will be of interest to: firms in the battery and power spaces who want to understand the next wave of opportunities and how the new battery and fuel cell technology will impact them in the future; manufacturers and developers of advanced materials and components, as well as sub-contract manufacturing companies who need to analyze the potential for selling their products and services into the nano lithium ion battery power segment; automotive, power tool and electronic portable consumers of batteries who need information on the power capabilities and power management requirements of future systems; and investment bankers, venture capitalists and private equity investors who need a realistic appraisal of the revenue potential and timeframes associated

20 with the advanced energy storage technologies based on nanostructured materials. AUTHOR S CREDENTIALS Analyst B.L. Gupta, Bachelor of Engineering, mechanical engineer, has 35 years R&D experience at key positions and has handled high tech product development in a number of fields. Before starting his own consultancy in 2001, Gupta worked with leading ISO-9000 certified and reputed multinational companies. He is a member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers since 1996; Fellow of the Institution of Engineers (India) since 2001; Charter Engineer of the Institution of Engineers (India) since 2001; member of Consulting Development Centre, a Government of India society, since 2000; and member of the Bureau of Indian Standards on formulation of national standards on printing presses and allied subjects since Market research studies conducted by the author include the following: MEMS Oscillators -A Global Technology, Industry and Market Analysis Piezoelectric Quartz Materials and Devices Piezoelectric Material, Composites and Devices A Global Technology, Industry and Market Analysis MEMS microphones A Global Technology, Industry and Market Analysis Electroactive Polymer Materials and Devices Thin Film Batteries A Global Technology, Industry and Market Analysis Micro Fuel Cells for Hand-Held Consumer Electronic Products A Technical Economic Analysis Piezoelectric Actuators and Motors, Ultra Capacitors, Auto Electric Products A Global Industry and Market Analysis, Global Market of Hybrid Electric Vehicle Components, Global Market of Automotive Sensors, Global Market of Automotive Semiconductors, US Market of Industrial Sensors,