Plot No. 15, Madam Street, Kangeyanallur, Vellore , TamilNadu

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Jonathan Freeman
5 years ago
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Homemade PCB Design Printed Circuit board is essential for building the circuit. The PCB is used to arrange the components and connect them with electrical contacts.

Commercial type PCB design is a complicated process involving the drawing using PCB design software like ORCAD, EAGLE, making mirror sketch, etching, tinning, drilling etc.

1 Homemade PCB Design Printed Circuit board is essential for building the circuit. The PCB is used to arrange the components and connect them with electrical contacts. Generally to prepare a PCB requires lot of effort like designing the PCB layout, fabricating and testing the PCB. Commercial type PCB design is a complicated process involving the drawing using PCB design software like ORCAD, EAGLE, making mirror sketch, etching, tinning, drilling etc. On the other hand a simple PCB can be made easily. This procedure will help you to make a homemade PCB. Required Material for PCB: Copper clad board It is available in different sizes. Ferric chloride solution For etching ( Removing the copper from unwanted area Hand drill with bits of requited size. OHP marker pen, sketch paper, carbon paper etc. Step by Step PCB Design Process: Cut the Copper clad board using a Hacksaw blade to get the required size. Clean the Copper clad board using soap solution to remove dirt and grease. Draw the diagram on the sketch paper using the OHP pen as per the circuit diagram and mark the points to be drilled as dots.

2 On the opposite side of the sketch paper, you will get the impression of the diagram in the reverse pattern. This is the Mirror Sketch used as the PCB tracks. Place the Carbon paper over the Copper coated side of the clad board. Place the Mirror sketch over it. Fold the sides of the papers and fix it with cello tape. Using a ball point pen, draw the mirror sketch applying some pressure. Remove the papers. You will get the carbon sketch of the mirror sketch on the Copper clad board. Using the OHP pen, draw the carbon markings present on the copper clad board. The drilling points should be marked as dots. The ink will dry easily and the sketch will appear as lines on the copper clad board. Now start etching. It is the process of removing unused copper from the board using chemical method. To achieve this, a mask must be placed on the copper which is to be used. This part of the masked copper acts as the conductor for the flow of electric current. Dissolve 50 gms Ferric chloride powder in 100 ml Luke warm water. (Ferric chloride solution is also available). Place the copper clad board in a plastic tray and pour the Etching solution over it. Frequently shake the board to dissolve the copper easily. If it is done in sunlight, the process will be fast. After removing all the copper, wash the PCB in tap water and dry it. Copper tracks will be under the ink. Remove the ink with Petrol or Thinner. Drill the soldering points using the hand drill. Drill bit size should be o IC holes 1 mm o Resistor, Capacitor, Transistor 1.25mm o Diodes 1.5 mm o IC Base 3mm o LED 5mm After drilling, coat the PCB using varnish to prevent oxidation.

Multilevel Inverter Types & Advantages Inverter: www.coretronix.org The Inverter is an electrical device which converts direct current (DC) to alternate current (AC).

3 Multilevel Inverter Types & Advantages Inverter: The Inverter is an electrical device which converts direct current (DC) to alternate current (AC). The inverter is used for emergency backup power in a home. The inverter is used in some aircraft systems to convert a portion of the aircraft DC power to AC. The AC power is used mainly for electrical devices like lights, radar, radio, motor, and other devices. Multilevel Inverter: Now a day s many industrial applications have begun to require high power. Some appliances in the industries however require medium or low power for their operation. Using a high power source for all industrial loads may prove beneficial to some motors requiring high power, while it may damage the other loads. Some medium voltage motor drives and utility applications require medium voltage. The multi level inverter has been introduced since 1975 as alternative in high power and medium voltage situations. The Multi level inverter is like an inverter and it is used for industrial applications as alternative in high power and medium voltage situations. General DC-AC Inverter Circuit Multilevel Inverter The need of multilevel converter is to give a high output power from medium voltage source. Sources like batteries, super capacitors, solar panel are medium voltage sources. The multi level inverter consists of several switches. In the multi level inverter the arrangement switches angles are very important. Types of Multilevel Inverter:

4 Multilevel inverters are three types. Diode clamped multilevel inverter Flying capacitors multilevel inverter Cascaded H- bridge multilevel inverter Diode Clamped Multilevel Inverter: The main concept of this inverter is to use diodes. A diode transfers a limited amount of voltage, thereby reducing the stress on other electrical devices. The maximum output voltage is half of the input DC voltage. It is the main drawback of the diode clamped multilevel inverter. This problem can be solved by increasing the switches, diodes, capacitors. Ex: 5- Level diode clamped multilevel inverter, 9- level diode clamped multilevel inverter. The 5- level diode clamped multilevel inverter uses switches, diodes; A single capacitor is used, so output voltage is half of the input DC. The 9- level diode clamped multilevel inverter uses switches, diodes; capacitors are two times more than the 5-level diode clamped inverters. So the output is more than the input. Flying Capacitors Multilevel Inverter: 5- Level Diode Clamped Multilevel Inverter

5 The main concept of this inverter is to use capacitors. The capacitors transfer the limited amount of voltage to electrical devices. In this inverter switching states are like in the diode clamped inverter. The output is half of the input DC voltage. It is drawback of the flying capacitors multi level inverter. EX: 5-level flying capacitors multilevel inverter, 9-level flying capacitors multilevel inverter. This inverter is same like that diode clamped multi inverter In this inverter only switches and capacitors are used. Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Inverter: 5-Level Flying Capacitors Multilevel Inverter The cascaded H-bride multi level inverter is to use capacitors and switches. The combination of capacitors and switches pair is called an H-bridge and gives the separate input DC voltage for each H-bridge. One of the advantages of this type of multi level inverter is that it needs less number of components compared with diode clamped and flying capacitor inverters. The price, weight of the inverter is less than those of the two inverters.

6 Ex: 5- H-bridge multi level inverter, 9- H-bridge clamped multi level inverter. This inverter is also same like that diode clamped multi inverter. 5- H-Bridge Multilevel Inverter Applications: Power conducting Motor drives Active filters Electric vehicle drives DC power source utilization Advantages of Multilevel Inverter: The multilevel converter has a several advantages, that is: Common Mode Voltage: The multilevel inverters produce common mode voltage, reducing the stress of the motor and don t damage the motor.

7 Input Current: Multilevel inverters can draw input current with low distortion Switching Frequency: The multilevel inverter can operate at both fundamental switching frequencies that are higher switching frequency and lower switching frequency. It should be noted that the lower switching frequency means lower switching loss and higher efficiency is achieved.

Things to do at home

presents Things to do at home Things to do at home Now that you have visited the Gadget Factory and learned the basics of circuitry to make your very own flashing badge, we ve got some other great activities