Air Pollution in the Santa Barbara Channel

Transcription

1 Air Pollution in the Santa Barbara Channel Shore to Sea Lecture Series Tom Murphy, Division Manager Santa Barbara County Air Pollution Control District i t August 11&12, 2009

2 Overview e Air Quality regulatory framework Pollutants/Health effects Ozone trends/meteorology/other sources Shipping i in the Santa Barbara Channel Our case study Planning process - emission inventories Regulatory efforts Demonstration project Port Hueneme Ship types

3 Regulatory Framework IMO International Maritime Organization Federal U.S. Environmental Protection Agency State California Air Resources Board Local Air Pollution Control & Air Quality Management Districts

4 California Air Districts & Counties

5 Pollutants Overview Ozone, a.k.a. smog Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) Reactive Organic Gases (ROG, or VOCs) Particle Pollution Inhalable Particulate Matter (PM10) Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5) Toxic Air Contaminants t Identified by state or federal government Classified for cancer or non-cancer effects Greenhouse Gases State s Global Warming Solutions Act - AB 32

6 Ozone Pollutants & Health Irritates eyes, nose, throat and lungs Exacerbates and can cause asthma Contributes to heart and lung disease and early death Particle Pollution All of the above, and Can have serious effects on those with heart ailments Penetrates lung tissue; small particles cannot be removed by body s defenses, disrupt lung cell function Has additional and very serious adverse effects on children Toxic Air Pollution Acute and chronic effects, some cause cancer Some have non-cancer effects, such as causing birth defects, sterility, nerve or brain damage, or damage to eyes, skin, organs and organ systems Greenhouse Gases Climate change and a range of related impacts

7 Air Pollution and Children Southern California i Children s Health Study showed pollutants from fuel combustion: Slow lung growth in children Decrease lung function in children Increase asthma rates in children Produce some effects that can t be reversed (will affect children for life) Other effects included increased hospital admissions more Other effects included increased hospital admissions, more missed school days, and greater care costs for affected children

8 Ozone Formation

9 Santa Barbara County y Ozone Trends Santa Barbara County Ozone Exceedance Days California 8-Hour Standard (0.070 parts per million) 100 Number of Ozone E Exceedance Da ays 90 California 1-Hour Standard (0.09 parts per million) National 8-Hour Standard (0.75 parts per million) Year

10 Ventura County Ozone Trends Ventura County Ozone Exceedance Days California 8-Hour Standard (0.09 parts per million) 160 Numbe er of days excee eding ozone sta andards California 1-Hour Standard (0.09 parts per million) National 8-Hour Standard (0.08 parts per million) Year

11 Eastern Pacific High

12 Catalina Eddy

13 Santa Ana Wind

14 2003 Socal Fires

15 Ventura County Fire

16 Platform Gilda

17

18 Natural Oil and Gas Seeps

19 Coal Oil Point

20 Installation of a Seep Tent

21 Seep Containment Devices

22 Shipping in the SB Channel

23 Santa Barbara Case Study Over 7,200 annual traverses 130 miles of coastline Large 2-stroke engines Vessels burning heavy bunker fuels Slow turnover rates Majority of the vessels are foreign flagged Trade volumes expected to continue to increase

24 Great Circle Route

25 Santa Barbara Shipping Lanes

26 Clean Air Planning Process Goal: attainment of state and federal standards Develop emission inventories Evaluate emission i control measures Forecast emissions Marine shipping i contribution: ti large and growing 2010 next Clean Air Plan

27 ROC & NOx Emission Sources * Stationary Sources 13% 2000 Santa Barbara County ROC & NOx Emissions Area-Wide Sources 7% 122 Tons per day On-Road Motor Vehicles 33% 2020 Santa Barbara County ROC & NOx Emissions Stationary Sources 15% 120 Tons per day Area-Wide Sources 9% On-Road Motor Vehicles 9% OCS- Marine Shipping 27% OCS Other Mobile Sources (Excluding Ships) 1% Other Mobile Sources 17% OCS Stationary Sources 2% OCS- Marine Shipping 56% OCS Other Mobile Sources (Excluding Ships) <1% Other Mobile Sources 9% OCS Stationary Sources 2% * Includes both Onshore & OCS Emissions

28 Santa Barbara County NOx * Emissions Comparison 2000 Santa Barbara County NOx Emissions 2020 Santa Barbara County NOx Emissions Other Mobile Sources 17.25% OCS Stationary Sources 1.05% On-Road Motor Vehicles 31.17% OCS Other Mobile Sources (Excluding Ships) 0.08% OCS- Marine Shipping 42.71% Other Mobile Sources 8.02% On-Road Motor Vehicles 7.62% Area-Wide Sources 1.36% Stationary Sources 7.10% OCS Stationary Sources 0.92% OCS- Marine Shipping 74.88% OCS Other Mobile Sources (Excluding Ships) 0.10% Area-Wide Sources 0.61% Stationary Sources 7.13% * NOx = Onshore + OCS

29 Santa Barbara County NOx * Emission Forecast Tons per Day % * 48% * 56% * 66% * 75% * Year * Percentage of total emissions from foreign and US vessels in transit OCS Santa Barbara County * NOx = Onshore + OCS

30 2005 Marine Shipping Inventory Over 7,000 transits 10% of vessels = 56% NOx emissions 76 vessels over 50 tons of NOx 92% of NOx from foreign flagged vessels About 19 transits per day About 40 tons of NOx and 3 tons of PM emitted daily

31 Ship Type Analysis Cargo/ General 2% 2005 Total NOx by Vessel Type Tanker (Total NOx = 14,918 Tons) 28% 2.8% Tug/Barge RO/RO 1.2% 1.2% Bulk 4.5% Auto Carrier 4.6% Other (8) 1.0% 2005 Total Transits by Vessel Type (Total Transits = 7,086) Container Ship 83.0% Tanker Tug/Barge RO/RO 6.9% 6.7% Cargo/General 37% 3.7% 2.1% Other (8) 1.2% Bulk 9.0% Container Ship 61.2% Auto Carrier 9.3%

32 Health Impacts 1, premature deaths 31,000 asthma related cases 2600 acute bronchitis cases 190,000 lost work days EPA estimates that new proposed standards would save 8,300 American and Canadian lives by 2020

33 Ocean-Going Vessel Diesel Particulate Exposures and Cancer Risk* Potential Cancer Cases in a Million People *2005 ARB Statewide Emissions Inventory 33

34 Regulatory Efforts IMO MARPOL Annex VI - entered into force May 2005 Sets NOx limits from vessels built or modified after 1/1/2000. Fuel sulfur limits. Maritime Pollution Protection Act of 2008 US ratification Amendments to Annex VI for stricter NOx limits and fuel sulfur standards October 2008 Emission Control Areas Tier 3 NOx standards US EPA Category 3 Engine Rulemaking June 2009 US Flagged Vessels Only Relies on IMO for foreign Mirrors IMO Annex VI amendments Applying for Emission Control Area designation

35 Regulatory Efforts California Air Resources Board (ARB) Onboard Incineration Prohibition (2007) Shore Power Rule (2007) Main Engine Fuel Rule (2008; Effective July 1 st 2009) Vessel Speed Reduction Report/Options p (Late 2009) Green Ships Program (2010 target date) Working with EPA on Emission Control Area designation

36 Proposal Reduces Statewide Potential Cancer Risk from Ocean Going Vessels by over 80%* Without Proposed Regulation With Proposed Regulation *Based on projected statewide 2012 inventory without control and with control 36

37 Our District Efforts Santa Barbara case study ARB Maritime Working Group Commenting on EPA/ARB rulemakings Lawsuits to force EPA regulations ARB VSR workshop July 29 in Sacramento Concerned about existing fleet turnover rate Technology demonstration ti project

38 Objectives Demonstration Project Demonstrate emission controls Develop support for potential economic incentive programs Develop in-use testing ti protocol Participants U.S. EPA, MARAD ARB, Ports, CA Air districts Ship operator -- APL Engine manufacturer UC Riverside

39 Demonstration Project (cont d) Emission Control Technologies Fuel-water emulsification Slide valves Detailed Emissions Testing Project Costs About $780,000 for hardware About $100, for emissions testing Annual Emissions Reductions in CA Waters 66 tons of NOx 4t tons of fpm Challenges

40 Port Hueneme Niche Port #1 port in nation for citrus exports Top ten in imports of autos & bananas Nearly tripled cargo weight and value between 1990 & depth limits vessel types Vessel types: Reefer, ro-ro, older containerships About 340 calls in 2004 About 7% of total US vehicle carrier port calls and capacity (DWT x calls) in 2004

41 Common Ship Types General Cargo 34% 2004 Port Hueneme Calls Tankers 3% Container 1% Ro-ro 62%

42 Containership Evolution

43 Containerships

44 General Cargo Ships

45 Ro-Ro (Roll On, Roll Off) Ships

46 Tankers

47 LNG (Liquified Natural Gas) Tankers

48 Bulk Carriers

49 ~ 30 MW (~40,000 hp) 2-stroke main engine

50 Questions?