Virginia s Coastal and Ocean Energy Resources

Transcription

1 Virginia s Coastal and Ocean Energy Resources Expanded and Updated Presentation Commonwealth of Virginia Energy & Sustainability Conference Richmond, VA 19 September 2008 George Hagerman VCERC Director of Research Virginia Tech Advanced Research Institute 4300 Wilson Blvd., Suite 750 Arlington, VA hagerman@vt.edu Phone:

2 Presentation Outline Virginia Coastal Energy Research Consortium created to research marine renewable energy resources with potentially large benefits to the state and to the nation Offshore wind resource and technology overview Marine biofuels resource and technology overview Comparison of Virginia s s marine renewable energy resources with fossil offshore oil and gas resources How Virginia can fit into a national vision of U.S. energy independence ( Pickens( Plan Plus co-developed with George Hart of the Ocean Energy Institute)

3 VCERC Created by 2006 General Assembly to Bring Together Universities, State Agencies, and Industry Virginia Coastal Energy Research Consortium Non-University VCERC Directors Mechanical, electrical, materials, civil, and ocean engineering Washington, DC area presence Physical, chemical, & geological ocean sciences Biological ocean sciences Wind energy engineering Renewable energy curriculum development High-tech workforce training Entrepreneurship development Integration of marine renewables into Virginia Energy Plan Ensuring compatibility with other marine uses and coastal resources Identification of manufacturing job creation opportunities and industry benefits of long-term, price-stable energy supply Identification of waterfront development opportunities

4 Three Additional Universities and Two New Industry Representatives Added in 2007 Virginia Coastal Energy Research Consortium Non-University VCERC Directors Rice Center for Environmental Life Sciences expertise on natural algal blooms Integration of GIS tool into Coastal GEMS Virginia Coast Reserve Long-Term Ecological Research Project Chemical Engineering Department -- fuels testing and characterization Rotating Machinery and Controls Laboratory Interface with local high-tech industry, including advanced manufacturing, sensors, and control systems Research and development of alternative marine biofuels and bioproducts Lidar and radar expertise Virginia Clean Cities and the Hampton Roads Clean Cities Coalition identify regional transportation needs and opportunities for fuels from algae and integration of offshore wind with plug-in hybrid electric vehicles

5 Initial VCERC Focus on Marine Renewable Energy Technologies with Large National Potential Offshore wind power could meet 50% of present US electricity demand using 10% of the Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) area between 5 and 20 nautical miles offshore and 20% of the OCS area between 20 and 50 nautical miles offshore Marine biofuels could meet 50% of present US transportation demand using less than 3% of available cropland

6 Initial VCERC Projects Funded by State Budget in FY Feasibility-level design and economic assessment for a hypothetical reference baseline offshore wind power project 2. Preliminary mapping of offshore areas suitable for offshore wind power development, with identification of military training areas, shipping lanes, commercial fishing grounds, and marine and avian habitats Paliria Energy, Inc. 3. Evaluation of economic development potential of commercial offshore wind power development and associated workforce training needs, and planning for an ocean test bed 4. Feasibility-level design and economic assessment for an algae-to-biodiesel culture and processing system

7 FY VCERC Budget Distribution Project VT-ARI $200K $30K $20K $0K ODU $150K $64K $0K $511K ODU (Industry) $50K $0K $100K $0K $15K $120K $15K $0K JMU $0K $0K $75K $0K NSU Total $250K $725K $150K $150K $75K ** VIMS supported Project 1 through its normal Sea Grant activities and with a subset of the GIS data that VIMS developed under Project 2. * VIMS $0K** $50K $0K $100K $150K Total $425K $244K $195K $636K $1,500K * SAIC Maritime Operations and Paliria Energy are ODU industry partners In Oct 2007, higher-education budget cut of 10.6% to VCERC budget amendment was applied uniformly across all projects and universities, reducing overall FY08 VCERC budget from $1.5 million to $1.34 million

8 OFFSHORE WIND POWER Project capacity = 160 MW (80 turbines), occupying 5.0 km x 3.9 km area (~ 8 MW per sq.km) Mean wind speed = 9.7 m/s at 70-m hub height (high Class 6) Annual energy output = 672 GWh (48% capacity factor) * Capital investment = 272 million Euro ($257 million ~$1,600/kW in 2002) * Transformer platform * Updated source: documents/media_room/economics_of_wind_main_report_final-lr.pdf

9 Wind Energy is a Derived Form of Solar Energy Figure below shows nor easter forming as cold dry air picks up heat and moisture from ocean. Winds move ~60% of excess equatorial solar energy towards the poles. Deep-ocean currents move the remaining ~40% (via thermo-haline circulation)

10 At Given Elevation, Offshore Wind Power Density is Greater than Onshore Effect of terrain roughness on wind-speed profiles. Values listed along curves are percentage of gradient wind speed. Because wind power density is proportional to wind speed cubed, wind power densities at a given turbine rotor hub height are much greater over open water.

11 At Given Elevation, Offshore Wind Power Density is Greater than Onshore 80 m hub height Effect of terrain roughness on wind-speed profiles. Values listed along curves are percentage of gradient wind speed. Because wind power density is proportional to wind speed cubed, wind power densities at a given turbine rotor hub height are much greater over open water.

12 U.S. Offshore Wind Resources Pacific NW Class 5, 6 & 7 Gulf of Maine Class 6 Great Lakes Class 5 & 6 Mid-Atlantic Class 5 & 6 S California Class 4, 5 & 6 Great Plains Class 3, 4 & 5 Southeast Class 4, 5 & 6

13 Nearly 60% of U.S. Population Lives in Atlantic, Pacific, Gulf of Mexico or Great Lakes States Twenty-eight coastal states in contiguous U.S. are home to 58% of population

14 Nearly 80% of U.S. Electricity Demand is in Atlantic, Pacific, Gulf of Mexico or Great Lakes States Twenty-eight coastal states in contiguous U.S. consume 78% of U.S. electrical energy

15 U.S. Offshore Wind Resources Located Near Coastal Metropolitan Load Centers

16 Typical Offshore Wind Farm Layout

17 Monopile Foundations Driven into Seabed and Transition Pieces Grouted on Top

18 Horns Rev 2-MW Turbines Installed Using Self-Propelled A2 SEA Vessels

19 North Hoyle 2-MW Turbines Installed Using Towed Seacore Jack-Up Rigs

20 As Wind Turbines Increase in Size, Ability to Transport and Handle on Land Becomes Limited General Electric 3.6 MW 104-m rotor diameter (Boeing wing span = 65 m) REpower 5 MW 126-m rotor diameter (Washington Monument height = 170 m)

21 NREL Map Indicating Depth Distribution of U.S. Offshore Wind Potential Installed Capacity Assumes a turbine installation density of 5 MW per km 2 Source: Musial, W., Offshore wind electricity: a viable energy option for the coastal United States. Marine Technology Society Journal, Vol. 41, No. 3 (Fall 2007), pp

22 Mid-Atlantic Independent System Operator PJM Energizes About One-Fifth of the U.S. GDP

23 Mid-Atlantic Offshore Wind can Meet a Significant Portion of the Energy Needs in PJM 20% = 33.1 GW Developing just 20% of the Mid-Atlantic region s offshore wind potential in depths < 30 m (as required for economical monopile-based projects using commercially available technology) would result in 33.1 GW of installed offshore wind capacity.

24 Mid-Atlantic Offshore Wind can Meet a Significant Portion of the Energy Needs in PJM 33.1 GW of offshore wind at 40% annual capacity factor would generate 116,000 GWh, supplying about 17% of PJM s annual energy

25 Offshore Wind Might Relieve PJM Transmission Constraints from West to East Fentress is the only high-voltage substation near the Atlantic coast for gigawatt-scale projects between Cape Henlopen, DE and Cape Lookout, NC

26 Hampton Roads Area has Unique Features Favorable for Offshore Wind Power Development Class 6 ( ) wind energy resource located within miles (16-24 km) of shoreline and close to major, growing centers of power demand 500 kv 115 kv 230 kv Robust coastal transmission grid Minimal probability of major hurricane strike (Categories 3 through 5) Pale blue region indicates uncertain wind map accuracy beyond 25 km offshore

27 GIS Analysis and Mapping of Resource Focus on 50 MMS lease blocks and avoid all excluded areas MMS lease blocks are 4.8 km x 4.8 km, with each block having 7 x 7 turbines. Turbines spaced 685 m apart (7.6 rotor diameters) Each lease block could contain 49 turbines = 147 MW per block with Vestas model V-90 3 MW = 6.4 MW per km 2 GIS layers and calculations by James Madison University

28 Class 6 Winds are Largely Beyond the Visual Horizon Photo simulation of Long Island offshore wind project Beyond the Territorial Sea Limit of 12 n.mi., turbines would be barely visible, and then only on the clearest days. 12 n.mi.

29 Class 6 Winds are Largely Beyond the Visual Horizon Photo simulation of Long Island offshore wind project Beyond the Territorial Sea Limit of 12 n.mi., turbines would be barely visible, and then only on the clearest days. 12 n.mi. Total available area of Class 6 beyond 12 n.mi. is sq.km (142,500 acres); could support 3,680 MW of wind capacity.

30 Preliminary GIS Calculations At a wind turbine density of 6.4 MW per km 2, Class 6 lease blocks could support 3.7 GW and Class 5 lease blocks could support 1.5 GW, avoiding all excluded areas. 354 km 2 TOTAL 235 km km km 2 Assuming capacity factors of 35% for Class 5 and 40% for Class 6, annual generation potential is 4,600 and 13,000 GWh/yr from Class 5 and Class 6 areas, respectively.

31 Near-Term Offshore Wind Generation Potential Compared with Virginia s Other Electricity Sources At 17,600 GWh per year, offshore wind power in non-excluded areas within 50 MMS lease blocks off Virginia Beach has the potential to become Virginia s third largest electricity source.

32 Early, Meaningful Engagement of Local Stakeholders Essential to Success

33 MARINE BIOFUELS

34 Geothermal Heating and Compression of Single-Celled Algae Naturally Produces Oil Scanning Electron Micrograph (SEM) Living Algal Cells 4-Million-Year-Old Fossilized Cell Walls They look similar, and pyrolysis (slow heating in the absence of oxygen) of algae yields hydrocarbons that have a similar chemical composition to crude oil 12:1 18:1 32:1 Pyrolysis / GC / MS chromatogram of algae GC / MS chromatogram of fossil crude oil

35 Single-Celled Algae are a Promising Feedstock for Biodiesel Production Oil Content of Some Microalgae Botryococcus braunii Growth conditions for maximum biomass and oil yield: Ambient temperature of o C (71-77 o F) Salinity of 8-10% (brackish) Light intensity of W/m 2 Photoperiod of 12 hours light and 12 hours dark Still has >30% oil content even when stressed Microalga Botryococcus braunii Chlorella sp. Crypthecodinium cohnii Cylindrotheca sp. Dunaliella primolecta Isochrysis sp. Monallanthus salina Nannochloris sp. Nannochloropsis sp. Neochloris oleoabundans Nitzschia sp. Phaeodactylum tricornutum Schizochytrium sp. Tetraselmis sueica Oil Content (% dry wt) > From : Chisti, Y Biodiesel from microalgae. Biotechnology Advances

36 Fat Algae Could Supply 50% of US Transport Fuel Needs on <3% of US Cropland Oil Content of Some Microalgae Botryococcus braunii Comparison of some sources of biodiesel Crop Oil Yield Land Area Percent of Existing (L/ha) Needed (M ha) a US Cropping Area a Corn Soybean Canola Jatropha Coconut Oil Palm Microalgae b 136, Microalgae c 58, a For meeting 50% of all transport fuel needs of the United States. b 70% oil (by weight) in biomass. c 30% oil (by weight) in biomass. From : Chisti, Y Biodiesel from microalgae. Biotechnology Advances Microalga Botryococcus braunii Chlorella sp. Crypthecodinium cohnii Cylindrotheca sp. Dunaliella primolecta Isochrysis sp. Monallanthus salina Nannochloris sp. Nannochloropsis sp. Neochloris oleoabundans Nitzschia sp. Phaeodactylum tricornutum Schizochytrium sp. Tetraselmis sueica Oil Content (% dry wt) > From : Chisti, Y Biodiesel from microalgae. Biotechnology Advances

37 Virginia Attractive as an Early Adopter 1. Virginia has plenty of sunshine on its coastal plain (east of the Fall Line) 2. Virginia has many coastal areas amenable to locating algal ponds on flat land and in close proximity to fossil-fueled power plants (CO 2 source) and municipal wastewater treatment facilities (nutrient source) 3. Virginia s coastal waterways are choked with algae blooms which could be harvested and used as an additional biodiesel feedstock, preventing their decay and de-oxygenation of our waterways 4. Virginia has the customers: a. US and State government vehicle fleets b. Military installations with high liquid fuel needs c. Emerging biodiesel fueling infrastructure (Arlington, Harrisonburg)

38 Test Facility: Virginia Initiative Plant Hampton Roads Sanitation District Research Plans for FY 2008 and beyond 1. Design a bench-scale and pilotscale facility for converting various algae to diesel to provide proof of concept for the biological and chemical process being designed 2. Produce diesel fuels in sufficient amounts to test production efficiency and characteristics 3. Scale up to full-size facility in cooperation with industry partners

39 Pilot Facility: Algal Farms, Inc. in Spring Grove, Surry County, Virginia Algal Farms, Inc, started operating a 1-acre pond of parallel raceways in late September 2008 Pilot productivity will be 3,000 gallons of biodiesel fuel per acre per year The next phase will expand pond area to 200 acres, producing 600,000 gallons per year by 2011 Periodic infusion of pure cultures from 500-gallon closed tanks along side of raceway will prevent take-over by invasive, oil-poor species

40 Comparing Offshore Oil Potential with Algae-to-Biodiesel Potential in Virginia Economically recoverable oil reserves on Virginia s OCS estimated in MMS five-year oil & gas leasing program: = 56 million barrels = 2.35 billion gallons over 40-year lease life Assume a 40-year lease with 15 years to explore and develop, and 25 years to produce Producing this amount of algal biodiesel fuel in ten years would require 78,330 acres of total pond area MMS Final Oil & Gas Leasing Program for has Lease Sale 220 scheduled for Virginia OCS in 2011

41 Potential Biodiesel Production from Micro-algae Cultivation on Virginia s Agricultural Lands If just 29% of failed and idle croplands in Virginia could be covered with micro-algae culture pond area, they could yield the same amount of biodiesel fuel in 10 years as the amount of fossil crude oil that could be economically produced on the entire Virginia OCS.

42 Comparing Generation Potential from Offshore Gas with Offshore Wind for Virginia Economically recoverable gas reserves on Virginia s OCS estimated in MMS five-year oil & gas leasing program: = 327 billion cu.ft. (BCF) Divide by heat rate of 8.1E-06 BCF/MWh = 40,322,624 MWh Assume a 40-year lease with 15 years to explore and develop, and 25 years to produce MMS Final Oil & Gas Leasing Program for has Lease Sale 220 scheduled for Virginia OCS in 2011 A 526 MW offshore wind project operating at 35% average capacity factor would generate this same amount of electrical energy over a service life of 25 years

43 While it is Tempting to Consider a Choice: Offshore Wind OR Offshore Natural Gas MMS offshore oil & gas Lease Sale 220 area east of 50-mile buffer is 11,800 km 2 Area covered by 526 MW wind project would be less than four MMS lease blocks (92 km 2 )

44 Consider Offshore Wind AND Gas in a Hybrid Project for Firm, Dispatchable Power ADVANTAGES: Provides high-value baseload power Avoids utility need for land-based spinning reserve to accommodate wind variability Submarine power cable to shore more secure, with less environmental impact than gas pipeline Avoids onshore siting challenge of finding cooling water for land-based gas power plants Prolongs offshore gas reservoir life for more secure future

45 Eclipse Energy s Ormonde Hybrid Project off the Coast of Wales to Come on Line in 2011 Gas field depleted See and for more information

46 PickensPlan for Central U.S. Wind Corridor and Southwest Solar Corridor

47 PickensPlanPlus Distributes Economic and Energy Benefits Across the Country

48 Virginia Can Participate Strongly in Both Offshore Wind and Marine Biofuels Developments

49 Summary Using less than 30% of Virginia s s idle and failed croplands, algae-to to-biodiesel culture could supply as much liquid fuel in 10 years as the total amount of economically recoverable crude oil that MMS estimates is available on Virginia s s continental shelf A single 526 MW offshore wind project could displace as much gas in 25 years as the total amount of economically recoverable natural gas that MMS estimates is available on Virginia s s continental shelf The use of offshore fossil gas on Virginia s s continental shelf in hybrid offshore wind / gas projects would greatly increase the commercial value of offshore wind and would have many environmental benefits over conventional offshore gas production

50 Thank You! Any questions?