Overview Biodiesel Advantages & Challenges Production

Transcription

1 Biodiesel, a Carbon Neutral Alternative fuel to Petroleum Diesel Ihab H. Farag, Sc.D., P.E. Chemical Engineering Dept University of New Hampshire Durham, NH , USA Phone: , fax: ihab.farag@unh.edu GIN2009 Conference Joint Actions on Climate Change, June 8-10, 2009, Aalborg, Denmark Overview Biodiesel Advantages & Challenges Production What is Biodiesel? Chemically, biodiesel molecules are mono-alkyl esters produced usually from triglyceride esters Transesterification Process. 0.1 lb/gal bd Fatty acid methyl ester, FAME 100 lb 11.3 lb (1 lb NaOH) 97 lb =13.3 gal 11 lb 1 st step, Diglucerid 2 nd step, mono, then 3 rd step FAME and glycerol 0.75 lb/gal bd Biodiesel Made in UNH by the UNH Biodiesel Group What is Biodiesel? Clean Burning Alternative fuel for diesel engines Produced from Domestic Renewable Resources: any fat or oil, like vegetable oil, used greases, animal fat. Oxygenated fuel with 10% O2 Meets health effect testing of the Clean Air Act (CAA) Blends will with diesel Biodiesel: Renewable Alternative Green Fuel-- Uses Anywhere petroleum diesel is used: transportation, home heating, power generation. 1

2 Blending Biodiesel & Diesel Biodiesel Energy Consideration Energy Return on Energy Invested (EROEI) Measures how efficiently the fuel itself is produced and delivered, i.e., how much energy available per unit energy input. Fuel EROI Biodiesel from Soy 3.2 Biodiesel from wastes 5 Ethanol from Corn Starch 1.34 Cellulosic Ethanol 2.2 Hydrogen from Natural Gas Global Warming and Other Consideration PetroDiesel CO 2 Cycle 22.2lbs (10.1 kg) of fossil CO 2 released per gal burned CO2 Emission Biodiesel Renewable Fuel Cycle CO2 Neutral System Fossil CO 2 Release to Atmosphere Refining Use in Cars and Trucks Exploration Gasoline carbon content per gallon: 2,421 grams,diesel carbon content per gallon: 2,778 grams Biodiesel s Closed Carbon Cycle 2

3 Relative Greenhouse Gas Emissions B100 Electric Diesel Hybrid B20 Ethanol 85% Diesel LPG CNG Gasoline B100 = 100% Biodiesel B20 = 20% BD + 80% PD Data from A Fresh Look at CNG: A Comparison of Alternative Fuels, Alternative Fuel Vehicle Program, 8/13/ Petroleum diesel exhaust and children Diesel particulates are a probable carcinogen School buses and other heavy diesel vehicles expose everyone to particulates Biodiesel can reduce particulates by up to 99%*, far more than with Compressed natural gas (CNG). * Biodiesel alone reduces particulates from 30-90%. Since it contains no sulfur, it also allows the use of better particulate traps in the exhaust systems of vehicles, which can reduce the particulates even further. Relative emissions: Diesel and Biodiesel B100 & B20 B100 ** B20 CO2 Diesel Mutagenicity n-pahs PAHs Sulfates **NOx Particulate Matter CO Total Unburned HCs Percent ** B100 (100% biodiesel) with NOx adsorbing catalyst and a CRT particulate filter on vehicle Relative Hazards: Diesel and Biodiesel Lower emissions High flash point (>300F), Safe to store and burn Biodegradable Essentially non-toxic. 3 times Biodegra dability Flash Point Toxicity Spill Hazard Relative Hazards: Diesel and Biodiesel Biodegra dability Flash Point Toxicity Spill Hazard Biodiesel: Good enough to drink! Less toxic than salt More biodegradable than sugar 3

4 Biodiesel Challenges Cold Weather Operation Biodiesel Challenges Cold Weather Operation (14 F) Biodiesel Challenges Cold Weather Operation Stability/Storage Producing enough feedstock oil to replace a large portion of petroleum Oil & Biodiesel yield of Soybeans & Canola Soybeans Canola Gallons biodiesel/acre Acres/million gallons BD ~24,000 ~14,000 Feedstock Vegetable Oil Prices US$/tonne 1000 Jun 06 Dec Jun 07 Dilemma fromd1 report, June 29,2007 Rapeseed Soy Palm 4

5 The New Frontier What is Algae? Simple plant-like organism Simple: no leaves, no roots, etc Plant-like: photosynthesis Fast Growth, e.g., Chlorella quadruples approximately every 24 hours Oil & Biodiesel yield of Soybeans, Canola & Algae Soybean Canola Algae Gallons biodiesel/acre Acres/million gallons BD ~24,000 ~14,000 ~ billion gal biodiesel = 8 million acres The Algae Promise? Land Required to replace 50% of current tus Biodiesel use using corn, soybean and algae Algal and Terrestrial Second-Generation Biofuels Chevron and the New Energy Equation, P. Bryan, S. Miller, Chevron Biofuels, Chevron ETC Growing Algae Light Energy Water Nutrient: N, P, K Aeration: CO2 ph 6-9 Mixing Temperature Air Day 0 Day 1 Day 12 Day 11 Day 3 Day 10 Day 6 Day 8 Day 7 Growing Algae Foaming, evaporation 5

6 Large Scale Algae Growth: Raceway Ponds Raceway Ponds: Cyanotech, Hawaii Water Nutrient Algae Waste CO gal/acre-yr Raceway Ponds Problems Raceway Ponds Problems Takeover by low oil strains Vulnerability to Temperature Fluctuations High Evaporation Losses Sunlight can only penetrate the pond water to a limited depth. Hard to control light exposure Minimum Depth about 15 cm Algae Growth: 80 L Photobioreactor Algae Oil to Biodiesel Transesterification UNH Biodiesel Lab 6

7 Algal Biodiesel Energy Balance Biofuel Sustainability: Water Transesterification Non-Fresh (Impaired) Water use in Algae Municipal Wastewater Agriculture Wastewater Brakish Water Geothermal water & heat Biodiesel from Algae Environmental Benefit: Using Nutrient Rich wastewater Biodiesel from Algae Environmental Benefit: Using Sea water Biodiesel from Algae /episode_422/really_going_green.htm 7

8 Overview Biodiesel Advantages & Challenges Algae Acknowledgment Members of the UNH Biodiesel Group Thank you for your time. 8

9 Overview Background P2 NH P2 Internship Sample Internships Background Developing strong partnerships of academia and industry is an important element of achieving a strong educational program. Partnerships are mutually beneficial, and result in strong alliance between industry and academia UNH, US EPA, and the NH Department of Environmental Services formed the NH Pollution Prevention Partnership in 1993 Sustainable Development Conventional economical growth end of pipe treatment New Trends sustainable growth source reduction / risk reduction/ reuse+ recycle = Cleaner Technology : CT = Pollution Prevention : P2 Environmental Performance is Increasingly Affecting Trade Access in the Global Marketplace Pollution Prevention (P2)/ Cleaner Production (CP) P2: it is easier to prevent problems than to fix them. Goal: to reduce the pollution and the waste at the source, before it is generated. Outcome: reduce treatment costs, risks and liabilities Multimedia approach Benefits of P2 Save money... Meet/Exceed regulations... Reduce liability... NH P2 Internship Program (P2I) 10-week program in the summer Hands-on learning experience Competent, trained students On-site industry placements Flexible P2 project design Finding practical solutions and getting paid Improve image...

10 P2 Internship Program: Why? Students: Facilities: Cost-savings Hands-on training Improved operations Evaluate future career P2/waste reduction/ Solve real-life problems energy efficiency i Experience real-world issues Improve the environment, conserve energy Facility/Corporate image Compliance assistance Competent students do the legwork Evaluate potential employees Intern Qualifications/ Responsibilities Be a continuing undergraduate or graduate student. Complete the P2 training workshop. Apply y for P2 Internship Prepare a proposal at start of P2I Mid-summer Oral Progress Presentation At the end of the internship, interns provide. Oral presentation Written project report/case study. Internships by Industry Type govt packaging textile chemicals other power education Auto-parts health Sample Internships paper Metal Finsh Electronic Water Consumption Climate Wise Project Goal: To capture all the energy savings and associated reductions in greenhouse gases, along with legitimate proof of these reductions for several years

11 Energy Sources that give off greenhouse gases. Electricity Natural Gas # 6 Fuel Oil Energy usage for all three sources were tabulated yearly for several years Greenhouse Gas reductions from Energy Saving Projects Millions of lbs Year US EPA New England Community Energy Challenge Do You Know How Well Your Facilities Perform? You can not manage what you do not measure. Until recently, a standardized, comparable metric of whole building energy performance did not exist! Do You Know How Well Your Facilities Perform? EPA s Energy Performance Rating System was developed to meet this need. What is Portfolio Manager? A web-based tool for measuring and tracking energy performance of a building or portfolio of buildings. All types of commercial and institutional buildings can use Portfolio Manager to track and benchmark energy use over time.

12 US EPA New England Community Energy Challenge EPA is challenging communities to save money and reduce air pollution by - Assessing energy use (using Portfolio Manager) (Town Offices, K-12 schools, Wastewater treatment facilities) - Taking action to improve energy efficiency, and - Seeking out renewable energy sources - 10% reduction commitment CO2 Reductions due 10% savings 434,277 kwh/yr = 338 tons CO2/yr: 38,324 gal gasoline 61.8 passenger cars not driven for 1 year $24,882/yr in energy savings UNH P2 Internship Program: partnership of government, academia, and industry NHSBTP NH National Guard Newburyport City PAK 2000 Portex PSNH Quin-T Rohm& Haas Sanmina Conceptronics Sermatech Freudenberg - NOK SMI, ME Digital Eqpt General Electric Teledyne Dupuy Orthopaedic HADCO Teradyne Elliot Hosp Enthone Chem Janco, P.C. Textron Trelleborg Solutions US EPA Region 1 L.W. Packard Tyco electronics Ferrofluidics Markem US Coast Guard Franklin Nashua Corp Velcro USA Inc Electroplating NHPPP XL/Spraytech NH P2I Savings, $MM/year UNH P2 Internship Program: Savings, $MM/year Win-Win-Win Results Cost savings Reduced job related injuries Equipment savings Healthier workforce Cleaner environment partnership of government, academia, and industry NH P2I Program Transferability NH P2I receives 2004 EPA Environmental Merit Award The P2I Program has been widely acknowledged for its approach, education value and accomplishments. We had requests from many States as well as international inquiry to help in establishing a similar P2I program. Awards

13 NH P2I receives 2004 Most Valuable Pollution Prevention National Award Recap Background P2 NH P2 Internship Sample Internships Thank you for your time.