The Development of Aeronautical Science and Technologies KTH

Transcription

1 The Development of Aeronautical Science and Technologies KTH

2 From Archimedes to Newton 200BC The principle of Archimedes. 500ca Invention of the rocket in China Rockets at the battle of Kai-fung-fu Reaction principle by Isaac Newton First flight in a balloon The Hindenburg crash in New Jersey. F = mv & j The most important equation of all times

3 Around 1500 Wan Hu braces himself for lift-off

4 Flapping flight and the power it takes to fly 3 W/kg 1 q = ρ V Roger Bacon suggests the orthopter Leonardo da Vinci sketches flying machines The Bernoulli equation and the Smeaton coefficient Gustave Trouve flies 70 m in a flapping machine in France Renewed interest in Micro Air vehicles. q = 1 ρ V 2 2

5 Can a fly really fly?? L = C L 1 ρ V 2 2 S 60 W/kg P m = 4 g ω b Φ sin Φ / 2 2 Yes it can, but it takes a lot of power

6 The dwarf and the giants 300 W/kg 3 W/kg 100 W/kg

7 Nature s great invention L Flow D Downwash 1799 George Cayley discovers the fixed lifting wing. Why did the birds have to develop that?

8 The birds do it better L mg V b e m 4 2 π ρ = & eq b L q S c D w f 2 2 π + = C f S w eb D L 4 2 max π = V

9 Log S cm2 The Law of 2/ Bumblebee Australian crane Berkut Herring Gull Vulture Blackheaded Gull Buzzard Kestrel Crow Pigeon Swallow Starling Lark Tit Log m grams

10 P / P d The flight power curve L/mg=1.5 L/mg=1 Min power Min drag 0 0,5 1 1,5 2 V /V d

11 Why are they doing like this? P / 9 P d ,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 V / V d

12 Long wings are better for gliding but harder to flap L/D L D max = 2 πeb 4C f S w C f / e = Jet liner 0.01 Albatross Gulls 5 0 Insects Sparrows b / S wet

13 The evolution of the fixed wing aircraft 1799 George Cayley discovers the lifting wing and invents the airplane William Henson patents an aerial steam carriage. Proposes airline J.J. Etienne Loire and the internal combustion engine Francis Wenham builds the first wind tunnell Felix du Temple makes the first powered hop Samuel Langley flies a large scale model The Wright Brothers first manned flight reaches the power of a gull (25 W/kg).

14 Lilienthal stalling Modern aeroplanes tanα = D L

15 The Wrights fighting Langley and the Smeaton coefficient q 2 = KρV K=??

16 Science enters aeronautics Flow Shed vortex Downwash Kutta-Joukowski Ludwig Prandtl Theodor von Karman

17 The golden age of the propeller 1919 Junkers F13 First all metal airliner 1933 Boeing 247 First all metal monoplane airliner 1935 Douglas DC3 Most successful propeller airliner 1938 Boeing 307 Stratoliner First pressurised airliner 1943 Lockheed Constellation First long range airliner Charles Lindbergs Spirit of Saint Louis 1927

18 The propeller meets the sound barrier Flight speed α φ Blade speed

19 The jet engine arrives 1888 The Laval nozzle produces a supersonic jet 1903 Aegidius Elling builds the first successful gas turbine 1930 Frank Whittle patents a jet engine 1935 Adolf Busemann proposes the swept back wing 1937 Hans von Ohains first bench test of a jet engine 1939 Heinkel 178 first jet flight Chuck Yeager breaks through the sound barrier Mach F104 Starfighter Mach SR71 Blackbird Mach 3 M<1 M=1 M>1

20 1930

21 WW2 JUMO B Picture from the RAF museum at Cosford, Wolverhampton, England

22 1947 Volvo s first jet engine

23 The swept back wing α α C D Thickness Friction drag Wave drag Sweep Mach 1

24 1947 With a bang through the sound barrier

25 Running into the heat barrier Mach 20 M max = 2 T ( γ 1 T tc 0 1) Jaeger SR71 Scram Jet engine Concorde DC3 Propeller 0.1 Wright Year

26 The by-pass engine and the revolution in air travel 1948 First turboprop airliner. Vickers Viscount 1949 First jet airliner. de Havilland Comet 1954 Start of Boeing s dominance of civil market. Boeing GE discloses the bypass engine 1967 Highest selling jet airliner launched. Boeing World s largest airliner. First widebody. Boeing Airbus formed 1982 First composite primary. Airbus A First fly-by-wire airliner. Airbus 320

27 Largest size each decade Passengers Wright Handley Page Hughes 747 Galaxy Dornier DC10 Tupolev 777 A310 Antonov A Year

28 Transportation economy-size or speed? 1969 Concorde-First supersonic airliner 1971 Boeing 2707 program-competitor to Concorde- cancelled 1999 NASA High-Speed Civil Transport program cancelled 2002 Boeing shelves Sonic Cruiser 2003 Concorde taken out of traffic 50 45? BILLIONSOF $ YEARS

29 The lift-to-drag ratio kills supersonic 30 Flying wing L/D 20 Canard 747 B52 Slewed wing 10 ATSF 1989 NASA 2000 NASA 1982 Wave rider 0 Concorde Mach Hypersonic

30 The environment as a new limit Ultraviolet radiation and climate change Radiation + 4% Ozon O3 Water H2O Heating C in the 1900 s Carbon dioxide CO2 Methane CH4

31 Towards hydrogen? 1 0,9 0,8 0,7 0,6 0,5 0,4 0,3 0,2 0,1 0 H/(C+H) Wood Coal Oil CH4 Methane C2H5 Ethanol H2 Source: J. Allen 1998

32 The civil transport of the future Litres/10 km/passenger 1,4 Source DLR/EC 99 1,2 Comet 1 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 B B B A300 DC9-30 B B767 B B A320 A

33 Which is the most efficient aircraft? Flying wing Flying saucers Turbulent Laminar Supersonic wave drag

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36 Thermodynamic design of a civil jet engine % Efficiency 45 Trent 40 PW2037 GE90 PW CF6 CFM56 PW4083 TF39 V JT3C JT9D RB JT8D 20 Ghost Year

37 The future civil engine Ducted propfan IRR Intercooler Reheater Regenerator Geared fan Cooler

38 Military engine requirements and design Altitude 11km Stall Min time climb Combat Afterburner blow out Escape Accelerate Structure loads Flutter Super cruise Skin temperature Mach number

39 The importance of the Thrust-to-Weight ratio F/gW e RM6 Dovern RM8A M53 J79 F110 F119 EJ200 F100 F414 M88 F404 RM12 F Year T-O acc g

40 Off Design and Variable Cycles

41 The limits of the turbojet engine Inlet pressure recovery Turbine inlet temperature Choking turbines Rotational speed Compressor exit temperature Choking bypass canal Static pressure balance

42 Efficiency % Turboramjet Max TIT Throttling down Main fuel= Design point Ramjet mode 5 Kerosene Vjet=V Mach

43 15. Ramjets and scramjets Ramjet<Mach 6 Pulsejet<Mach 6 Fuel Air M>1 Scramjet>Mach 6

44 Spaceflight-What velocities? V = 2gR m/s to leave earth V = gr 8000 m/s to leave the atmosphere Mach 25

45 1942 The V2 at Peenemunde

46 Ariane

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48 Rocket engines and combinations Air Liquid air LH2 LOX LACE-Liquid Air Combustion Engine Ramrocket

49 18. Spaceplanes Air O2 H2 Ramrocket H2 Scram Rocket

50 Flight is a question of power Gripen 2500 W/kg. Ariane W/kg. Bee 40 W/kg. Humming bird 300 W/kg. Man 3 W/kg. Wright Flyer and Gull 25 W/kg.