Power Cycles. Ideal Cycles, Internal Combustion

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1 Gas Power Cycles

2 Power Cycles Ideal Cycles, Internal Combustion Otto cycle, spark ignition Diesel cycle, compression ignition Sterling & Ericsson cycles Brayton cycles Jet-propulsion cycle Ideal Cycles, External Combustion Rankine cycle

3 Modeling

4 Ideal Cycles Idealizations & Simplifications Cycle does not involve any friction All expansion and compression processes are quasi-equilibrium processes Pipes connecting components have no heat loss Neglecting changes in kinetic and potential energy (except in nozzles & diffusers)

5 Carnot Cycle

6 Carnot Cycle

7 Gas Power Cycles Working fluid remains a gas for the entire cycle Examples: Spark-ignition engines Diesel engines Gas turbines

8 Air-Standard Assumptions Air is the working fluid, circulated in a closed loop, is an ideal gas All cycles, processes are internally reversible Combustion process replaced by heat-addition from external source Exhaust is replaced by heat rejection process which restores working fluid to initial state

9 Cold-Air-Standard Assumption Air has constant specific heats, values are for room temperature (25 C or 77 F)

10 Engine Terms Top dead center Bottom dead center Bore Stroke

11 Engine Terms Clearance volume Displacement volume Compression ratio

12 Mean effective pressure (MEP) Engine Terms

13 Otto Cycle Processes of Otto Cycle: Isentropic compression Constant-volume heat addition Isentropic expansion Constant-volume heat rejection

14 Otto Cycle

15 Otto Cycle Ideal Otto Cycle Four internally reversible processes 1-2 Isentropic compression 2-3 Constant-volume heat addition 3-4 Isentropic expansion 4-1 Constant-volume heat rejection

16 Otto Cycle Closed system, pe, ke 0 Energy balance (cold air std)

17 Otto Cycle Thermal efficiency of ideal Otto cycle: Since V 2 = V 3 and V 4 = V 1 Where r is compression ratio k is ratio of specific heats

18 Otto Cycle

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24 Spark or Compression Ignition Spark (Otto), air-fuel mixture compressed (constant-volume heat addition) Compression (Diesel), air compressed, then fuel added (constant-pressure heat addition)

25 Diesel Cycle

26 Diesel Cycle Processes of Diesel cycle: Isentropic compression Constant-pressure heat addition Isentropic expansion Constant-volume heat rejection

27 Diesel Cycle For ideal diesel cycle With cold air assumptions

28 Diesel Cycle Cut off ratio r c Efficiency becomes

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34 Brayton Cycle Gas turbine cycle Open vs closed system model

35 Brayton Cycle Four internally reversible processes 1-2 Isentropic Compression (compressor) 2-3 Constant-pressure heat addition 3-4 Isentropic expansion (turbine) 4-1 Constant-pressure heat rejection

36 Brayton Cycle Analyze as steady-flow process So With cold-air-standard assumptions

37 Brayton Cycle Since processes 1-2 and 3-4 are isentropic, P 2 = P 3 and P 4 = P 1 where

38 Brayton Cycle

39 Brayton Cycle Back work ratio Improvements in gas turbines Combustion temp Machinery component efficiencies Adding modifications to basic cycle

40

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44 Actual Gas-Turbine Cycles For actual gas turbines, compressor and turbine are not isentropic

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49 Regeneration

50 Regeneration Use heat exchanger called recuperator or regenerator Counter flow

51 Regeneration Effectiveness For cold-air assumptions

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54 Brayton with Intercooling, Reheat, & Regeneration

55 Brayton with Intercooling, Reheat, & Regeneration For max performance

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62 Ideal Jet-Propulsion Cycles

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64 Ideal Jet-Propulsion Cycles Propulsive power Propulsive efficiency

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72 Turbojet Engines Turbofan: for same power, large volume of slower-moving air produces more thrust than a small volume of fast-moving air (bypass ratio 5-6) Turboprop: by pass ratio of 100

73

74

75 Jets Afterburner: addition to turbojet Ramjet: use diffusers and nozzles Scramjet: supersonic ramjet Rocket: carries own oxidizer

76 Second Law Issues Ideal Otto, Diesel, and Brayton cycles are internally reversible 2 nd Law analysis identifies where losses are so improvements can be made Look at closed, steady-flow systems

77 Second Law Issues For exergy and exergy destruction for closed system: For steady-flow system:

78 Second Law Issues For a cycle that starts and end at the same state:

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