MALAYSIAN STANDARD. Earthworks - Code of practice. NOTE. This Malaysian Standard has been reviewed and confirmed as being current.

Transcription

1 MALAYSIAN STANDARD MS 1754:2004 (CONFIRMED:2015) Earthworks - Code of practice ICS: Descriptors: earthworks, design, safety, excavation and filling, cutting and embankments, grading, levelling, compaction, trenches, pits, shafts, pits, trenches NOTE. This Malaysian Standard has been reviewed and confirmed as being current. Copyright 2004 DEPARTMENT OF STANDARDS MALAYSIA

2 DEVELOPMENT OF MALAYSIAN STANDARDS The Department of Standards Malaysia (STANDARDS MALAYSIA) is the national standards and accreditation body of Malaysia. The main function of STANDARDS MALAYSIA is to foster and promote standards, standardisation and accreditation as a means of advancing the national economy, promoting industrial efficiency and development, benefiting the health and safety of the public, protecting the consumers, facilitating domestic and international trade and furthering international cooperation in relation to standards and standardisation. Malaysian Standards (MS) are developed through consensus by committees which comprise balanced representation of producers, users, consumers and others with relevant interests, as may be appropriate to the subject at hand. To the greatest extent possible, Malaysian Standards are aligned to or are adoption of international standards. Approval of a standard as a Malaysian Standard is governed by the Standards of Malaysia Act 1996 [Act 549]. Malaysian Standards are reviewed periodically. The use of Malaysian Standards is voluntary except in so far as they are made mandatory by regulatory authorities by means of regulations, local bylaws or any other similar ways. For the purposes of Malaysian Standards, the following definitions apply: Revision: A process where existing Malaysian Standard is reviewed and updated which resulted in the publication of a new edition of the Malaysian Standard. Confirmed MS: A Malaysian Standard that has been reviewed by the responsible committee and confirmed that its contents are current. Amendment: A process where a provision(s) of existing Malaysian Standard is altered. The changes are indicated in an amendment page which is incorporated into the existing Malaysian Standard. Amendments can be of technical and/or editorial nature. Technical corrigendum: A corrected reprint of the current edition which is issued to correct either a technical error or ambiguity in a Malaysian Standard inadvertently introduced either in drafting or in printing and which could lead to incorrect or unsafe application of the publication. NOTE: Technical corrigenda are not to correct errors which can be assumed to have no consequences in the application of the MS, for example minor printing errors. STANDARDS MALAYSIA has appointed SIRIM Berhad as the agent to develop, distribute and sell Malaysian Standards. For further information on Malaysian Standards, please contact: Department of Standards Malaysia OR SIRIM Berhad Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (Company No V) Level 1 & 2, Block 2300, Century Square 1, Persiaran Dato Menteri Jalan Usahawan Section 2, P. O. Box Cyberjaya Shah Alam Selangor Darul Ehsan Selangor Darul Ehsan MALAYSIA MALAYSIA Tel: Tel: Fax: Fax: central@jsm.gov.my msonline@sirim.my

3 CONTENTS Page Committee representation.. Foreword iv v SECTION 1: GENERAL 1.1 Scope Normative references Definitions Safety procedures.. 10 SECTION 2: CUTTINGS AND EMBANKMENTS, GRADING AND LEVELLING 2.1 Site conditions and investigations Cuttings Embankments and general filling Excavation and filling Compaction The operation of construction plant for earthworks Maintenance and protection of slopes. 83 SECTION 3: TRENCHES, PITS AND SHAFTS 3.1 Design considerations Construction procedure Trenches Pits and shafts Excavation in rock Figures 1 Short and long term stability of cutting and embankment slopes Types of rotational slide Successive rotational slide Multiple retrogressive slide Slab slide Block slide Wedge failure Toppling failure i

4 CONTENTS (continued) Page 9 Fall Slip circle analysis (Undrained shear strength s u constant with depth) Slip circle analysis (Undrained shear strength s u varies laterally and with depth Slip circle analysis (Effective stress method) Effect of tension cracks on slope stability Non-circular slide on weak soil layer Planar slide on infinite slope-stability analysis Steep soil slope retained by ground anchors Unstable rock slope stabilised by rock bolts Slab slide stabilised by dowel bolts Reinforced earth Variation of undrained shear strength with moisture content for typical soils compacted using the 2.5 kg rammer method (BS 1377) at moisture contents above the optimum value Envelope of strut loads on braced excavations Water-bearing permeable soils: Seepage and uplift Typical single or centre waling poling frame Close poling with tucking frames Support of deep excavation by horizontal sheeting and soldier piles Trench excavation using steel trench sheets as runners Typical medium-depth trench with steel sheet piling in bad ground Wide and deep trench using steel sheet piling Blockings, chocks or chogs Trenches with sloping sides Method of lowering long steel pipes by use of temporary strutting Trench timbering for quay walls, etc Method of excavating isolated pits and shafts Rock excavation by drilling and blasting: General excavation Rock excavation by drilling and blasting: Pits and shafts. 141 Tables 1 British soil classification system for engineering purposes and field identification Field characteristics of soils and other materials used in earthworks Design of slopes in rock cuttings and embankments Typical compaction characteristics for natural soils, rocks and artificial materials used in earthwork construction Guidelines to frequency of field density tests 150 ii

5 CONTENTS (continued) Annexes Page A Normative references. 151 B Descriptions of construction plant for earthworks C References to the British regulations 158 Bibliography. 160 iii

6 Committee representation The Building and Civil Engineering Industry Standards Committee (ISC D) under whose authority this Malaysian Standard was developed, comprises representatives from the following organisations: Association of Consulting Engineers Malaysia The Chartered Institute of Building Malaysia Construction Industry Development Board Malaysia Department of Standards Malaysia Jabatan Bomba dan Penyelamat Malaysia Jabatan Kerja Raya Jabatan Perumahan Negara Malaysian Timber Industry Board Master Builders Association Malaysia Pertubuhan Akitek Malaysia Suruhanjaya Tenaga The Institution of Engineers, Malaysia Universiti Teknologi Malaysia The Technical Committee on Geotechnical Works which supervised the development of this Malaysian Standard was managed by the Construction Industry Development Board Malaysia in its capacity as an authorised Standard-Writing Organisation and consists of representatives from the following organisations: Association of Consulting Engineers Malaysia Bina Logamaya Sdn Bhd Construction Industry Development Board Malaysia Dewan Bandaraya Kuala Lumpur Gue and Partners Sdn Bhd INTI College Jabatan Kerja Raya Jabatan Mineral dan Geosains Malaysia Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran Jabatan Perumahan Negara Jurutera Perunding GEA (M) Sdn Bhd Master Builders Association Malaysia SIRIM Berhad Soil CentraLab Sdn Bhd Sungai Long Industries Sdn Bhd The Institution of Engineers, Malaysia Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Universiti Malaya Universiti Putra Malaysia Universiti Teknologi Malaysia The Working Group on Code of Practice for Earthworks which developed this Malaysian Standard consists of representatives from the following organisations: Bina Logamaya Sdn Bhd Construction Industry Development Board Malaysia (Secretariat) HYDEC Engineering Sdn Bhd Ikram Runding Sdn Bhd KLIA Consultancy Services Bhd UE Construction Sdn Bhd Universiti Malaya iv

7 FOREWORD This Malaysian Standard was developed by the Working Group on Code of Practice for Earthworks and supervised by the Technical Committee on Geotechnical Works under the authority of the Building and Civil Engineering Industry Standards Committee. Development of this standard was carried out by Construction Industry Development Board Malaysia which is the Standards-Writing Organisation (SWO) appointed by SIRIM Berhad to develop standards for the construction industry. Compliance with a Malaysian Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. v