Influence of dimension box differences and time differences during operations of red box for motorcycles at signalized intersection

Transcription

1 Influence of dimension box differences and time differences during operations of red box for motorcycles at signalized intersection Agah Muhammad Mulyadi Citation: AIP Conference Proceedings 1903, (2017); View online: View Table of Contents: Published by the American Institute of Physics

2 Influence of Dimension Box differences and Time Differences during Operations of Red Box for Motorcycles at Signalized Intersection Agah Muhammad Mulyadi Institute of Road Engineering, Ministry of Public Works of Indonesia Corresponding author: Abstract. Performance of signalized intersection has declined due to a large number of motorcycles. The number of motorcycles reached 98.2 million units and the composition of motorcycles has reached around 81.7% of the total composition of vehicles in Indonesia (AISI, 2017). To solve that problem, the red box for motorcycles are provided at the signalized intersection. Red box for the motorcycle at signalized intersections was developed from the concept of Advance Stop Line (ASL) for bicycles. The Red Box was developed to split the queue between motorcycles and other vehicles when waiting at red light. This paper aims to evaluate the influence of the red box dimension and red time operation differences. The survey was conducted as many as 30 cycles of traffic signals per day. The data were analyzed using software IBM SPSS Statistics 20 by using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to obtain p-value (significant). The analysis shows that there are insignificant influences between the occupancy rates to the dimension of Red Box. Furthermore, that there is a significant difference that shows the dependency of only motorcycles in the Red Box Area towards red time operation. INTRODUCTION According to Indonesian Statistic Central Service (2014) and Indonesian Motorcycles Industry Association (2017) [5], the population of vehicles in Indonesia in 2016 has reached more than 110 million. It was dominated by motorcycles with a large amount of more than 98.2 million. The increasing number of motorcycles has decreased the performance of signalized intersection. The Population and sales of motorcycles are shown in the following Fig. 1. FIGURE 1. Population and sales of motorcycles Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Construction and Building Engineering (ICONBUILD) 2017 AIP Conf. Proc. 1903, ; Published by AIP Publishing /$

3 Types of motorcycles in Indonesia is dominated by scooter matic (51.6%) then followed by under bone (40.35%) and sport bike (8.05%). There are several types of the motorcycles in Indonesia, scooter matic is motorcycle that has scooter engine sizes range smaller than motorcycles, cc ( cu in), and have all-enclosing bodywork that makes them cleaner and quieter than motorcycles, as well as having more built-in storage space. Automatic clutches and continuously variable transmissions (CVT) make them easier to learn on and to ride. Scooters usually have smaller wheels than motorcycles. Under bones are the small-displacement motorcycle with a step-through frame. They are differentiated from scooters by their larger wheels and their use of foot pegs instead of a floorboard. They often have a gear shifter with an automatic clutch. Sports bikes emphasize top speed, acceleration, braking, handling and grip on paved roads, typically at the expense of comfort and fuel economy in comparison to less specialized motorcycles. Sports bikes have comparatively high-performance engines resting inside a lightweight frame [4]. To overcome the decrease of performance at the signalized intersection is by applying the red box for motorcycles. This red box was proven to be able to raise the number of traffic by the average of 7% and decrease traffic conflicts by the average of 37% [2]. In order to support the operation of performance the red box for motorcycles, facilities that support the red box for motorcycles are needed, for instance, the dimension of the red box for motorcycle and red box operation. Nowadays, the red box for a motorcycle has been implemented in some big cities such as Bandung, Bekasi, Tangerang, Bogor, Depok, Palembang, Medan, Semarang, Jepara, Badung, and Denpasar. This study uses data from red box in the signalized intersection of Dewi Sartika- Diponegoro, the intersection of Jendral Sudirman -Yos Sudarso, the intersection of Jendral Sudirman - Puputan, Intersection of Puputan Kusumaatmaja in Denpasar. This paper aims to analyze the influence of dimension box differences and time differences during operations of the red box for motorcycles at the signalized intersection. RED BOX FOR MOTORCYCLES AND DIMENSION OF RED BOX Red Box for Motorcycles Implementation of Red Box for the motorcycle at signalized intersections was developed from the concept of Advance Stop Lanes (ASL) for bicycles. ASL also called advanced stop box or bike box is road markings at the signalized approach that allow certain types of vehicles to head start when the traffic signal changes from red to green. Advanced Stop Lanes (Stop Lanes) for bicycles were implemented widely in the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Denmark, and other European countries. Therefore, this concept is tried to be implemented for motorcycles. The Red Box for the motorcycle was developed to split the queue between motorcycles and other types of vehicles when waiting at red light. (Idris, 2007) [3]. In general design, the first Red Box was designed by providing front stop lane for motorcycle and backstop lane for other types of vehicles. Both stop lanes are separated by the red area with solid marking. Red Box for motorcycle also continuous boundary road marking on the left and right side. There was motorcycle logo in the center of the red box. That motorcycle logo was shown in the center of the red area to make it easier for motorcyclists to understand and become aware of the meaning of Red Box. There are two types of Red Box for motorcycle, the box type, and the P-type. Box type is designed with the box shape and it is applied if the proportion of motorcycle at each lane is relatively the same. P-type is designed with P shape which is added by extension area at the left lane. This extension area is designed to accommodate the large proportion of motorcycle that moves on the left lane. P type is only applied when the proportion of motorcycle on the left lane is greater than 60% and 70% for two lanes and three lanes of Red Box for the motorcycle. On the contrary, if less than that value than the box type is applied. At this intersection, all Red Box was designed with box type and length 8 m. Scooter matic and under bone have the average length around 2 m. Thus, the Red Box design with the length of 8 m is able to accommodate four rows of motorcycles. Types of Red Box are shown in Fig. 2 while terms of Red box requirement are shown in Table

4 FIGURE 2. Design of box type and P type TABLE 1. Terms of red box requirements Description Parameter At least two lanes per direction which are not left turn directly Geometric Width of each lanes approximately 3.50 m At least 30 motorcycles on two lanes or 45 motorcycles on three lanes during waiting Traffic condition at the red light Red box for motorcycles reviewed in the study has varied conditions, both from the dimension of the red box and the conditions of the intersections (facilities). There were four intersections reviewed in the study, they are shown in the following Table 2. Intersections Intersection of Dewi Sartika Diponegoro Intersection of Sudirman- Puputan Intersection of Jendral Sudirman -Yos Sudarso Intersection of Puputan- Kusumaatmaja. TABLE 2. Conditions of the intersections of red box for motorcycles Dimension of Red Box Static Space for Red Box Capacity for Motorcycles 1 Motorcycle (Motorcycles) Width 10 m x length 8 m and Width 10 m x length 8 m Red (Seconds) 1.5 m Width 8 m x length 6 m 1.5 m Width 9 m x length 6 m 1.5 m Width 9 m x length 6 m 1.5 m Dimension of Red Box Dimensions of Red Box is determined from the static space dimension of motorcycle, while the static space of the motorcycles obtained from the dimensions (length x width) dominate the class population of motorcycles in Indonesia. Based on population, the classification of the motorcycle is most widely used in Indonesia is a type of motorcycle with a cylinder size cc. static sections in width on a motorcycle are based on the width required by the motorcycle when stopping in the red box. One motorcycle in static conditions or does not move during the Red phase at the red box requires minimum space width is 0.75 m [2] as shown in Fig

5 FIGURE 3. Static space of motorcycles Red Traffic lights alternate the right of way accorded to users by displaying lights of a standard color (red, amber (yellow), and green following a universal color code [7]. In some countries, traffic signals will go into a flashing mode if the conflict monitor detects a problem, such as a fault that tries to display green lights to conflicting traffic. The signal may display flashing yellow to the main road and flash red to the side road, or flash red in all directions. Flashing operation can also be used during times of day when traffic is light, such as late at night. [8] Installation of the traffic light with countdown display at the Red Box in Bali is shown in Fig. 5. In addition, the typical sequence of color phases: The green light allows traffic to proceed in the direction denoted, if it is safe to do so and there is room on the other side of the intersection. The amber (yellow) light warns that the signal is about to change to red. In a number of countries among them, the United Kingdom a phase during which red and yellow are displayed together indicates that the signal is about to change to green. Actions required by drivers on a yellow light vary, with some jurisdictions requiring drivers to stop if it is safe to do so, and others allowing drivers to go through the intersection if safe to do so. A flashing amber indication is a warning signal. In the United Kingdom, a flashing amber light is used only at pelican crossings, in place of the combined red amber signal, and indicates that drivers may pass if no pedestrians are on the crossing. The red signal prohibits any traffic from proceeding. A flashing red indication is treated as a stop sign. Countdown signals are used to inform drivers the times that are left in every phase, so that the drivers will be able to make the decision to keep the travel speed, decrease or increase the travel speed of the vehicles. When the traffic light turns green, drivers will be aware of the crucial time before the light turns red. Besides that, when the light turns red, drivers will be able to prepare before the light turns green (Lu et al, 2007). Countdown signals can also reduce drivers boredom while waiting for the red light [1]. FIGURE 4. Countdown traffic light

6 METHOD Data Collection Method The red box occupancy survey was conducted in red boxes area with varied conditions in four intersections including Red Box with dimension 87 m 2 and time operation of red phase is 110 seconds at Intersection of Dewi Sartika Diponegoro. Red Box with dimension 48 m 2 and time operation of red phase is 110 second at the signalized intersection of Sudirman- Puputan. Red box with dimension 54 m 2 and time operation of red phase is 36 seconds at the intersection of Jendral Sudirman -Yos Sudarso. Meanwhile, red box with dimension 54 m 2 and time operation of red phase is 27 seconds at the intersection of Puputan- Kusumaatmaja. (a) (b) (c) FIGURE 5. Data collection source (a) intersection of Dewi Sartika Diponegoro (b) intersection of Sudirman- Puputan (c) intersection of Jendral Sudirman -Yos Sudarso (d) intersection of Puputan- Kusumaatmaja. (d) The data was collected in April 2014 by 3 phases; in the morning, daytime and in the afternoon. In which every phase contains 10 cycles of red light. Thus, the data collected consist of 30 data when the light turns red. The data were collected by some surveyors that manually calculated the number of motorcycles occupying the red box. The data consist of information about motorcycles that waited in red box area and motorcycles that violated the stop line while waiting for the red light. Each method is elaborated as follows: Data Collection Method of Motorcycles that Occupy the Red Box This method was conducted manually by calculating motorcycles that occupied the Red Box when the light turned red

7 FIGURE 6. Data collection method of motorcycles that occupy the red box One of the indicators of success is high occupancy rate of Red Box for the motorcycle during the red light. Occupancy rate is the percentage of the number of motorcycles which occupied the red box during the red light to the maximum capacity. Maximum occupancy was counted by formula whereas Red Box area (m 2 ) is divided by the required area for one motorcycle while waiting at the Red Box (m 2 ). The area required for one motorcycle is 2.00 m 2 (2 m length x 1 m width). Occupancy rate to the capacity is the percentage of the average number of motorcycles that occupied the Red Box to the maximum red box occupancy. Then occupancy rate by motorcycles only is the percentage of the number of red light phase that occupied by motorcycles only to the total number of red light. To calculate occupancy rate by motorcycles to the capacity is shown in equation 1. Occupancy rate by motorcycles to the capacity = Whereas: Maximum Red Box occupancy = average number of motorcycles that occupied the Red Box maximum Red Box occupancy x 100% (1) area red box (m 2 ) required area for one motorcycle while waiting in the red box (m 2 ) (2) Assessment of occupancy rate (IRE, 2012) was based on the guideline of monitoring and evaluation of the Red Box which is shown in Table 3. TABLE 3. Assessment of occupancy rate by motorcycle to the capacity Occupancy Rate by Motorcycle to the Capacity Assessment > 80% Good 50% - 80% Marginal <50% Poor Data Collection Method in which there were only Motorcycles that Occupy the Red Box The Red Box can be assessed to be successful if the red box is only occupied by motorcycles. This red box is frequently occupied by non-motorcycles such as passenger s car. This reduces the capacity of the red box. This also makes the red box become ineffective because while waiting for the red light, motorcycles are mixed with other vehicles. The thing causes traffic conflicts when the light turns green. The Data collection method was conducted by

8 calculating vehicles that possibly occupy the red box beside motorcycles. The results are "Yes" and "No". "Yes," data indicate the fact that there were only motorcycles occupying the Red Box. Meanwhile, "No" data indicate the fact that there were other vehicles besides motorcycles in the area of the red box. To calculate occupancy rate by motorcycles only is shown in equation 3. Occupancy rate by motorcycles only = the number of red light phase that occupied by motorcycles only the total number of red light x 100% (3) TABLE 4. Assessment of occupancy rate by motorcycle only Occupancy Rate by Motorcycle Only Assessment > 80% Good 50% - 80% Marginal <50% Poor (a) (b) FIGURE 7. Data collection method in which there were only motorcycles that occupy the red box (a) data no not only motorcycle occupied the red box (b) data yes only motorcycle occupied red box Data Analysis Method Comparison analysis is used to compare the average between two or more groups of samples, the basic assumption in comparative analysis is that the variable to be compared should be following a normal distribution. Another assumption that should be fulfilled in the comparative analysis with ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) is variance homogeneity. This can be done by collecting samples from every object of every variable group. The measurement should be quantitative or has interval scale. Afterwards, we acknowledge what is called t-test statistics and two ways variance analysis (ANOVA). T-test statistics and ANOVA are used as a statistical test for two or more samples of data [9]. P-value is power probability measures of proofs to decline or accept null hypothesis (H0). The lower p-value gets the stronger proof in declining null hypothesis. From the results of variance analysis, the value of the independent variable should be significant, with sig value approaches or is lower than reliability level, it is 0.05 towards its dependent variable. Thus, independent variable with the value of more than 0.05 is said to be not having any relationship with its dependent variable. [10] Independent variables of the study are the dimension of the red box and red time operation. Meanwhile, the dependent variable is the occupancy of the Red Box and whether or not there are motorcycles. The analysis was conducted by combining independent variable and analyzing the relationship towards dependent variable. The results of the combination consisting of 12 relationships or combinations. Relationship Combination between the dependent variable and the independent variable is shown in Table

9 TABLE 5. Variable combination method for data analysis Dependent Variable Independent Variable Combination Smaller dimension and faster red time operation Bigger dimension and faster red time operation Red Box Occupancy Smaller dimension and longer red time operation Bigger dimension and longer red time operation Smaller dimension and faster red time operation Bigger dimension and faster red time operation There were only motorcycles occupied the Red Box Smaller dimension and longer red time operation Bigger dimension and longer red time operation Result The results are data drawn from the survey of intersections with these following conditions: intersection smaller dimension and faster red time operation, intersection with bigger dimension and faster red time operation, intersection with smaller dimension and longer red time operation, and the intersection with bigger dimension and longer red time operation. The results of each location were analyzed. It seeks the relationship between independent variable and the occupancy of the Red Box. Survey Results Data of motorcycles occupying the Red Box The survey shows that intersection with bigger dimension and longer red time operation has a large number of motorcycles, with the amount of 596 motorcycles. It means 20 motorcycles in average or 47% of Red Box occupancy. Afterwards, intersection with bigger dimension and longer red time operation has 507 motorcycles with the average of 17 motorcycles or 31% of red box occupancy. Intersection with bigger dimension and faster red time operation has 329 motorcycles or 11 motorcycles in average with 37% of red box occupancy. Lastly, intersection smaller dimension and longer red time operation have 254 motorcycles or 8 motorcycles in average with 34% of red box occupancy percentage. Motorcycles that occupied the red box are shown in Table 6. Session Morning Day Time Red Phase Number - TABLE 6. Amount of motorcycles occupying the red box and Faster Red and Faster Red Time Operation Amount of Motorcycles Occupying the Red Box

10 Session Afternoon Red Phase Number - TABLE 6. Amount of motorcycles occupying the red box and Faster Red Time and Faster Red Operation Amount of Motorcycles Occupying the Red Box Total Average (amount of motorcycles) % Occupancy Assessment Poor Poor Poor Poor Data of Motorcycle only in the Red Box The survey results show that intersection with bigger dimension and longer red time operation, it is 83% of all or within 25 times of red light there were no other four-wheeled vehicles that occupied the lane. Afterwards, in the intersection with smaller dimension and longer red time operation, the percentage is 76% or 23 times, the condition of intersection with smaller dimension and faster red time operation, the percentage is 73% or 22 times. Lastly, intersection with bigger dimension and faster red time operation only has 16 times of red light and 53% of motorcycles occupying the Red Box. Session Morning Day Time Red Phase Number - TABLE 7. Only motorcycle occupied the red box and Faster Red and Faster Red Time Operation Only Motorcycle Occupied the Red Box 1 No Yes Yes No 2 Yes Yes No No 3 No Yes Yes Yes 4 No No Yes Yes 5 No Yes Yes Yes 6 No Yes Yes Yes 7 No No Yes Yes 8 No Yes Yes Yes 9 No Yes Yes No 10 No Yes Yes No 1 No Yes Yes Yes 2 Yes No Yes No 3 Yes No Yes Yes 4 Yes Yes No Yes 5 No No No Yes 6 No Yes Yes No 7 No No Yes Yes 8 No Yes Yes Yes

11 Session Red Phase Number - TABLE 7. Only motorcycle occupied the red box and Faster Red and Faster Red Time Operation Only Motorcycle Occupied the Red Box 9 Yes Yes Yes Yes 10 No Yes Yes No 1 Yes Yes Yes Yes 2 Yes Yes Yes Yes 3 Yes Yes Yes No 4 Yes Yes No Yes Afternoon 5 Yes Yes Yes Yes 6 Yes Yes No Yes 7 No Yes Yes Yes 8 No No Yes Yes 9 No Yes Yes Yes 10 Yes No Yes Yes Total of Yes % of only motorcycle 73% 53% 76% 83% Assessment Marginal Marginal Marginal Good Data Analysis Data analysis used in the study is two ways ANOVA analysis, with connected variables including the red box occupancy and only motorcycles in the red box area with intersection smaller dimension and faster red time operation, intersection with bigger dimension and faster red time operation, intersection with smaller dimension and longer red time operation, and intersection with bigger dimension and longer red time operation. Relationship Analysis of the Red Box Occupancy and Red Box Dimension and Red Based on percentage comparison of the red box occupancy and red time operation facility in each intersection condition, it is revealed that there is no significant difference of interaction effect. The value of P is higher than It shows that the Red Box Occupancy independent on red box dimension and red time operation. ANOVA test results are shown in the following Table 8. TABLE 8. Two ways ANOVA test results of occupancy level vs. red box dimension vs. red time operation Source DF SS MS F P Red Box Dimension Red Interaction Error Total Relationship Analysis of Motorcycles in the Red Box Area and Red Box Dimension and Red Based on percentage comparison, the level of Motorcycles only in the red box dimension and red time operation facility in each intersection is revealed to be significant with the P-value lower than It is shown that motorcycles that occupy the area depend on Red. Two ways ANOVA Test Results are shown in the following Table

12 TABLE 9. Two ways ANOVA test results of motorcycles only in the red box area vs red box dimension vs red time operation Source DF SS MS F P Red Box Dimension Red Interaction Error Total The Red Box that has bigger dimension and longer red time operation has the lowest occupancy, it is about 31%. By reducing dimension into the smaller dimension, the percentage increases to 34% or increases 3%. Afterwards, when Red box s condition is the bigger dimension and faster red time operation, the percentage rises to 37%. When red box smaller dimension and faster red time operation, occupancy level rises into 47%. The relationship analysis results (ANOVA) show that dimension of red box and Red time operation have a not significant relationship towards the occupancy of the Red Box. A condition in which there were only motorcycles in the Red Box Area shows that the implementation of the Red Box has succeeded. It is shown that intersection with bigger dimension and longer red time operation, there are 83% of motorcycles that occupy the red box. Afterwards, intersection Smaller dimension and longer red time operation has 76% amount of motorcycle. The results are in line with relationship analysis that states red time operation significantly minimize four or more wheeled vehicles that get trapped in the Red Box area. Thus, the installation of Red Time Operation increases the occupancy of the Red Box filled by motorcycles only. CONCLUSIONS Based on data collection and analysis, conclusions that can be drawn are as follows: The analysis shows that the red box that has bigger dimension and longer red time operation has the lowest occupancy, it is about 31%. Meanwhile, the intersection that has the smaller dimension and faster red time operation has the highest occupancy rate as much as 47%. ANOVA test reveals that there is no significant difference that shows the dependency of the Red Box occupancy rate towards Red box dimension and red time operation. The relationship analysis between conditions in which there were only motorcycles in the Red Box Area with Red box dimension and red time operation. Shows that the percentage only motorcycles in the Red Box Area of the Red Box hits the highest rate at 83%. ANOVA test reveals that there is a significant difference that shows the dependency of only motorcycles in the Red Box Area towards red time operation. REFERENCES 1. Chong, Lu, Zhang. Countdown Definitions. (Countdown Timer Sign. Countdown Signals, 2012). 2. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Jalan Dan Jembatan, (Red Box s scientific manuscripts, Bandung, Indonesia, 2011). 3. Idris, Mohammad. Pengembangan Standar Lajur Sepeda Motor Pada Ruas Jalan Dan Persimpangan, (Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Jalan Dan Jembatan 2011, Bandung, Indonesia, 2007) 4. Riddingsafety. (2016). Safety Ridding Using Motorycle, 5. Badan Statistik Indonesia (BPS), Asosiasi Sepeda Motor Indonesia (AISI), (Populasi Sepeda Motor di Indonesia, Indonesia, 2016) 6. Republik Indonesia. Undang-Undang No. 22 Tahun 2009, Lalu Lintas dan Angkutan Jalan pasal 108 ayat (3). (Sekretariat Negara, Jakarta, 2009) 7. Analysis of Variance, available at Accessed