The Semi-Automatic Rifle, Caliber 30, M1 (M1 Garand)
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1 The Semi-Automatic Rifle, Caliber 30, M1 (M1 Garand) In my opinion, the M1 Rifle is the greatest battle implement ever devised. (George S. Patton) but it was a long time coming, and followed a rocky road of development. (my own words... Thomas E. Ward, II, PhD) M1_Garand_DevAndUse_v01g 1
2 M1_Garand_DevAndUse_v01g 2
3 Today s Presentation A Brief Look Backwards The State of the Art & Competing Technologies Development Woes The Final Design (Finally!) Allies and Enemies A Long Legacy & Proud History M1_Garand_DevAndUse_v01g 3
4 Krag-Jorgensen Rifle (Spanish-American War) M1_Garand_DevAndUse_v01g 4
5 A Brief Look Backwards Krag outgunned by the Mauser 7x57 in Spanish-American War Krag: 200 gr RN 2,000 fps (1971 ft.lb.) 7x57: 173 gr 2,300 fps (2025 ft. lb.) M1903 Springfield Development 30 caliber gr RN 2,300 fps (2,585 ft.lb.) 30 caliber 06 (.30-06) M1906, 151 2,700 fps (2,445 ft.lb.) M1 ball, fps (2,678 ft.lb.) M2 Ball, fps (2,647 ft.lb.) Patent infringement issues with Mauser The Doughboy s Rifle: M1917 (!!!) Post World War I Autoloading Weapons a 19 th Century Development M1_Garand_DevAndUse_v01g 5
6 M1903 Springfield Rifle M1_Garand_DevAndUse_v01g 6
7 A Few Examples of Competing Technology M1_Garand_DevAndUse_v01g 7
8 Colt M1895 Potato Digger Machine Gun M1_Garand_DevAndUse_v01g 8
9 The State of the Art & Competing Technologies Hiram Maxim & his machine gun (1885) Patents on gas, recoil, and blowback operation Maxim & Maxim Vickers machine guns: recoil operated Hotchkiss Machine Gun (Mle 1897, WW I Mle 1914) gas operated Browning Automatic Rifle (BAR / M1918, gas operated/piston/rod) Bang Rifle (I couldn t make this up!!!) Johnson Rifle (recoil operated) M1_Garand_DevAndUse_v01g 9
10 Grandaddy of the Garand: The Bang Rifle designed by the Danish arms designer Søren Hansen Bang M1_Garand_DevAndUse_v01g 10
11 Why Bother With Autoloading? Increased volume of fire Faster cycling than a bolt action rifle Greater soldier tolerance of perceived recoil But there was opposition Concern about soldier fire discipline Ability of logistical system to sustain The volume versus precision debate Paul W. Mapes, MAJ, IN, CGSS class of 1936 Considerations against the adoption of a semi-automatic rifle to replace the present Springfield M1_Garand_DevAndUse_v01g 11
12 Primary Competitors Sorensen Hansen Bang: Bang Gas Trap Colt-Thompson Autorifle: Delayed-action Blowback (Blish Lock) J. D. Pederson: Toggle action John Garand: Gas Trap, then Gas Port Melvin Johnson: Recoil M1_Garand_DevAndUse_v01g 12
13 The Old and the New M1_Garand_DevAndUse_v01g 13
14 The Gas Trap Garand M1 Garand Development Woes M1_Garand_DevAndUse_v01g 14
15 Solving the Gas Trap Design Weaknesses M1_Garand_DevAndUse_v01g 15
16 The Final Design Finally!!! M1_Garand_DevAndUse_v01g 16
17 How it Works: M1_Garand_DevAndUse_v01g 17
18 The Arsenal of Democracy Gearing Up for Production Springfield Armory - 3,526,922 M1 rifles from 1932 through 1945 Winchester Repeating Arms - 513,880 between December 1940 and June 1945 Combined production for Springfield and Winchester during World War II was 4,040,802 rifles Guadalcanal M1_Garand_DevAndUse_v01g 18
19 US Marines at Guadalcanal M1_Garand_DevAndUse_v01g 19
20 M1_Garand_DevAndUse_v01g 20
21 Allies & Enemies The US started with an enormous lead The only ally to fully field a semi-automatic basic infantry weapon Soviet SVT-36/38/40 (an almost story) Enemies tried and failed German development: Mauser & Walther Gewehr 41 (Bang gas-trap a failure) Walther Gewehr 43 (short stroke piston, much better, but too little & too late) Japanese attempted to copy the M-1 M1_Garand_DevAndUse_v01g 21
22 German Attempts: G41 & G43 Mauser G41 M1_Garand_DevAndUse_v01g 22
23 German Attempts: G41 & G43 Walther G43 M1_Garand_DevAndUse_v01g 23
24 USSR: SVT-40 M1_Garand_DevAndUse_v01g 24
25 Japanese Copy: Type 4 / Type 5 M1_Garand_DevAndUse_v01g 25
26 A Long Legacy & Proud History WW II Production: Springfield Arsenal & WRA - 4,040,802 Post-WW II - Korean War & Cold War Production ( ) Springfield Arsenal - 637,420 (last M1 produced on 17 May 1957) Harrington & Richardson - 428,600 International Harvester - 337,623 TOTAL US Production, : 5,468,772 M1 rifles Equipping Allies Modification & Adaptation Italian BM-59 US Mods for 7.62x51 (.308 Winchester) M1C and M1D sniper versions The Next Generation: M-14 CMP Sales Today M1_Garand_DevAndUse_v01g 26
27 Algeria Austria Argentina Belgium Brazil Cambodia Canada Republic of China People s Republic of China Cuba Denmark Ethiopia France Nazi Germany West Germany Greece Guinea Haiti Indonesia Iran Israel Italy Ivory Coast Japan Jordan South Korea M-1 Garand Users Kingdom of Laos Liberia Netherlands Nicaragua Norway Pakistan Panama Paraguay Philippines Saudi Arabia Thailand Turkey United Kingdom United States Uruguay Venezuela South Vietnam North Vietnam and Vietnam Yemen Non-state actors: Moro National Liberation Front Iraqi insurgents Provisional Irish Republican Army Syrian National Coalition Talibans M1_Garand_DevAndUse_v01g 27
28 A Rifle for the Nations M1_Garand_DevAndUse_v01g 28
29 Iraq, 2007 M1_Garand_DevAndUse_v01g 29
30 Partial List of References Hatcher s Notebook MG Julian S. Hatcher The Complete Book of the Garand MG Julian S. Hatcher x57-mausers-performance/83658# Curiosandrelics - CC BY-SA 3.0, M1_Garand_DevAndUse_v01g 30
31 Backup Slides for Discussion M1_Garand_DevAndUse_v01g 31
32 The Most Interesting Man in the World MG Julian S. Hatcher, M1_Garand_DevAndUse_v01g 32
33 CPT Paul Mapes, with US Olympic Shooting Team, 1920 M1_Garand_DevAndUse_v01g 33
34 6 th Infantry Division, Provisional Fort Leonard Wood, MO, 1940 M1_Garand_DevAndUse_v01g 34
35 Normandy M1_Garand_DevAndUse_v01g 35
36 Mt. Suribachi, Iwo Jima M1_Garand_DevAndUse_v01g 36
37 Luzon M1_Garand_DevAndUse_v01g 37
38 Bougainville M1_Garand_DevAndUse_v01g 38
39 Read & Weep M1_Garand_DevAndUse_v01g 39
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