The birthrate data. March 8, The data:

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1 The birthrate data March 8, 2011 The data: Albania Bulgaria Czechoslovakia Former_E._Germany Hungary Poland Romania Yugoslavia USSR Byelorussia_SSR Ukrainian_SSR Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Columbia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru Uruguay Venezuela Mexico Belgium Finland Denmark France Germany Greece Ireland Italy Netherlands Norway Portugal Spain Sweden Switzerland U.K Austria Japan Canada U.S.A Afghanistan Bahrain Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Saudi_Arabia Turkey United_Arab_Emirates Bangladesh Cambodia China Hong_Kong India Indonesia Korea Malaysia Mongolia Nepal Pakistan Philippines 1

2 Singapore Sri_Lanka Thailand Vietnam Algeria Angola Botswana Congo Egypt Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Kenya Libya Malawi Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nigeria Sierra_Leone Somalia South_Africa Sudan Swaziland Tunisia Uganda Tanzania Zaire Zambia Zimbabwe The SAS code and output: data birthrate; infile "birthrate.dat"; input birth death infant country proc cluster method=average ccc standard; id country; proc standard mean=0 std=1; proc fastclus maxclusters=6 out=clust; id country; proc sort data=clust; by cluster; proc print data=clust; by cluster; run; The CLUSTER Procedure Average Linkage Cluster Analysis Eigenvalues of the Correlation Matrix Eigenvalue Difference Proportion Cumulative

3 The data have been standardized to mean 0 and variance 1 Root-Mean-Square Total-Sample Standard Deviation 1 Root-Mean-Square Distance Between Observations Cluster History Norm T RMS i NCL --Clusters Joined--- FREQ SPRSQ RSQ ERSQ CCC Dist e 96 Austria Canada Czechosl Ukrainia Greece Italy Iraq Saudi_Ar France Switzerl CL95 U.K USSR Uruguay Norway Sweden Former_E Denmark Bulgaria CL Belgium Germany Angola Ethiopia Byelorus Ireland Finland CL Botswana Kenya Mongolia Algeria CL87 CL CL94 Portugal Chile Sri_Lank Vietnam South_Af Argentin Thailand Brazil Guyana Peru Pakistan Netherla Spain Venezuel Bahrain CL84 CL CL85 Somalia CL78 Israel CL86 CL Turkey Indonesi CL96 U.S.A Philippi Tunisia Congo Zaire Poland CL CL80 CL CL79 CL

4 The CLUSTER Procedure Average Linkage Cluster Analysis Cluster History Norm T RMS i NCL --Clusters Joined--- FREQ SPRSQ RSQ ERSQ CCC Dist e 60 Nigeria Uganda Lebanon CL Albania Columbia CL63 Yugoslav Banglade Sudan Paraguay Jordan CL70 Gambia CL76 China CL57 CL CL75 Ecuador CL67 CL CL81 Morocco CL60 Tanzania Romania CL CL51 CL Japan Hong_Kon Cambodia Nepal CL64 Ghana CL72 United_A Namibia Swazilan Libya Zimbabwe CL69 Singapor CL42 Kuwait CL52 CL CL62 Hungary CL56 Gabon CL43 Zambia CL50 CL CL58 Malaysia CL93 CL Iran CL CL35 CL CL37 CL CL54 Mozambiq CL33 India CL53 CL Malawi Sierra_L CL46 CL CL36 CL CL31 Egypt

5 20 CL82 CL CL32 CL Bolivia CL CL21 Oman CL23 CL CL19 CL CL18 CL CL27 CL CL16 CL CL14 CL CL22 CL CL11 CL The CLUSTER Procedure Average Linkage Cluster Analysis Cluster History Norm T RMS i NCL --Clusters Joined--- FREQ SPRSQ RSQ ERSQ CCC Dist e 8 CL12 CL Mexico Korea Afghanis CL CL15 CL CL9 CL CL5 CL CL3 CL CL2 CL The FASTCLUS Procedure Replace=FULL Radius=0 Maxclusters=6 Maxiter=1 Initial Seeds Cluster _NCL FREQ HEIGHT RMSSTD SPRSQ_ Initial Seeds Cluster _PSF PST2 ERSQ RATIO LOGR_

6 Initial Seeds Cluster birth death infant _DIST AVLIN Criterion Based on Final Seeds = Cluster Summary Maximum Distance RMS Std from Seed Radius Nearest Distance B Cluster Frequency Deviation to Observation Exceeded Cluster Cluster Cen Statistics for Variables Variable Total STD Within STD R-Square RSQ/(1-RSQ) _NCL_ _FREQ_ The FASTCLUS Procedure Replace=FULL Radius=0 Maxclusters=6 Maxiter=1 Statistics for Variables Variable Total STD Within STD R-Square RSQ/(1-RSQ) _HEIGHT_ _RMSSTD_ _SPRSQ_ _RSQ_ _PSF_ _PST2_ _ERSQ_ _RATIO_ _LOGR_

7 _CCC_ birth death infant _DIST_ _AVLINK_ OVER-ALL Pseudo F Statistic = Approximate Expected Over-All R-Squared = Cubic Clustering Criterion = WARNING: The two values above are invalid for correlated variables Cluster Means Cluster _NCL FREQ HEIGHT RMSSTD SPRSQ_ Cluster Means Cluster _PSF PST2 ERSQ RATIO LOGR_ The FASTCLUS Procedure Replace=FULL Radius=0 Maxclusters=6 Maxiter=1 Cluster Means Cluster birth death infant _DIST AVLIN

8 Cluster Standard Deviations Cluster _NCL FREQ HEIGHT RMSSTD SPRSQ_ Cluster Standard Deviations Cluster _PSF PST2 ERSQ RATIO LOGR_ Cluster Standard Deviations Cluster birth death infant _DIST AVLIN Cluster=1 Obs _NAME PARENT NCL FREQ HEIGHT RMSSTD SPRSQ RSQ PSF PST2_ 1 Austria CL Canada CL Czechosl CL Ukrainia CL Greece CL Italy CL Iraq CL Saudi_Ar CL France CL Switzerl CL CL95 CL U.K. CL USSR CL Uruguay CL Norway CL Sweden CL

9 17 Former_E CL Denmark CL Bulgaria CL CL91 CL Belgium CL Germany CL Byelorus CL Ireland CL Finland CL CL92 CL Obs _RATIO LOGR CCC_ birth death infant _DIST AVLINK_ country DIST Austria Canada Czechosl Ukrainia Greece Italy Iraq Saudi_Ar France Switzerl U.K USSR Uruguay Norway Sweden Former_E Denmark Bulgaria Belgium Germany Byelorus Ireland Finland Cluster=1 (continued) Obs _NAME PARENT NCL FREQ HEIGHT RMSSTD SPRSQ RSQ PSF PST2_ 27 Botswana CL Kenya CL Mongolia CL Algeria CL CL87 CL

10 32 CL88 CL CL94 CL Portugal CL Chile CL Sri_Lank CL Vietnam CL South_Af CL Argentin CL Thailand CL Brazil CL Guyana CL Peru CL Pakistan CL Netherla CL Spain CL Venezuel CL Bahrain CL CL84 CL CL83 CL CL78 CL Israel CL Obs _RATIO LOGR CCC_ birth death infant _DIST AVLINK_ country DIST Botswana Kenya Mongolia Algeria Portugal Chile Sri_Lank Vietnam South_Af Argentin Thailand Brazil Guyana Peru Pakistan Netherla Spain Venezuel Bahrain

11 Israel 1.9 Cluster=1 (continued) Obs _NAME PARENT NCL FREQ HEIGHT RMSSTD SPRSQ RSQ PSF PST2_ 53 CL86 CL CL89 CL Turkey CL Indonesi CL CL96 CL U.S.A. CL Philippi CL Tunisia CL Congo CL Zaire CL Poland CL CL71 CL CL80 CL CL68 CL CL79 CL CL73 CL Nigeria CL Uganda CL Lebanon CL CL65 CL Albania CL Columbia CL CL63 CL Yugoslav CL Banglade CL Sudan CL Obs _RATIO LOGR CCC_ birth death infant _DIST AVLINK_ country DIST Turkey Indonesi U.S.A Philippi Tunisia Congo Zaire Poland

12 Nigeria Uganda Lebanon Albania Columbia Yugoslav Banglade Sudan 3.0 Cluster=1 (continued) Obs _NAME PARENT NCL FREQ HEIGHT RMSSTD SPRSQ RSQ PSF PST2_ 79 Paraguay CL Jordan CL CL76 CL China CL CL57 CL CL61 CL CL75 CL Ecuador CL CL67 CL CL77 CL CL81 CL Morocco CL Tanzania CL Romania CL CL90 CL CL51 CL CL59 CL Japan CL Hong_Kon CL Cambodia CL Nepal CL CL64 CL Ghana CL CL72 CL United_A CL Namibia CL Obs _RATIO LOGR CCC_ birth death infant _DIST AVLINK_ country DIST Paraguay Jordan

13 China Ecuador Morocco Tanzania Romania Japan Hong_Kon Cambodia Nepal Ghana United_A Namibia 3.1 Cluster=1 (continued) Obs _NAME PARENT NCL FREQ HEIGHT RMSSTD SPRSQ RSQ PSF PST2_ 105 Swazilan CL Libya CL Zimbabwe CL CL69 CL Singapor CL CL42 CL Kuwait CL CL52 CL CL66 CL CL62 CL Hungary CL Gabon CL Zambia CL CL50 CL CL49 CL CL58 CL Malaysia CL CL93 CL

14 123 CL40 CL Iran CL CL37 CL CL47 CL Mozambiq CL CL33 CL India CL CL53 CL Obs _ERSQ RATIO LOGR CCC_ birth death infant _DIST AVLINK_ country DI Swazilan Libya Zimbabwe Singapor Kuwait Hungary Gabon Zambia Malaysia Iran Mozambiq India Cluster=1 (continued) Obs _NAME PARENT NCL FREQ HEIGHT RMSSTD SPRSQ RSQ PSF PST2_ 131 CL39 CL CL46 CL CL55 CL CL36 CL CL28 CL CL31 CL Egypt CL

15 138 CL82 CL CL32 CL CL38 CL Bolivia CL Oman CL CL23 CL CL26 CL CL19 CL CL25 CL CL22 CL CL45 CL CL74 CL Mexico CL Korea CL CL15 CL Obs _ERSQ RATIO LOGR CCC_ birth death infant _DIST AVLINK_ country DI Egypt Bolivia Oman Mexico Korea Cluster=2 Obs _NAME PARENT NCL FREQ HEIGHT RMSSTD SPRSQ RSQ PSF PST2 E 153 CL3 CL CL Obs _RATIO LOGR CCC_ birth death infant _DIST AVLINK_ country DISTANCE

16 Cluster=3 Obs _NAME PARENT NCL FREQ HEIGHT RMSSTD SPRSQ RSQ PSF PST2 E 155 CL10 CL CL5 CL Obs _RATIO LOGR CCC_ birth death infant _DIST AVLINK_ country DI Cluster=4 Obs _NAME PARENT NCL FREQ HEIGHT RMSSTD SPRSQ RSQ PSF PST2_ 157 Angola CL Ethiopia CL CL85 CL Somalia CL CL70 CL Gambia CL CL60 CL CL56 CL CL43 CL CL41 CL CL35 CL CL44 CL CL54 CL Obs _ERSQ RATIO LOGR CCC_ birth death infant _DIST AVLINK_ country DISTANCE Angola Ethiopia Somalia Gambia Cluster=4 (continued) Obs _NAME PARENT NCL FREQ HEIGHT RMSSTD SPRSQ RSQ PSF PST2_ 170 Malawi CL Sierra_L CL CL34 CL CL29 CL

17 174 CL21 CL CL18 CL CL48 CL CL27 CL CL24 CL CL16 CL CL17 CL CL14 CL CL30 CL CL11 CL CL20 CL CL12 CL Afghanis CL CL13 CL CL9 CL CL8 CL CL7 CL CL6 CL Obs _ERSQ RATIO LOGR CCC_ birth death infant _DIST AVLINK_ country D Malawi Sierra_L Afghanis Cluster=5 Obs _NAME PARENT NCL FREQ HEIGHT RMSSTD SPRSQ RSQ PSF PST2 E 192 CL4 CL Obs _RATIO LOGR CCC_ birth death infant _DIST AVLINK_ country DI 17

18 Cluster=6 Obs _NAME PARENT NCL FREQ HEIGHT RMSSTD SPRSQ RSQ PSF PST2 193 CL2 CL Obs _RATIO LOGR CCC_ birth death infant _DIST AVLINK_ country DISTANCE

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