SMALL GRAIN VARIETIES RECOMMENDED Arranged in Order of Maturity COASTAL PLAIN PIEDMONT WEST OF BLUE RIDGE. Barley. Wheat

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1 Revised 1997 SMALL GRAINS IN 1997 The following are the small grain variety recommendations for Virginia in The recommendations are based on the agronomic performance in barley and wheat variety tests conducted by the Research and Extension Divisions of Virginia Tech in the various agricultural regions of the state. SMALL GRAIN VARIETIES RECOMMENDED Arranged in Order of Maturity COASTAL PLAIN PIEDMONT WEST OF BLUE RIDGE South of James River North of James River Barley Callao sb Callao Callao Callao Nomini a Nomini Nomini Nomini Pamunkey lb * Pamunkey Pamunkey Pamunkey Starling a Starling Starling Starling Mollybloom sb * Mollybloom Wheat Pioneer Brand 2691 Pioneer Brand 2691 Pioneer Brand 2691 Pioneer Brand 2691 GA-Gore GA-Gore AgriPro Hickory AgriPro Hickory AgriPro Hickory AgriPro Hickory Pioneer Brand 2684 Pioneer Brand 2684 Pioneer Brand 2684 Pioneer Brand 2684 Pioneer Brand 2580 Pioneer Brand 2580 Pioneer Brand 2580 Pioneer Brand 2580 NK Coker 9803 NK Coker 9803 NK Coker 9803 NK Coker 9803 Madison Madison Madison Madison FFR 523W FFR 523W FFR 523W FFR 523W Pioneer Brand 2643 Pioneer Brand 2643 Pioneer Brand NK-Coker 9835 NK-Coker Featherstone 520 Featherstone 520 Featherstone 520 Featherstone 520 Jackson Jackson Jackson Jackson NK Coker 9663 NK Coker 9663 NK Coker 9663 NK Coker 9663 FFR 555W FFR 555W FFR 555W FFR 555W AgriPro Foster AgriPro Foster AgriPro Foster AgriPro Foster Wakefield Wakefield Wakefield Wakefield * These varieties will be dropped from the recommended list after a Awnleted (no beards). lb Long beards. sb Short beards.

2 COMMERCIAL BARLEY ENTRIES University of Georgia, GA Station, 1109 Experiment Street, Griffin, GA GA-Luttrell. North Carolina State University and North Carolina Crop Improvement Association, 3709 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC Boone and Mollybloom. Virginia Tech and Virginia Crop Improvement Association, 9142 Atlee Station Road, Mechanicsville, VA Callao, Nomini, Pamunkey, Starling and Wysor. COMMERCIAL WHEAT ENTRIES Ag-Chem, Inc., PO Box 2178, Salisbury, MD DynaGro 422 and DynaGro 424. Agripro Seeds, Inc., PO Box 2962, Shawnee Mission, KS AgriPro Clemens, AgriPro Elkhart, AgriPro Foster, AgriPro Hickory, AgriPro Mason, and AgriPro Sawyer. Featherstone Seed Company, Genito Road, Amelia, VA Featherstone 520 University of Georgia, GA Station, 1109 Experiment Street, Griffin, GA GA-Gore and Fleming. Hoffman Seeds, Inc., 144 Main Street, Landisville, PA Hoffman 14, Hoffman 57, and Hoffman 95. Novartis Seeds, Inc., Box 340, Hartsville, SC NK Coker 9134, NK Coker 9663, NK Coker 9704, NK Coker 9803, and NK Coker Pioneer Hibred International, Inc., Eastern Division, Tipton, IN Pioneer Brand 2552, Pioneer Brand 2580, Pioneer Brand 2643, Pioneer Brand 2684, and Pioneer Brand Resource Seeds, Inc., 2355 Rice Pike, Union, KY Trical 498 (triticale). Southern States Cooperative, PO Box 26234, Richmond, VA FFR 502W, FFR 523W, FFR 525W, FFR 555W, and FFR 568W. Virginia Tech and Virginia Crop Improvement Association, 9142 Atlee Station Road, Mechanicsville, VA Massey, Saluda, Madison, Wakefield and Jackson. Appreciation is expressed to the Virginia Small Grains Check-Off Program for financial support of this research and the Virginia Extension variety evaluation program. Conducted and summarized by the following Virginia Tech employees: Dr. Daniel E. Brann, Extension Agronomist, Grains; Dr. Carl Griffey, Small Grains Breeder; Mr. Harry Behl, Agricultural Supervisor; Ms. Elizabeth Rucker Bender, Dr. Modan Das and Mr. Tom Pridgen, Research Associates; and Mrs. Judy Keister, Secretary Senior. Location Supervisors: Mr. Tom Custis (Painter); Mr. Bobby Ashburn (Holland); Mr. Mark Vaughn, Mr. Bill Sisson, and Mr. Lin Barrack (Warsaw); Mr. Bill Wilkinson III and Mr. Bud Wilmouth (Blackstone); Dr. Carl Griffey, Dr. Modan Das, and Mr. Tom Pridgen (Blacksburg); Mr. Bill Brockett, Mr. James Williams, and Mr. Gary Hornbaker (Loudoun); Mr. David Starner and Mr. Denton Dixon (Orange); Mr. Paul Davis and Mr. Glenn Chappell (New Kent).

3 INTRODUCTION The attached tables present results from barley and wheat varietal tests conducted in Virginia in Yield data are given for individual locations; yield and other performance characteristics are averaged over the number of locations indicated. Performance of a given variety often varies widely over locations and years which makes multiple location-year averages a more valid indication of expected performance than data from a single year or location. All tests in were grown in seven inch rows planted at 20 seeds per row foot. The plots were trimmed during the winter to either 9 or 12 feet in length. Details about management practices for barley and wheat are included in the bulletin. The only herbicide used at most locations was Harmony Extra. Appreciation is expressed to Ag-Chem, Inc., AgriPro Seeds, Inc., Featherstone Seed Co., Hoffman Seeds, Inc., Novartis Seeds, Inc., Pioneer Hibred International, Inc., Resource Seeds, Inc., Southern States Cooperative, Virginia Crop Improvement Association and the Virginia Small Grains Check-Off Board for their financial support of the small grains variety testing program at Virginia Tech. BARLEY VARIETIES Virginia's climate makes it possible to produce 110+ bu/acre field yields of well-managed barley most seasons. The better barley varieties entered in Virginia Tech tests have averaged above 110 bu/acre over five locations over three years. Variety selection is one of the most important steps toward achieving high yields in an economic and environmentally sound manner. Improvement in relative barley prices in the past two seasons has given barley another chance. Barley price was improved in 1996 due to the severe feed grain shortage. Local barley price in 1997 was improved by the ability to meet international market specifications due to higher than normal test weight. The improved test weight in 1997 was due to good weather luck. Selection of high test weight varieties is critical to meeting international marketing test weight standards in the future. The importance of Virginia's barley breeding program to the state and region is evident in the yield results. All of the top yielders in were Virginia Tech varieties or lines. Note that five of the top ten entries are Virginia Tech lines that were advanced to the state test for the first time in Nomini and Starling continue to perform well and have good but not excellent test weight. Nomini is earlier than average whereas Starling is later than average. The major new variety is Callao. It has EXCELLENT test weight, was the top variety in the 1997 results and the two year averages. In the three year averages it was surpassed by Nomini by one bu/acre ( 116 vs. 115 bu/acre over four locations and three years). The test weight of Callao averaged 53.7 lbs/bu in 1997, and 48.5 lbs/bu in This is 3.2 lbs/bu better than Nomini, 3.6 lbs/bu better than Starling, and 2.5 lbs/bu better than Boone. The higher test weight will help meet international market specifications which MAY improve short and long range prices for barley. Callao is early, short, and has good barley yellow dwarf tolerance. It has short beards similar to Boone that generally come off easily during harvest. The major negative characteristic of Callao is its tendancy to lodge if fertilized to develop high yields. Callao has similar standability to Boone. The use of the plant growth regulator Cerone and intensive management should be a part of the decision to grow Callao. Additional good news is the superb performance of a number of new lines that have excellent test weight and improved standability conpared to Callao. Starling is similar to Nomini in yield, but has less than average test weight. Starling is susceptible to net blotch, but generally has the best disease resistance and "stay green" available in any barley. Starling is about three days later than Nomini, and thus should make an excellent companion barley for those wishing to grow barley for silage. It is recommended statewide, but will likely show its maximum benefit in the piedmont and mountainous areas. Seed of Starling barley should be available to producers in adequate quantities for fall 1997 planting. GA-Luttrell, a University of Georgia release, has yielded well the past three years, but it has less than average test weight, has tough beards, and is about the same maturity as Nomini. GA-Luttrell has good disease resistance. Pamunkey, a Virginia Tech release, had a relatively poor year again in Its two- and three-year yields are less than average. Pamunkey has long beards that can be difficult to remove in humid weather until the crop is "truly mature". Mollybloom continues to perform similarly to Boone under Virginia conditions. It has yielded less than average, lodged more than average and is relatively late. Both Pamunkey and Mollybloom will be dropped from the recommended list after The standability of all released barley varieties is greatly improved with the application of Cerone. Consideration of Cerone application is recommended when all current barley varieties are fertilized to develop in excess of 100 bu/acre yields. Close cooperation between the barley breeding programs in Virginia and North Carolina and greater communication with current and potential barley markets can hopefully develop a bright future for a premium quality feed grain.

4 Table 1. Yield performance of entries in the Virginia Tech Barley Test, 1997 Harvest.* Brand/Variety Blacksburg Painter Holland Warsaw Orange Average bu/acre VA CALLAO VA STARLING VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA WYSOR VA VA NOMINI VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA GA-LUTTRELL VA VA BOONE PAMUNKEY MOLLYBLOOM LSD (0.05) Location Average Statewide Average 114 * Varieties are ordered by descending average yield. A plus or minus sign indicates performance significantly above or below the the test average, respectively. These varieties have tough beards that were not adequately removed when combined. The beards would not flow through the grain-weighing mechanism of the combine, so yields were not determined for these lines at this location.

5 Table 2. Two year average yield performance of entries in the Virginia Tech Barley Tests, 1996 and 1997.* Brand/Variety Blacksburg Holland Warsaw Orange Average bu/acre CALLAO VA NOMINI VA VA VA STARLING GA-LUTTRELL VA VA VA WYSOR VA VA VA BOONE MOLLYBLOOM VA PAMUNKEY LSD (0.05) Location Average Statewide Average 107 * Varieties are ordered by descending average yield. A plus or minus sign indicates performance significantly above or below the the test average, respectively. Table 3. Three year average yield performance of entries in the Virginia Tech Barley Tests, 1995, 1996, and 1997.* Brand/Variety Blacksburg Holland Warsaw Orange Average bu/acre NOMINI CALLAO GA-LUTTRELL STARLING VA VA WYSOR VA VA MOLLYBLOOM BOONE PAMUNKEY LSD (0.05) Location Average Statewide Average 108 * Varieties are ordered by descending average yield. A plus or minus sign indicates performance significantly above or below the the test average, respectively.

6 Table 4. Summary of performance of entries in the Virginia Tech Barley Test, 1997 Harvest.* Test Date Barley Yellow Brand/Variety Yield Weight Headed Height Lodging Dwarf Virus (Bu/A) (Lb) (Mar 31+) (In) (0.2-10) (0-9) (5) (5) (3) (2) (3) (1) VA CALLAO VA STARLING VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA WYSOR VA VA VA VA VA NOMINI VA VA VA VA VA VA GA-LUTTRELL VA VA VA PAMUNKEY BOONE MOLLYBLOOM LSD (0.05) Test Average * Varieties are ordered in descending yield averages. The number in parentheses below column headings indicates the number or locations on which data are based. A plus or minus sign indicates performance significantly above or below the the test average, respectively. The 0-9 rating indicates relative disease intensity where 0=none and 9=total plant infection. SUMMARY OF BARLEY MANAGEMENT PRACTICES FOR THE 1997 HARVEST SEASON Blacksburg - Planted October 12, Preplant fertilizer was 25 lbs N, 60 lbs P2O5, and 80 lbs K2O applied September 25, Harmony Extra was applied at 0.5 oz on March 7, 1997 with Harvest occurred on June 26, Blackstone - Planted October 29, Preplant fertilizer was 300 lbs and 1 ton lime on October 28, Two hundred and fifty lbs was applied February 14, Sixty lbs N was applied March 13, One pt Lannate was applied April 30, 1997 for control of cereal leaf beetle. Harvest occurred on June 12, Holland - Planted October 29, Preplant fertilizer was 500 lbs one ton lime October 25, On January 21, oz Harmony Extra was applied with forty units N. One qt manganese using a 7% solution was applied February 21, Sixty units N and 0.33 oz Harmony Extra were applied March 17, Malathion 57EC at 1.5 pt was applied April 21, 1997 and again on May 13 for control of cereal leaf beetle. Harvest occurred June 12, Painter - Planted October 28, Preplant fertilizer was 500 lbs/a October 17, Forty lbs N were applied using 30% on February 20, Sixty lbs N and 0.5 oz Harmony Extra were applied March 26, Harvest occurred on June 20, Warsaw - Planted October 16, Preplant fertilizer was 30 lbs N, 60 lbs P 2O 5, and 60 lbs K 2O applied October 7, Fifty lbs N as and Harmony Extra at 0.5 oz was applied February 19, Forty-five lbs N as was applied March 25, Two oz of Karate were applied May 18, 1997 for control of cereal leaf beetle. Harvest occurred June 12, Orange - Planted October 15, Preplant fertilizer was 700 lbs applied October 14, Sixty lbs N were applied March 24, Harvest occurred on June 11, 1997.

7 WHEAT VARIETIES Wheat did well in another challenging year. The fall was wet, December and January were cold and the crop developed slower than normal. February and March were much warmer than normal resulting in crops planted in a timely fashion getting ahead of schedule. April and May were much cooler than normal resulting in excellent tiller survival and kernal initiation. June was favorable for grain fill and harvest resulting in good yields of excellent quality. The unusual growing season affected performance of some varieties more than others. Virginia Tech s wheat breeding program continues to be successful as shown by eight of the top fifteen entries being either varieties or lines from the program. The Virginia Tech line VA was the top yielding wheat over both two and three year averages. Several very early Virginia Tech lines have yielded well in the test and may offer potential for the future. The top yielding released variety over the past two years is NK-Coker 9663 with a two year state-wide average of 86 bu/acre followed by Jackson at 85 bu/acre. Pioneer Brand 2580 is the top yielder over three years. NK-Coker 9663 has excellent test weight, is taller than average with good but not excellent standability, and is later than average. It is moderately susceptible to powdery mildew. Jackson has excellent test weight, is later than average and moderate in height. NK-Coker 9663 and Jackson perform well where large amounts of straw are desirable or when the producer has a stripper header. It may be desirable to use the growth regulator Cerone on these varieties when fertilized to achieve their full yield potential or when a conventional header will be used following intensive management and straw will not be baled. Pioneer Brand 2580 is an excellent wheat variety for all levels of management and soil types. Test weight is average. DynaGro 424, a new variety in the test this year, was the top yielding variety in the Coastal Plain Region and near the top statewide with an average of 81 bu/acre. It did exceptionally well at Painter, Loudoun, and Orange. These yields were obtained even though the variety is susceptible to powdery mildew. It has low test weight which may be a major concern in some years and some markets. Another new variety that did quite well in the Coastal Plain Region was FFR 502W. It yielded less than average in the Piedmont and Blue Ridge Region. FFR 502W has excellent test weight, is truly earlier than average, shorter than average, and has good resistance to most major diseases. It will be interesting to evaluate the performance of this variety over years. Other new varieties that performed well were NK-Coker 9134, and NK-Coker NK-Coker 9134 has excellent test weight, is taller and later than average. It is moderately susceptible to powdery mildew and wheat spindle streak. NK-Coker 9704 has excellent test weight, is earlier and shorter than average, and has good disease resistance. Other relatively new varieties that offer good yields and special attributes include FFR 523W and Pioneer Brand FFR 523W is early and short but has only moderate test weight. Pioneer Brand 2691 is very early, short, and only moderate test weight. Both of these varieties should be planted on a timely basis but not early in the fall. Early planting may result in these varieties jointing in March. The relatively poor yield performance of Pioneer Brand 2643 is related to reduced stand emergence of this variety at several locations and the fact that this variety does not tiller as much as most current varieties. Twenty seeds per row foot was not adequate for this variety this past fall when it was cold and wet after planting. Pioneer Brand 2684 was also thinner at several locations and did not perform as well in as it has in previous years in our test. Both of these varieties have performed at or above average over multiple years. Trical 498 triticale continues to be a top-yielding variety. Yield performance of this variety gives the feed industry an opportunity to determine how to include it in poultry and swine diets. Hessian Fly was not a problem in even when wheat was planted no till into wheat stubble that had Hessian Fly in The data in Table 10 show differences in variety performance but not due to Hessian Fly damage. The importance of adapted varieties is shown by the poor performance of lines from Indiana, Georgia, and Florida that may have Hessian Fly resistance but did not perform well when planted no till. SUMMARY OF WHEAT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES FOR THE 1997 HARVEST SEASON Blacksburg - Planted October 12, Preplant fertilizer was 25 lbs N, 60 lbs P 2O 5, and 80 lbs K 2O applied September 25, Harmony Extra was applied at 0.5 oz on March 7, 1997 with Harvest occurred on July 9, Warsaw - Planted October 16, Preplant fertilizer was 30 lbs N, 60 lbs P 2O 5, and 60 lbs K 2O applied October 7, Sixty lbs N as and Harmony Extra at 0.6 oz was applied February 19, Forty-five lbs N as was applied March 25, Two oz of Karate were applied May 18, 1997 for control of cereal leaf beetle. Harvest occurred June 24, Painter - Planted October 28, Preplant fertilizer was 500 lbs/a October 17, Forty lbs N were applied using 30% on February 20, Sixty lbs N and 0.5 oz Harmony Extra were applied March 26, Harvest occurred on June 24, Holland - Planted October 29, Preplant fertilizer was 500 lbs one ton lime October 25, On January 23, 1997, 0.33 oz Harmony Extra was applied with forty units N. One qt manganese using a 7% solution was applied February 21, Sixty units N and 0.33 oz Harmony Extra were applied March 17, Malathion 57EC at 1.5 pt was applied April 21, 1997 and again on May 13 for control of cereal leaf beetle. Harvest occurred June 12, Blackstone - Planted October 29, Preplant fertilizer was 300 lbs and 1 ton lime on October 28, Two hundred and fifty lbs was applied February 14, Sixty lbs N was applied March 13, One pt Lannate was applied April 30, 1997 for control of cereal leaf beetle. Harvest occurred on June 12, Orange - Planted October 15, Preplant fertilizer was 700 lbs applied October 14, Sixty lbs N were applied March 17, Harvest occurred on June 26, Loudoun - Planted October 22, Preplant fertilizer was 50 lbs urea, 100 lbs MAP, and 160 lbs potash applied at planting. Sixty-six lbs N + 2/3 pt ACA were applied February 27, Thirty lbs N were applied March 7, Harvest occurred July 7, 1997.

8 Table 5. Yield performance of entries in the Virginia Tech Wheat Test, 1997 Harvest (bu/acre).* Coastal Plain Region Piedmont and Blue Ridge Region Statewide Brand/Variety Holland Painter Warsaw Average Blacksburg Orange Loudoun Average Average TRICAL 498** VA DYNA-GR VA COKER VA VA COKER 9663-B FFR 502W-B COKER 9803-B COKER 9134-B VA VA JACKSON-B JACKSON GA-GORE HICKORY COKER 9704-B COKER FFR 555W-B FFR 523W-B VA VA B COKER WAKEFIELD-B COKER 9835-B VA PIONEER 2643-B PIONEER 2691-B PIONEER 2552-B PIONEER 2580-B MADISON VA HOFFMAN FEATHERSTONE 520-B AGRIPRO-FOSTER SAWYER VA DYNA-GR CLEMENS HOFFMAN FFR 523W PIONEER 2684-B COKER FFR 568W FLEMING MASON HOFFMAN ELKHART MASSEY FFR 525W-B SALUDA RSI ** LSD (0.05) Location Average Statewide Average 76 * Varieties are ordered by descending coastal plain region averages. A plus or minus sign indicates performance significantly above or below the test average within each region or statewide, respectively. ** These are wheat/rye crosses or triticales, not wheat varieties.

9 Table 6. Summary of performance of entries in the Virginia Tech Wheat Tests, 1997 Harvest.* Wheat Barley Test Date Powdery Leaf Spindle Yellow Glume Brand/Variety Yield Weight Headed Height Mildew Rust Streak Dwarf Blotch (Bu/A) (Lb) (Mar 31+) (In) (0-9) (6) (6) (4) (3) (3) (3) (1) (2) (1) TRICAL 498** COKER VA VA VA PIONEER 2580-B COKER 9134-B COKER 9663-B DYNA-GR JACKSON JACKSON-B HOFFMAN VA VA VA VA B VA AGRIPRO-FOSTER VA MADISON HICKORY COKER GA-GORE COKER 9835-B COKER COKER 9803-B PIONEER 2691-B VA FFR 523W-B COKER 9704-B WAKEFIELD-B FEATHERSTONE 520-B COKER SAWYER FFR 555W-B CLEMENS FFR 523W FFR 502W-B HOFFMAN MASON PIONEER 2643-B PIONEER 2684-B DYNA-GR FFR 568W FLEMING ELKHART VA FFR 525W-B MASSEY HOFFMAN SALUDA RSI ** LSD (0.05) Test Average * Varieties are ordered by descending yield. The number in parentheses below column headings indicates the number or locations on which data are based. A plus or minus sign indicates a performance significantly above or below the the test average, respectively. The 0-9 ratings indicate relative disease intensity where 0=none and 9=total plant infection. Blotch was caused by Stagonospora nodorum. ** These are wheat/rye crosses or triticales, not wheat varieties. Note: There was no lodging at any test location in 1997.

10 Table 7. Two year average yield performance of entries in the Virginia Tech Wheat Tests, 1996 and 1997.* Brand/Variety Blacksburg Orange Holland Painter Warsaw Average bu/a TRICAL 498** VA PIONEER 2552-B COKER 9663-B JACKSON-B WAKEFIELD-B VA PIONEER 2580-B VA NC ** VA NCV JACKSON FFR 555W-B VA VA COKER 9835-B AGRIPRO-FOSTER VA VA VA VA COKER MADISON PIONEER 2684-B FFR 523W-B PIONEER 2691-B GA-GORE VA VA PIONEER 2643-B VA HOFFMAN HICKORY MASON COKER FEATHERSTONE 520-B ELKHART CLEMENS SAWYER VA HOFFMAN VA FFR 568W SALUDA MASSEY LSD (0.05) Location Average Statewide Average 81 * Varieties are ordered by descending coastal plain region averages. A plus or minus sign indicates performance significantly above or below the test average, respectively. ** These are wheat/rye crosses or triticales, not wheat varieties. Table 8. Three year average yield performance of entries in the Virginia Tech Wheat Tests, 1995, 1996, and 1997.* Brand/Variety Blacksburg Holland Painter Warsaw Orange Average bu/a TRICAL 498** VA PIONEER 2580-B VA VA JACKSON VA NC ** WAKEFIELD-B VA VA Table 8. Three year average yield performance of entries in the Virginia Tech Wheat Tests, 1995, 1996, and 1997, continued.*

11 Brand/Variety Blacksburg Holland Painter Warsaw Orange Average bu/a PIONEER 2684-B VA VA FFR 555W-B VA PIONEER 2691-B COKER VA PIONEER 2643-B VA VA GA-GORE HICKORY FFR 523W-B FEATHERSTONE 520-B COKER MADISON VA SAWYER ELKHART CLEMENS FFR 568W MASSEY SALUDA LSD (0.05) Location Average Statewide Average 79 * Varieties are ordered by descending statewide averages. A plus or minus sign indicates performance significantly above or below the test average, respectively. ** These are wheat/rye crosses or triticales, not wheat varieties. MILLING AND BAKING QUALITY The milling and baking quality data presented here and in Table 9 represent data from four Virginia locations for a single year and, therefore, should not be used as a definitive measure of a given cultivar's milling and baking quality. Because quality of a given cultivar can vary from location to location and between years, data over years and locations is needed to accurately define quality of a given cultivar. Wheat samples from entries grown in the Virginia State Test at four locations (Blacksburg, Holland, Painter and Warsaw, VA) were evaluated for milling and baking quality at the USDA-ARS Soft Wheat Quality Laboratory in Wooster, Ohio. Quality was assessed for each entry by location using 50 gram samples that were milled with a Quadrumat mill. Quality data averaged over the four locations (Over Location Analyses) are presented in Table 9. In addition, quality data were obtained from analyses of 500 gram composite samples (Composite Analyses), which consisted of 125 grams from each of the four locations. Milling and baking quality of the entries were compared with the optimal benchmark cultivar Caldwell and with the local check cultivar Massey, which was selected as the standard. In the Over Location Analyses, Massey had slightly-low adjusted-flour yields, but was always higher than the mean at each location. Therefore, Massey was a slightly-lenient standard for milling quality. Massey had slightly-high alkaline water retention capacity and slightly-low softness equivalent, which made it slightly-lenient as a standard for baking quality. Although the standard was somewhat lenient, it is representative of the growing conditions and the effect that crop year has on milling and baking quality. Test weights were low for most of the state trials in 1996 and averaged 56.5 lb/bu over all entries and locations. Differences in milling quality among entries were consistent across locations and, therefore, were primarily due to variety effect rather than environment. Baking quality was affected by both variety and environment. Baking quality scores were higher for entries from Blacksburg and Holland than from Warsaw and Painter. Thirteen entries had flour yields and milling quality scores that were higher or equal to that of Massey (Over Location Analyses). AgriPro Foster, Pocahontas (VA ), and FFR 555W had the highest flour yields. Twelve entries had baking quality scores that were higher or equal to that of Massey. Pioneer 2691, Coker 9904, Hoffman 14, and Hickory had the highest baking quality scores. In the Composite Analyses (Table 9), Massey again was lenient as a milling quality standard with an adjusted flour yield of 71.4% compared to the reference value of 73.6% and the benchmark value of 75.1%. As a baking quality standard, Massey also was lenient with a small cookie diameter of cm compared to cm for the benchmark. Massey also had a slightly high alkaline water retention capacity. Because the Massey standard was lenient for milling and baking quality, only entries with scores of "A" are considered acceptable based on this year's data. Eight entries had milling quality scores of "A", which were higher or equal to that of Massey. AgriPro Foster, Pocahontas (VA ), Featherstone 520, and FFR 555W had the highest milling scores and flour yields. Thirteen entries had baking quality scores higher or equal to that of Massey, and 17 entries had higher or similar cookie diameters as Massey. Featherstone 520, FFR 502W, Pioneer 2684, and AgriPro Foster, Hickory, and Sawyer had the highest baking quality scores. Table 9. Milling and baking quality of entries in the Virginia Tech Wheat Test based on evaluations of the 1996 crop. Over-Locations Analysis Composite Analysis ENTRY Milling Baking Flour Micro Test Milling Baking Flour Cookie Quality Quality Yield Weight Quality Quality Yield Diameter

12 score score % lb/bu score score % cm CALDWELL=BENCHMARK A A MASSEY=STANDARD A A SALUDA B 80.8 E MOREY E 73.1 F MADISON B 90.1 C WAKEFIELD C A VA C 92.1 C VA B 95.0 B VA B A VA D 82.1 E VA A 87.1 D VA C 90.8 C VA B 91.2 C VA C 89.0 D VA D 83.3 E VA C 94.3 C VA B A VA C 87.6 D VA C 82.1 E VA C 81.0 E VA D 72.9 F VA C 83.4 E VA B 93.6 C VA A 85.4 D VA B 92.4 C NCV B A FOSTER A A GORE C 90.5 C MASON A 96.3 B HOFFMAN FEATHERSTONE A A HOFFMAN B A STUCKEY D 82.4 E FFR 523W-B A A FFR 568W D 98.8 B DOZIER B 85.0 D FFR 555W-B A A PATRIOT B A COKER 9835-B B 91.2 C COKER B A COKER C 81.0 E COKER B 95.8 B FFR 502W B A PION 2580-B D 82.7 E PION 2684-B B A PION 2643-B C 98.8 B JACKSON B 84.0 E PION 2691-B B 98.5 B HOFFMAN 89-B B 58.5 F HICKORY A A SAWYER C A CLEMENS B 97.5 B ELKHART B 86.7 D

13 13 Table 10. Summary of performance of entries in the Hessian Fly Wheat Test planted no till in New Kent County in 1996 and harvested in 1997.* Test Brand/Variety Yield Weight Moisture (Bu/A) (Lb) (%) JACKSON-B-GAUCHO CK9803-B-GAUCHO VA CK9134-B FL92944RCX CK9803-B JACKSON-B PIONEER-2684-B MADISON CK9663-B PIONEER_2691-B PIONEER_2643-B CK9835-B IN86958RC MOLLY VA IN86982E GA IN86104RB-14-X FL931339AS GA ** LSD (0.05) Test Average * These varieties/lines were selected to evaluate Hessian Fly resistance but there was very little Hessian Fly pressure. The plots were planted into a field where no till wheat-double crop soybeans had been grown for two previous years. The plots were planted 11 days before the average first frost date of October 25th. Yield performance varied by variety but in general the varieties that yielded best in the state test yielded well no till. The insecticide seed treatment Gaucho statistically increased the yield of Jackson compared to no Gaucho seed treatment. This test was conducted in cooperation with Mr. Paul Davis, Extension Agent, New Kent County and Mr. Glenn Chappell, area IPM Extension Agent. ** This wheat line was extremely attractive to deer to the extent that they chose this variety in each replication and consumed it totally.

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