WORKING IN THE VICINITY OF OVERHEAD AND UNDERGROUND ELECTRIC LINES

Transcription

1 WORKING IN THE VICINITY OF OVERHEAD AND UNDERGROUND ELECTRIC LINES Code of Practice

2 Table of Contents FOREWORD... 4 SCOPE AND APPLICATION INTRODUCTION What is working in the vicinity of overhead and underground electric lines? Who has the health and safety duties in relation to electrical risks? What is involved in managing electrical risks? Planning and preparation before starting work THE RISK MANAGEMENT PROCESS OVERHEAD ELECTRIC LINES Identifying the hazards Assessing the risks Controlling the risks APPROACH DISTANCES OVERHEAD ELECTRIC LINES Approach Distances Zone A: Unauthorised Persons Zone B: Authorised Persons Zone C: No Go Zone - requires electricity supply authority approval Approach Distances for Vehicles Authorised Person Safety Observers OPERATING CRANES AND MOBILE PLANT OVERHEAD ELECTRIC LINES Identifying the hazards Assessing specific risks Controlling the risks Workers in contact with cranes, loads or mobile plant Work in the Safety Observer Zone Work in Zone B for Authorised Persons Cranes and mobile plant TREE AND VEGETATION MANAGEMENT OVERHEAD ELECTRIC LINES Managing risks Identifying the hazards Assessing specific risks Controlling the risks Trees or branches contacting energised overhead electric lines SCAFFOLDING WORK OVERHEAD ELECTRIC LINES Identifying the hazards Assessing specific risks Controlling the risks Specific control measures Erected scaffolding using a hoarding and enclosure for reduced safety clearances AGRICULTURAL WORK OVERHEAD ELECTRIC LINES Identifying the hazards Assessing specific risks Controlling the risks Particular circumstances LOW VOLTAGE OVERHEAD ELECTRIC LINES NEAR STRUCTURES Approach Distances Identifying the hazards Assessing specific risks Controlling the risks PAGE 2 of 86

3 9. TRANSPORTING HIGH LOADS OVERHEAD ELECTRIC LINES Meaning of specific terms used for transporting high loads Transport requirements for high load categories Responsibilities Electrical safety ELECTRICAL RISKS - UNDERGROUND ELECTRIC CABLES Identifying the hazards Assessing the risks Controlling the risks Notes on cable identification APPENDIX A DEFINITIONS APPENDIX B CASE STUDIES - INCIDENTS AND SCENARIOS APPENDIX C EMERGENCY PLAN AND RESCUE PROCEDURES APPENDIX D REQUIREMENTS FOR TRANSPORTING HIGH LOADS APPENDIX E OTHER RELEVANT INFORMATION APPENDIX F ELECTRICITY SUPPLY AUTHORITIES APPENDIX G ELECTRICITY REGULATORS APPENDIX H JURISDICTIONAL APPROACH DISTANCES PAGE 3 of 86

4 FOREWORD This Code of Practice on managing risks when working in the vicinity of overhead and underground electric lines is an approved code of practice under section 274 of the Work Health and Safety Act (the WHS Act). An approved code of practice is a practical guide to achieving the standards of health, safety and welfare required under the WHS Act and the Work Health and Safety Regulations (the WHS Regulations). A code of practice applies to anyone who has a duty of care in the circumstances described in the code. In most cases, following an approved code of practice would achieve compliance with the health and safety duties in the WHS Act, in relation to the subject matter of the code. Like regulations, codes of practice deal with particular issues and do not cover all hazards or risks which may arise. The health and safety duties require duty holders to consider all risks associated with work, not only those for which regulations and codes of practice exist. Codes of practice are admissible in court proceedings under the WHS Act and Regulations. Courts may regard a code of practice as evidence of what is known about a hazard, risk or control and may rely on the code in determining what is reasonably practicable in the circumstances to which the code of practice relates. Compliance with the WHS Act and Regulations may be achieved by following another method, such as a technical or an industry standard, if it provides an equivalent or higher standard of work health and safety than the code of practice. An inspector may refer to an approved code of practice when issuing an improvement or prohibition notice. This Code of Practice has been developed by Safe Work Australia as a model code of practice under the Council of Australian Governments Inter-Governmental Agreement for Regulatory and Operational Reform in Occupational Health and Safety for adoption by the Commonwealth, state and territory governments. A draft of this Code of Practice was released for public consultation on 2 April 2012 and was endorsed by the Select Council on Workplace Relations on [to be completed]. SCOPE AND APPLICATION This Code provides practical guidance for persons conducting a business or undertaking on how to ensure, so far as is reasonably practicable, that no person, plant or thing at the workplace comes within an unsafe distance of an overhead or underground electric line. This Code should be read in conjunction with the Code of Practice: Managing electrical risks in the workplace as it provides guidance on managing the risks associated with electrical safety and energised electrical work. This Code does not apply to: Work carried out by or on behalf of an electricity supply authority on the electrical equipment, including electric line-associated equipment, controlled or operated by the authority to generate, transform, transmit or supply electricity including work on energised electric lines. Mobile plant or vehicles operating on a public road where the design envelope is not greater than the transit envelope and is also not greater than 4.6 metres in height. For example, a side loading waste collection vehicle collecting waste bins from the side of a public road under overhead electric lines. A crane or mobile plant when they are retracted and correctly stowed for travelling on a public road. PAGE 4 of 86

5 Work carried out by emergency services personnel, including state emergency services, fire, police, volunteer rescue associations and ambulance personnel during a declared emergency or other local emergency incident. Work involving low flying aircraft like crop dusting, pesticide or herbicide spraying. How to use this code of practice In providing guidance, the word should is used in this Code to indicate a recommended course of action, while may is used to indicate an optional course of action. This Code also includes various references to provisions of the WHS Act and Regulations to provide context with legal requirements. These references are not exhaustive. The words must, requires or mandatory indicate legal requirements exist and must be complied with. The Code of Practice: Managing Electrical Risks in the Workplace also has useful information on electricity and electrical risk management. PAGE 5 of 86

6 1. INTRODUCTION Electrical risks are risks of death, electric shock or other injury caused directly or indirectly by electricity. Contact with energised overhead or underground electric lines can be fatal, whether they are carrying a voltage as high as 400,000 volts or as low as 230 volts. Contact with overhead electric lines is not necessary to result in electric shock. A close approach to the line conductors may allow a flashover or arc to take place. The risk of flashover increases as the line voltage increases. 1.1 What is working in the vicinity of overhead and underground electric lines? Work in the vicinity of overhead and underground electric lines is where there is a reasonable possibility a person either directly or through a conducting medium will come within an unsafe distance to energised electric lines. For the purposes of this Code the term in the vicinity of can be interchanged with other legislative or commonly used industry terms like close proximity, unsafe distance or near. Other definitions of key terms used in this Code are at Appendix A. 1.2 Who has the health and safety duties in relation to electrical risks? A person conducting a business or undertaking has the primary duty to ensure, so far as is reasonably practicable, workers and other people are not exposed to health and safety risks arising from the business or undertaking. This duty requires the person to manage risks by eliminating health and safety risks so far as is reasonably practicable, and if it is not reasonably practicable to eliminate the risks, by minimising those risks so far as is reasonably practicable. A person conducting a business or undertaking has more specific duties under the WHS Regulations to manage electrical risks, including ensuring, so far as is reasonably practicable, that no person, plant or thing at the workplace comes within an unsafe distance of an overhead or underground electric line. Designers, manufacturers, importers, suppliers or installers of plant or structures that could be used for work must ensure, so far as is reasonably practicable, that the plant or structure is without risks to health and safety. Designers and manufacturers of electrical equipment or installations must ensure they are designed and manufactured so that electrical risks are eliminated or, if this not reasonably practicable, minimised so far as is reasonably practicable. Officers, such as company directors, have a duty to exercise due diligence to ensure the business or undertaking complies with the WHS Act and Regulations. This includes taking reasonable steps to ensure the business or undertaking has and uses appropriate resources and processes to eliminate or minimise risks from in the vicinity of overhead and underground electric lines. Workers have a duty to take reasonable care for their own health and safety and to not adversely affect other people s health and safety. Workers must co-operate with reasonable policies or procedures relating to health and safety at the workplace and comply, so far as they are reasonably able, with reasonable instructions. Other persons at the workplace, like visitors, must take reasonable care for their own health and safety and must take reasonable care not to adversely affect other people s health and safety. They must comply, so far as they are reasonably able, with reasonable instructions given by the person conducting the business or undertaking to allow that person to comply with the WHS Act. PAGE 6 of 86

7 1.3 What is involved in managing electrical risks? R.147: A person conducting a business or undertaking at a workplace must manage risks to health and safety associated with electrical risks at the workplace. R.32-38: To manage risk, a person conducting a business or undertaking must: identify reasonably foreseeable hazards that could give rise to risks to health and safety eliminate risks to health and safety so far as is reasonably practicable if it is not reasonably practicable to eliminate risks to health and safety minimise those risks so far as is reasonably practicable by implementing risk control measures according to the hierarchy of control in regulation 36 ensure the control measure is, and is maintained so that it remains, effective, and review and as necessary revise control measures implemented to maintain, so far as is reasonably practicable, a work environment that is without risks to health or safety. This Code provides guidance on how to manage electrical risks associated with working in the vicinity of overhead and underground electric lines by following a systematic process which involves: identifying the hazards if necessary, assessing the risks associated with these hazards implementing and maintaining risk control measures reviewing risk control measures. Electric lines should always be treated as live unless the electricity supply authority has verified the electric lines have been de-energised or isolated. Further guidance on managing electrical risks generally is available in the Code of Practice: Managing Electrical Risks in the Workplace. Consulting your workers Consultation involves sharing of information, giving workers a reasonable opportunity to express views and taking those views into account before making decisions on health and safety matters. S.47: The person conducting a business or undertaking must, so far as is reasonably practicable, consult with workers who carry out work for the business or undertaking who are, or are likely to be, directly affected by a matter relating to work health or safety. S.48: If the workers are represented by a health and safety representative, the consultation must involve that representative. Consultation with workers and their health and safety representatives is required at every step of the risk management process. By drawing on the experience, knowledge and ideas of your workers you are more likely to identify all hazards and choose effective risk control measures. Consulting, co-operating and co-ordinating activities with other duty holders S.46: If more than one person has a duty in relation to the same matter under this Act, each person with the duty must, so far as is reasonably practicable, consult, co-operate and co-ordinate activities with all other persons who have a duty in relation to the same matter. Sometimes you may have responsibility for a health and safety matter along with other business operators who are involved in the same activities or who share the same workplace. In these situations, you should share information to find out who is doing what and work together in a cooperative and co-ordinated way so all risks are eliminated or minimised so far as is reasonably practicable. For example, if you hire a crane company to carry out lifting operations at your workplace and there are overhead electric lines, you should consult with the crane operator as well as with the electricity supply authority about safe approach distances (see Appendix H) and control measures to prevent contact. Duty holders should co-operate with each other and co-ordinate activities to ensure workers PAGE 7 of 86

8 are not exposed to electrical risks, for example instructing on and ensuring compliance with no go zones in section 3.4. Consulting others A person conducting a business or undertaking working in the vicinity of energised overhead or underground electric lines should consult with the owner of the electric line. This person is also often known as the asset owner. The owner may be the electricity supply authority, or in the case of work involving private overhead electric lines, the person with management or control of the electric line or premises. Further guidance on consultation is provided in the Code of Practice: Work Health and Safety Consultation, Co-operation and Co-ordination. 1.4 Planning and preparation before starting work Careful planning and preparation is an essential step to help ensure work is done safely. This can include: understanding important parts of the planned work and how to deal with changes as the work proceeds understanding what plant will be used in the operations identifying possible hazards and risks associated with the work consulting the electricity supply authority or asset owner about the proposed work if there is a risk of people, plant or things coming within an unsafe distance of an overhead or underground electric line ensuring compliance with all conditions imposed by the electricity supply authority for the work ensuring an effective communication system is in place between workers at the site providing training and verifying qualifications and competency of workers providing information and instruction to operators and other workers about control measures to eliminate or minimise electrical risks supervising workers to ensure safe work procedures are followed checking the plant and equipment including limiting devices are working properly checking proximity of people, cranes, mobile plant, material and tools to overhead electric lines checking proximity of people to cranes and mobile plant ensuring safe workplace entry and exit checking emergency plan and rescue procedures ensuring approach distances are appropriate for the authorisation levels of the workers undertaking the work managing the impact of environmental factors including storms and lightning in the area. When preparing for the work, a person conducting business or undertaking should ensure no new hazards are created. PAGE 8 of 86

9 Safe work method statements R.299: A person conducting a business or undertaking that includes the carrying out of high risk construction work must, before high risk construction work commences, ensure that a safe work method statement for the proposed work: is prepared, or has already been prepared by another person. R.300: A person conducting a business or undertaking must put in place arrangements for ensuring that high risk construction work is carried out in accordance with the SWMS for the work. Construction work carried out on or near energised electrical installations or services is defined as high risk construction work. A SWMS is required for energised electrical work as well as high risk construction work. The SWMS must be prepared before work starts. A SWMS allows supervisors, workers and other people at the workplace to understand how to carry out the high risk construction work in a safe and healthy way. It sets out the work activities in a logical sequence and identifies hazards and describes control measures. Further guidance on developing a SWMS is provided in the Code of Practice: Construction Work. PAGE 9 of 86

10 2. THE RISK MANAGEMENT PROCESS OVERHEAD ELECTRIC LINES Working in the vicinity of energised electric lines can pose a risk to workers and the public. This includes work where: a person or something the person is holding or is in contact with could come closer than the relevant approach distances in this code the work creates risk of damage to overhead electric lines or electrical equipment which may create an extra risk to workers. R.166: A person conducting a business or undertaking at a workplace must ensure, so far as is reasonably practicable, that no person, plant or thing at the workplace comes within an unsafe distance of an overhead electric line. If this is not reasonably practicable to ensure the safe distance, the person must ensure that a risk assessment is conducted for the proposed work and control measures implemented are consistent with the risk assessment and the requirements of an electricity supply authority where it is responsible for the electric line. A person conducting a business or undertaking must manage risks by identifying reasonably foreseeable hazards that could give rise to a risk, eliminating those risks so far as is reasonably practicable, or if that is not possible, minimising those risks by implementing control measures. Specific risk management guidance is also provided for operating cranes and mobile plant in section 4, tree and vegetation management in section 5, scaffolding work in section 6 and agricultural work in section Identifying the hazards Before carrying out work in the vicinity of overhead electric lines, a worksite inspection should be conducted to identify potential hazards including energised overhead electric lines or associated electrical equipment. You should always treat electric lines as energised unless the person conducting a business or undertaking or the person with management or control of the electric line or premises has: an access authority confirming the electric lines have been de-energised, or other forms of written documentation from the electricity supply authority which allows people to work within Zone C no go zone (see section 3.4). 2.2 Assessing the risks A risk assessment involves considering what could happen if someone is exposed to a hazard and the likelihood of it happening. This determines the risk of: injury to a worker damage to property, plant or equipment and entering Zone B for authorised persons (see section 3.3). This step will help to determine the level of associated risk for each task and in selecting control measures based on that risk level. A copy of the assessment should be kept for future reference. The risk assessment should consider: the location, height, arrangement and visibility of overhead electric lines and supporting structures like poles, towers and stay wires the voltage of electric lines and exposed energised parts and whether electric lines and parts are insulated or bare possible sway or sag of the electric line caused by wind or temperature changes environmental conditions like storm activity, heavy rain or lightning in the area site conditions including o prevailing or unexpected winds their strength and direction PAGE 10 of 86

11 o the terrain and possibility of unexpected ground surface movement under plant o vehicular traffic, pedestrians or livestock that could interfere with the work the type of plant and machinery required including o their design envelope, inherent stability and that of a suspended load o their dimensions and their operating characteristics, ease of manoeuvrability and conductivity if they are earthed o the minimum clearance distances from the closest part of the plant to electric lines o the possibility they may become energised by proximity to high voltage lines nature, size and shape of loads to be moved o load stability, dimensions and surface area facing the wind o whether loads are conductive all materials should be treated as such unless a competent person can confirm otherwise o non-conductive material may become conductive when in contact with high voltage material o how loads are secured and if any part of the load may move and enter Zone B (see section 3.3) o whether loads being carried above electric lines may accidentally fall onto them e.g. when moving a swimming pool from the street over energised electric lines into the yard of a home the type of work activities required and the frequency of the work tasks qualifications, competency, skill and experience of the people doing the work setting up and packing up processes work practices and procedures. 2.3 Controlling the risks Some control measures are more effective than others. Control measures can be ranked from the highest level of protection and reliability to the lowest. This ranking is known as the hierarchy of control. Eliminating the risk This means removing the hazard or hazardous work practice from the workplace. This is the most effective control measure and must always be considered before anything else. For example, modify the workplace so materials are delivered directly to the location. The best way of eliminating these hazards is to prevent people, plant, equipment and materials from coming close enough to energised overhead electric lines for direct contact or flash over to occur. This may include: de-energising the electric line for the duration of the work isolating and earthing the line (or equivalent for low voltage or rail) so it is not live for the duration of the work re-routing the electric line away from the work area, or replacing existing overhead electric lines with underground electric cables. Note De-energising or moving electric lines should be arranged with the electricity supply authority as soon as possible because, depending on the circumstances, it may take some time to arrange. If eliminating the risk is not reasonably practicable, you must consider using substitution, isolation or engineering controls, or a combination of these control measures, to minimise the risk. PAGE 11 of 86

12 Minimising the risk Substitution Minimise the risk by substituting or replacing a hazard or hazardous work practice with a safer one. This may include performing the work another way for example: using alternative plant which cannot enter an unsafe zone using non-conductive tools designed to reduce the possibility of direct contact with the overhead electric line using ultrasonic measuring devices instead of the mechanical types for measuring heights of overhead lines Isolation Minimise the risk by isolating or separating the hazard or hazardous work practice from people. For example erecting a physical barrier to prevent any part of the plant or equipment or a person or anything held by a person, or attached to a person entering Zone B described in section 3.3. A physical barrier should consist of non-conductive material like wood or plastic. The barrier should be erected safety which may entail isolating the electricity supply while the barrier is installed. Engineering controls Engineering controls are physical control measures to minimise risk, for example: limiting movement of plant with mechanical stops fitting plant with programmable zone limiting devices mechanically limiting slew speed of a crane to slow using electrically insulated plant and equipment If a risk then remains, the duty holder must minimise the remaining risk, so far as is reasonably practicable, by using: Administrative controls Administrative controls should only be considered when other higher order control measures are not reasonably practicable, or to increase protection from the hazard. These are work methods or procedures designed to minimise the exposure to a hazard, for example: fitting proximity sensors and a warning device to plant to alert operators when they are about to enter Zone B. making hazard more visible by: o using warning signs to indicate the location of overhead electric lines and defined work o areas (see Figure 8) arranging for the electricity supply authority to identify exposed energised low voltage conductors, up to and including 1000 volts and fitting them with approved visual indicators like sheeting or sleeves e.g. tiger tails a competent person should inspect visual indicators each day before starting plant operations if visual indicators have moved or been damaged the electricity supply authority should be contacted so they are replaced or located in the correct position managing and supervising the work to ensure o safe work practices and procedures are followed o safe work method statements are developed where required o appropriately trained and qualified people are authorised to carry out the work o emergency equipment is provided and readily accessible on site, including first aid kits and fire-fighting equipment suitable for electrical fire o emergency plan and rescue procedures are followed if there is contact with overhead electric lines - an example is provided in Appendix C PAGE 12 of 86

13 o an emergency plan including contact with energised electric lines is developed and documented o it is done very carefully and in an un-hurried considered manner, haste can be dangerous o a safety observer is used to warn people and plant operators when they are likely to come closer than the approach distances and the zones in Figure 3 and Figure 4 o relevant approach distances are strictly maintained. Any remaining risk must be minimised, as far as is reasonably practicable, by providing and ensuring the use of: Personal protective equipment Personal protective equipment (PPE) is the lowest order control measure in the hierarchy of controls. PPE should also only be considered when other higher order control measures are not reasonably practicable or to increase protection from the hazard. Examples of PPE include: insulating gloves which are effectively electrically tested rubber soled boots safety helmets standing on a rubber insulating mat standing on an equipotential conductive mat dry clothes especially in wet or humid conditions Combining control measures In most cases, a combination of the controls measures will provide the best solution to minimise the risk to the lowest level reasonably practicable. You should check your chosen control measures do not introduce new hazards. PAGE 13 of 86

14 3. APPROACH DISTANCES OVERHEAD ELECTRIC LINES R.166: A person conducting a business or undertaking at a workplace must ensure, so far as is reasonably practicable, that no person, plant or thing at the workplace comes within an unsafe distance of an overhead electric line. If this is not reasonably practicable, the person must ensure that a risk assessment is conducted in relation to the proposed work and control measures implemented are consistent with the risk assessment and requirements of an electricity supply authority where it is responsible for the electric line. Approach distances are one way of separating people from the hazard. This section provides specific guidance on competency requirements and approach distances to energised overhead electric lines for cranes and plant and their loads, as well as for vehicles, individuals and hand-held tools. Approach distances apply to people with varying levels of qualification, training or knowledge. This Code is based on the principal that without appropriate technical knowledge and experience of electricity transmission and distribution networks and associated electrical equipment many people working in the vicinity of overhead electric lines will not be able to identify the operating voltage and so recognise and avoid the inherent dangers of energised overhead electric lines. These people are termed unauthorised persons. 3.1 Approach Distances An approach distance is the minimum separation in air from an energised overhead electric line that should be maintained by a person, or object held by or in contact with that person. The approach distances in specified zones should take account of differing levels of technical knowledge and items of plant. These are greater for unauthorised persons than for authorised persons who have been trained and assessed as having the necessary technical knowledge and skills. When considering approach distances for unauthorised persons and authorised persons a person conducting a business or undertaking should include the distance required to avoid electrical flashover and allow for the inadvertent movement of a person, crane or mobile plant and the sag and sway of conductors to ensure the person or plant does not enter an unsafe zone. The approach distances are only part of an overall safe system of work, which should be implemented by a person conducting a business or undertaking working in the vicinity of overhead electric lines and associated electrical equipment. Assessing the relevant approach distance Before starting work in the vicinity of overhead electric lines it is essential the height and voltage of the overhead electric lines, and if applicable the horizontal safety clearance, be assessed at the worksite. Figure 1 shows the approach distances. When assessing the relevant approach distances for the work a number of factors should be considered which are noted below. As distances increase estimating them without equipment becomes more difficult. It may be necessary either to allow greater clearance distances or use more accurate methods to estimate distances. An ultrasonic cable height indicator provides a safe and accurate method of estimating distances near overhead electric lines. If the height or voltage of the overhead electric lines cannot be accurately estimated ask your electricity supply authority for advice. PAGE 14 of 86

15 Figure 1 Distance that must be assessed for each worksite Overhead electric lines are made of metal and therefore expand and contract when heated and cooled. This can be caused by changes in ambient air temperatures and electrical load current passing through conductors. An expansion will result in gravity causing the electric lines to sag downwards. Wind can make the electric lines swing from side to side. For these reasons approach distances should be vertically or horizontally increased by the amount of conductor sag or swing at the point of work (see Figure 2). Figure 2 Conductor sag or swing Where more than one voltage is present, for example overhead electric lines where two or more circuits operating at different voltages are supported on the same pole, the approach distance for each voltage should be maintained. Increased clearances should be allowed where the risk assessment identifies the load or lifting gear like crane hooks, chains and slings may move or swing towards the overhead electric lines or PAGE 15 of 86

16 associated electrical equipment when cranes or mobile plant are used. Further details on operating cranes and mobile plant are in section 4. A warning sign shown below can alert workers and others to possible hazards when estimating approach distances. This may be useful for temporary work sites which are sectioned off from the public and have specific entry points. How close can I go to overhead electric lines? Once an assessment of the worksite and the overhead electric lines has been carried out a decision on the approach distance for the proposed work can be made. The approach distances and work zones explained in this section are shown in Figure 3 and Figure 4. They vary with the voltage of the overhead electric lines and the level of authorisation of each person carrying out the work. Approach distances can vary depending on the voltage and apply to: all parts of a crane or mobile plant, including vehicles all loads being moved, including the slings, chains and other lifting gear all people working at heights e.g. from an elevating work platform, scaffold, or other structure all hand tools, hand control lines, equipment or other material held by a person. Figure 3 Work zones in the vicinity of overhead electric line poles PAGE 16 of 86

17 Figure 4 Work zones in the vicinity of overhead electric line towers 3.2 Zone A: Unauthorised Persons Unauthorised persons are workers who have not received training in overhead line electrical hazards and do not have sufficient training or experience to enable them to avoid the dangers from overhead electric lines and associated electrical equipment. Unauthorised workers are restricted to work in Zone A (see Figure 3 and Figure 4). Zone A applies to: unauthorised persons performing work in the vicinity of overhead electric lines, including plant, hand tools, equipment or other material held by them cranes and their loads and mobile plant operated by an unauthorised person in the vicinity of overhead electric lines. Use a risk assessment to determine whether a safety observer is necessary. The safety observer should monitor work close to Zone B to ensure it does not enter Zone B. The responsibilities of the safety observer are described in section Zone B: Authorised Persons Authorised persons are workers who have successfully completed a recognised training course in overhead line electrical hazards and are therefore permitted to work in Zone B (see Figure 3 and Figure 4). Zone B applies to: authorised persons, with a safety observer, performing work in the vicinity of overhead electric lines, including plant, hand tools, equipment or other material held by them cranes and their loads and mobile plant operated by an authorised person, with a safety observer, in the vicinity of overhead electric lines. PAGE 17 of 86

18 Zone B approach distances are based on the results of a written risk assessment. Zone B safe system of work must be developed before the works starts and be based on the risk assessment and consultation with the electricity supply authority on the proposed works and all work conditions imposed by them. 3.4 Zone C: No Go Zone - requires electricity supply authority approval A no go zone is the area around overhead electric lines or electric parts into which no part of a person, material, crane, vehicle or mobile plant may enter while the electrical part is energised and without written approval from the electricity supply authority. This includes all parts of a person, hand tools, equipment or other materials held by them; cranes, vehicles or mobile operating plant including the load, controlling ropes and other accessories associated with the plant. The approval may include extra control measures restricting access to the no go zone, for example where or how the plant can move, equipment to be used and who may enter the no go zone. The written approval should be made available at the worksite when the work is being carried out. A documented safe system of work should also be developed for work conducted in a no go zone where a SWMS is not required. It should consider the safety of workers while carrying out the work and be readily accessible by workers including contractors. A safe system of work may include safe work practices and procedures, safe sequencing of work tasks, safe use of equipment, permit systems and appropriate signs. No go zones apply whenever work is carried out or plant like a tip truck, crane, elevating work platform or a concrete pumping truck is operating around an energised electrical part and the risk cannot be eliminated. The safest option is to have the electricity turned off and tested or have the lines shifted. This will rule out the need for a no go zone. If the electrical part is high voltage, it must be earthed. If the electricity cannot be turned off, the electric line remains energised and dangerous. About no go zones A no go zone extends in all directions, not just sideways; it is all around the electrical part. No one should enter a no go zone without the written approval of the electricity supply authority. The areas of a no go zone may vary, but it will always exist. Before work starts in the vicinity of an energised electrical part, no go zones should be established. In planning the work, to decide the correct no go zone in the circumstances, you should contact the electricity supply authority or asset owner to verify: the voltage of the electric line if it is insulated or bare. You should also consider who or what will work in the vicinity of the electric line, for example the: type of work to be carried out type of plant to be operated number of people and amount of plant with permission from the electrical supply authority to enter the no go zone. On site the authorised person could be the plant operator, supervisor, electrician or worker. Equipped with the right electrical training or experience, the authorised person can work within a smaller no go zone based on a risk assessment. All of these factors govern the safe approach distance. Note Different approach distances apply for scaffolding work described in section 6 and work in the vicinity of low voltage overhead electric lines near structures described in section 8. PAGE 18 of 86

19 3.5 Approach Distances for Vehicles Table 1 provides approach distances for vehicles, mobile plant stowed for transit or with a design envelope up to and including 4.6 metres in height, which are driven by or operated by people under overhead electric lines. The design envelope varies across jurisdictions and is generally between 4.3 to 4.6 metres in height. Further information on the requirements for transporting high loads is provided in section 9 and Appendix D. Table 1 Approach Distances for Vehicles Nominal phase to phase a.c. voltage (volts) Approach distance (metres) Low voltage conductors up to Above LV, up to and including 33, Above 33,000 up to and including 132, Above 132,000 up to and including 220, , , Nominal pole to earth d.c. voltage (volts) Approach distance (metres) Up to and including +/ Volts 0.9 When assessing the approach distance for a vehicle driven under overhead electric lines the following factors should be considered including: The approach distances for vehicles specified in Table 1 are based on their design or transit envelope and do not allow any part of the vehicle to come closer than the specified approach distance. This includes the load, exhaust pipe and attachments like rotating and flashing lights or radio aerials (see Figure 5). Where a work activity involves a person working from, standing on or walking across the top of a vehicle the relevant approach distance specified in either Zone C or Zone B should be maintained. For example, this may include the driver of a livestock transporter who has to access the top of the vehicle to check livestock. Where, as a result of the work being done the distance between the overhead electric line and the ground may decrease, for example when constructing a road or levee bank beneath overhead electric lines or where the ground level is raised during the work. The distance between the vehicle should be continually re-assessed to ensure the relevant approach distances are being maintained. Extra assessment factors relevant for operating the vehicle as described in section 3.1. Figure 5 Transit envelope The maximum overall height of the vehicle PAGE 19 of 86

20 Note Approach distances and work zones in each state and territory vary for people, plant and vehicles depending on the voltage of the overhead electric line, whether the electric lines are insulated or bare, and in some states with or without consultation with the person in control of the energised overhead electric line or exposed part. For further information contact your Electricity supply authority listed in Appendix F or your Electricity Regulator listed in Appendix G. Approach distances and work zones for each state and territory are provided in Appendix H. 3.6 Authorised Person Training and Competence People who carry out work closer than approach distances specified in Zone C and safety observers who observe the work should have successfully completed a suitable training course conducted by a registered training organisation. This training is in addition to the requirements for plant operators to be competent, and in the case of high risk plant, hold a high risk work license. The registered training organisation providing training and competency assessment should provide statements of attainment or written certification of successful completion of assessment with a unique identifying number. A person conducting a business or undertaking should verify the written certification provided demonstrates the worker is trained and has the necessary technical skills, knowledge and competence to be authorised to work in Zone B. Regulation 161(4) requires safety observers to be competent to implement control measures in an emergency and to rescue the worker who is carrying out the work, if necessary. A safety observer must have been assessed in the previous 12 months as competent to rescue and resuscitate a person. Regulation 39 requires a person conducting the business or undertaking to ensure information, training and instruction provided to a worker is suitable and adequate having regard to the nature of the work carried out by the worker and the nature of the risks associated with the work and the control measures implemented. They must also ensure, as far as reasonably practicable, the information, training and instruction provided is readily understandable by the person to whom it is provided. Training requirements and qualifications may vary across jurisdictions. For further information on the requirements in your state or territory contact your WHS Regulator, Electricity Supply Authority listed in Appendix F or your Electricity Regulator listed in Appendix G. PAGE 20 of 86

21 Maintaining competency Authorised persons and safety observers should be re-assessed annually to ensure their on-going competency to perform work in the vicinity of overhead electric lines. Re-assessment or re-training should cover as a minimum the knowledge and skills necessary to ensure relevant safe work practices, resuscitation procedures and emergency rescue procedures in the event of an incident. People who have failed to maintain competency through regular on-the-job application of learnt skills and knowledge should complete refresher training and competency assessment. 3.7 Safety Observers The safety observer is a person specifically assigned the role of observing the work in the vicinity of energised overhead electric lines and associated electrical equipment. This person should have successfully completed specific training so they are competent to observe the work and able to implement control measures in an emergency. They should alert workers, crane or plant operators when approach distances may be about to be breached and of other unsafe conditions. A safety observer should: be used whenever the work activity is likely to be carried out in Zone B be positioned at a suitable location to effectively observe both overhead electric lines and plant operations be able to immediately and effectively communicate with the cranes or mobile plant operators or other people if required ensure all people stay outside the specified approach distance unless they are o o performing a rescue in accordance with approved procedures carrying out a specific task described in the safe work method statement e.g. a crane dogger holding a non-conductive tag line attached to a load suspended from a mobile crane not carry out other work while acting as a safety observer, including passing of tools, equipment or materials directly to those performing the work not observe more than one work activity at a time monitor the work activity being carried out and have the authority to suspend the work at any time. Further guidance and examples of what can go wrong when relevant approach distances are not maintained are provided in Appendix B. PAGE 21 of 86

22 4. OPERATING CRANES AND MOBILE PLANT OVERHEAD ELECTRIC LINES This section builds on the risk management requirements in section 2 and looks at operating cranes or mobile plant in the vicinity of overhead electric lines. Contact with overhead electric lines can pose a risk of electrocution when operating a crane or mobile plant. It can be difficult for crane or plant operators to see and judge the distance of electric lines. The risks associated with operating a crane or mobile plant in the vicinity of overhead electric lines must be managed. The types of cranes and mobile plant include: mobile cranes and vehicle loading cranes concrete placing booms elevating work platforms load shifting equipment including forklifts excavation and earthmoving equipment high load transportation vehicles. This section does not apply to cranes and mobile plant when they are retracted and correctly stowed when travelling on a public road or where the design envelope of the crane or mobile plant is less than 4.6 metres in height. Electric lines covered in this section include: overhead electric distribution lines on poles of high or low voltage overhead electric transmission lines on towers dedicated overhead electric lines used by public transport authorities including tramways and railways privately owned overhead electric lines. 4.1 Identifying the hazards Before operating a crane or mobile plant, a worksite inspection should be conducted to identify potential hazards like energised overhead electric lines or associated electrical equipment. Electric lines should always be treated as energised unless the operator of the crane or mobile plant has received: an access authority confirming the electric lines have been de-energised or other forms of written documentation from the electricity supply authority which allows people to work within the no go zone. There are two options for an unauthorised person operating a crane or mobile plant in the vicinity of overhead electric lines: have the electric lines de-energised or stay outside Zone B (see Figure 6). PAGE 22 of 86

23 Figure 6 Cranes and mobile plant working in the vicinity of overhead electric lines 4.2 Assessing specific risks A risk assessment involves considering what could happen if someone is exposed to a hazard and the likelihood of it happening. This step will help to determine the level of associated risk for each task and in selecting control measures based on that risk level. A copy of the assessment should be kept for future reference. You should consult with the electricity supply authority when considering risks for carrying loads above electric lines or where a crane or plant may become energised through voltage induced by adjacent electric lines. Crane or mobile plant operation in the vicinity of overhead electric lines may also require a SWMS based on a risk assessment. The SWMS and risk assessment should be documented and available on site when the work is being carried out. 4.3 Controlling the risks Eliminating the risk Before starting work the person conducting the business or undertaking or operator of the crane or mobile plant should: Discuss options for de-energising or re-routing the electricity supply with the electricity supply authority or in the case of work involving private overhead electric lines, the person with management or control of the workplace, be it land, building, vehicle or installation. Confirmation should be sought that electric lines have been de-energised. Consider working at another time when the electricity supply can be isolated. Investigate whether the section of the overhead electric line that needs to be de-energised can be isolated, while leaving the remainder connected. PAGE 23 of 86

24 Minimising the risk If elimination is not reasonably practicable, you must minimise the risk by implementing the following control measures: Substituting the hazard with something safer - this may include performing the work another way for example: setting up the crane or mobile plant in a position that keeps the design envelope outside the approach distance separating the hazard from the crane, mobile plant and people by using an alternative plant which cannot enter an unsafe zone using an effectively tested insulated elevating work platform bucket that could prevent electric shocks from the exposed energised part to ground via the operating plant. Warning in spite of the insulated bucket, the worker could still receive an electric shock by touching a current source with one hand and an earth point with the other hand. Note A permit to work may be required if working in Zone C. working at another time when the electricity supply can be isolated. Isolating the hazard from people - this may include installing or erecting a physical barrier to prevent any part of the machine or the load being moved from entering Zone B. A physical barrier should consist of a non-conductive material like wood or plastic and be strong enough to withstand impact from falling objects, loose materials or contact by the crane or operating mobile plant. Before barriers are erected, a risk assessment should be carried out by an appropriately qualified person to ensure the appropriate design and correct materials are used. The barrier should be erected safely which may entail isolating the electricity supply while the barrier is installed. Using engineering controls - this may include: Limiting the hoisting, slewing, meaning forcible turning or swinging of a crane to a new position, or other movements of the crane or mobile plant with: o Mechanical stops or interlocking of the motion of the crane or mobile plant to prevent it from being moved within the approach distance. o Mechanical constraints on the jib, boom, or other part of the crane or mobile plant likely to contact energised overhead electric lines or associated electrical equipment as a result of surge or backlash of hydraulic operation. o Using cranes or mobile plant fitted with programmable zone limiting devices. If a limiting device is used, the interlocking or warning system should be designed to fail safe or should at least meet category four (4) reliability in accordance with AS : Safeguarding of Machinery or a safety integrity level of three (3) under AS 61508: Functional safety of electrical / electronic / programmable electronic safety-related systems. Where the limiting device prevents movement, sudden stopping or the momentum of the load should be catered for. Minimising unexpected movement of the crane or mobile plant through: o Extra outriggers, supports or packing to increase the stability of the crane or mobile plant. o Preparation of the ground or surface or adjustment or servicing of the crane or mobile plant to minimise surge or backlash. Increased clearances should be allowed where there is a reasonable possibility of the load or lifting gear moving or swinging towards the overhead electric lines or associated electrical equipment. If a risk then remains, the duty holder must minimise the remaining risk, so far as is reasonably practicable, by: Using administrative controls - this may include: fitting proximity sensors and a warning device to cranes or mobile plant to alert operators when they are about to enter Zone B. making hazards more visible by: PAGE 24 of 86

25 o o using warning signs to indicate the location of overhead electric lines and defined work areas (see Figure 7) arranging for the electricity supply authority to identify exposed energised low voltage conductors, up to and including 1000 volts and fitting them with approved visual indicators like sheeting or sleeves for example tiger tails tiger tails should extend a minimum distance of 5 metres beyond the extremities of where the crane or mobile plant will be operating a competent person should inspect visual indicators each day before starting crane or mobile plant operations if visual indicators have moved or been damaged the electricity supply authority should be contacted so they are replaced or located in the correct position Figure 7 Overhead electric lines warning sign managing and supervising the work to ensure o safe work practices and procedures are followed o safe work method statements are developed where required o the appropriate people involved in the work are suitably trained and authorised o emergency equipment is provided and readily accessible on site, including first aid kits and fire-fighting equipment suitable for electrical fires o emergency plan and rescue procedures are followed if there is contact with energised overhead electric lines, see Appendix C o an emergency plan including contact with energised electric lines is developed and documented o it is done very carefully and in an un-hurried considered manner, haste can be dangerous o a safety observer is used whenever a crane, mobile plant or load is in motion and is likely to come closer than the approach distances in Zone C (see Figure 3 and Figure 4) o relevant approach distances are strictly maintained. define areas where the crane or mobile plant should not enter by: o using rigid or tape barriers to mark off areas under overhead electric lines o arranging for the electricity supply authority to mark the limit of the approach distance with high visibility bunting or similar (see Figure 8). PAGE 25 of 86

26 Figure 8 Visual tape bunting fitted under overhead electric lines Any remaining risk must be minimised, as far as is reasonably practicable, by ensuring the provision and use of: Personal protective equipment (PPE) - appropriate PPE may include: insulating gloves used by anyone who may come into contact with a conducting part of the crane, plant or load being moved standing on a rubber insulating mat standing on an equipotential conductive mat. Combining control measures In most cases, a combination of the control measures will provide the best solution to minimise the risk to the lowest level reasonably practicable. 4.4 Workers in contact with cranes, loads or mobile plant No one should remain in contact with any part of a crane, load or mobile plant and the ground or other earthed situation while the crane or mobile plant is being operated closer than the approach distances for Zone A unless extra precautions are taken to prevent electric shock. Operators The operator should handle the controls of a crane or mobile plant while standing on the ground or while in an earthed situation only if: the controls are effectively insulated see manufacturer s documentation using wireless remote controls the operator wears low voltage insulating gloves provided the energised electrical equipment is low voltage and does not exceed 1000 volts for low voltage, the operator stands on a clean and dry rubber insulating mat 900 mm x 900 mm x 6 mm thick the operator stands on an equipotential conductive mat which is electrically connected to all metalwork associated with the controls. Other workers Other workers who are essential to the operation, for example a dogger or people helping to set up the crane or operating mobile plant, may work within the safety observer zone, provided they are not required to have direct contact with any part of the crane, operating mobile plant or load. Other workers at the worksite may contact the crane, mobile plant or load while standing on the ground or while in an earthed situation only if one of the following control measures is observed: PAGE 26 of 86

27 effective insulation is provided on the overhead electric lines or electrical equipment, or the crane, load or mobile plant or its parts to ensure even if it contacts the overhead electric lines or electrical equipment, no one would receive an electric shock control of the load by non-conductive tail ropes whenever uncontrolled motion could allow it to come within the approach distance, as long as the insulating properties of the rope are appropriate to the operating voltage they are positioning or removing lifting gear from a crane hook or the load while it is stationary they are adjusting outriggers, jacks, packings, chocks or similar, as long as the crane, load or mobile plant is not being moved they wear low voltage insulating gloves provided the overhead electric lines or electrical equipment is low voltage. Competency requirements To carry out crane and mobile plant operations closer than the approach distances in Zone A the following people should be authorised by the electricity supply authority as described in sections 3.3, 3.4 and 3.6: the operator of the crane or mobile plant a safety observer. 4.5 Work in the Safety Observer Zone The Safety Observer Zone A crane or mobile plant is considered to be in the safety observer zone when it is possible one of the following could enter Zone B during operation: a part of the crane or operating plant a person on an elevated work platform hand tools or other equipment held by anyone involved with the operation the load being moved The safety observer zone concept is designed to encourage mobile plant operators to locate their equipment away from the possibility of entering Zone B. When this is not possible, adopt other suitable precautions to prevent encroachment. A crane or operating plant is not operating in a safety observer zone when: high voltage electric lines have been de-energised, isolated and earthed limiting devices have been installed to warn the operator or prevent any part of the crane, plant or load being moved from entering Zone B, as long as the limiting device is effective under stress conditions and is regularly inspected and tested by a competent person, or all parts of the crane, plant or load being moved is prevented from entering Zone B by physical barriers or by design of the crane or mobile plant that limits such movement. Figure 9 shows the safety observer zone for electric lines on poles and on towers. PAGE 27 of 86

28 Figure 9 Safety observer zone for overhead electric lines on poles and towers Safety Observer A safety observer should be assigned the role of observing the approach of a crane or mobile plant and its load to the energised overhead electric lines and associated electrical equipment to alert people of risks. The safety observer should be used whenever the crane, load, mobile plant or anyone working from the plant are in motion and are likely to come closer than the approach distances specified in Zone B. The safety observer should: warn the operator if a part of the crane or plant or load is about to enter Zone B forbid unauthorised people permission to enter Zone B not be required to observe more than one crane or operating mobile plant at a time communicate effectively at all times with crane and mobile plant operators and warn them about an approach to Zone B be provided with specialist communication equipment where there is a barrier to communication not be located on the work basket of an elevating work platform, except where rail mounted elevating work platforms are being used for working on rail traction electrical equipment be trained to perform the role mark the border of Zone B with suitable markers like red warning tapes which can be easily viewed by the crane or plant operator have the authority to suspend the work at any time. 4.6 Work in Zone B for Authorised Persons A crane or operating mobile plant may be in Zone B (see Figure 3 and Figure 4) when it is operated by an authorised person. When a crane or operating mobile plant is in Zone B, or when it is intended to operate in Zone B, a safety observer or another safe system of work should be used to prevent contact with the low voltage electric line, or where contact is allowed, prevent damage to the electric line. Other safe systems of work may include one or more of the following. Using a Zone B between low voltage electric lines and a crane or operating mobile plant. A one metre distance or where circumstances demand a greater distance may be necessary to PAGE 28 of 86

29 ensure contact and possible damage to the electric line do not occur. The distance should allow for inadvertent movement of operating mobile plant due to unstable foundations. A one metre Zone B may not be necessary for low voltage communication lines. Using limit switches to prevent the crane or operating mobile plant from contacting the electric line. Positioning the crane or operating mobile plant so it will not contact the electric line. Authorised person The person conducting a business or undertaking should first gain approval from the person with management or control of the electrical line to do the work that involves being near it. To authorise a worker, ensure the worker has enough technical skill and knowledge to perform the work. The electricity supply authority will provide this information. However, if it is a private electric line, approval is needed from the owner for the person to work near the line. The owner may also need to seek advice from the electricity supply authority. For example, if the private electric line is on a farm, the person conducting a business or undertaking should seek approval from the farm owner before the worker can be authorised. Note Approach distances and work zones in each state and territory vary for people, plant and vehicles depending on the voltage of the overhead electric line, whether the electric lines are insulated or bare, and in some states with or without consultation with the person in control of the energised overhead electric line or exposed part. For further information contact your Electricity supply authority listed in Appendix F or your Electricity Regulator listed in Appendix G. Approach distances and work zones for each state and territory are provided in Appendix H. 4.7 Cranes and mobile plant Earthing systems for cranes and mobile plant The chassis of a crane or mobile plant may where practical be earthed and bonded. A system of work should be adopted that ensures workers are kept clear of cranes and mobile plant when work is carried out in the vicinity of energised overhead electric lines and workers are told of the effectiveness of the earthing system. Specific advice and guidance about the earthing of a crane or mobile plant should be sought from the electricity supply authority. Notices to be fixed to cranes and mobile plant Cranes or mobile plant intended for use or used in the vicinity of energised overhead electric lines should be fitted with a warning notice or label listing the approach distances for unauthorised persons working in Zone A. The notice or label should be maintained in a legible condition and be displayed at each set of controls and should be readily visible to the operator. Further guidance and examples of what can go wrong when cranes and mobile plant are operated near overhead electric lines are provided in Appendix B. Emergency plan and rescue procedures following contact with overhead electric lines are provided in Appendix C. PAGE 29 of 86

30 5. TREE AND VEGETATION MANAGEMENT OVERHEAD ELECTRIC LINES This section builds on the risk management requirements in section 2 and looks at people cutting, trimming or treating with chemicals or other processes, trees and other foliage near energised overhead electric lines where: a person or something the person is holding or is in contact with could come closer than the relevant approach distances in Zone B (see Figure 10) the work creates risk of damage to overhead electric lines or electrical equipment. Examples of vegetation management in the vicinity of overhead electric lines include: a person trimming a tree on private property a local government work crew, other than those who are authorised persons for clearing of vegetation around electricity supply authority and private owner distribution electric lines and assets, performing vegetation clearing or planting or vegetation treatment a building or road construction contractor performing vegetation clearing or trimming work a contractor carrying out tree trimming and vegetation clearing a person picking fruit from trees. 5.1 Managing risks An electricity supply authority or the person with management or control of the electric line should in accordance with regulations ensure trees and other vegetation are trimmed and other measures are taken to prevent contact with an overhead electric line likely to cause injury or damage to property. Unauthorised persons carrying out tree and vegetation management An unauthorised person should not: Climb a tree that is closer than 3 metres to energised overhead electric lines, or cut a branch that may come closer than 3 metres to energised overhead electric lines as a result of the work. Allow any part of their body or anything they are holding or attached to their body, or anything they are using, to come closer than the approach distances specified in Zone A when carrying out the work in the vicinity of energised overhead electric lines. The only exception is if the person is handling an insulated device which has been tested and found to be safe for use on and near the electrical part. Work should not be carried out above overhead electric lines or where part of the tree or vegetation could fall or be carried closer than the approach distances specified in Zone A. If there is a reasonable possibility of the work being carried out above overhead electric lines or coming closer than the approach distances specified in Zone A the work should be carried out by authorised persons. They should have been trained and be competent to carrying out tree and vegetation management in the vicinity of energised overhead electric lines. Work zones for tree management in the vicinity of overhead electric lines are shown in Figure 10. PAGE 30 of 86

31 Figure 10 Work zones for tree management in the vicinity of overhead electric lines Authorised persons carrying out tree and vegetation management Authorised persons who have current competency to carry out tree and vegetation management in the vicinity of energised overhead electric lines may carry out the work in accordance with the approach distances specified in Zone B provided a safe system of work and a safety observer is used. Tree management inside Zone C No Go Zone - Approval of the Electricity Supply Authority The no go zone is the area around overhead electric lines or electric parts into which no part of a person, material, cranes, vehicles or items of mobile plant may enter without the written approval of the electricity supply authority. This includes all parts of a person including hand tools, equipment or other material held by a person or plant including the load, controlling ropes and other accessories associated with the plant. The written approval should be available at the worksite whenever the work is being carried out. Work required on tree and vegetation inside the no go zone, that is closer to energised overhead electric lines than the approach distances in Zone B, should only be performed by authorised persons approved by the electricity supply authority. Written approval like a permit to work may be issued with specific conditions like electric line shutdown. Zone C distances vary according to the voltage, the type of overhead electric lines and the qualifications and experience of the person performing the work. Note Approach distances and work zones in each state and territory vary for people, plant and vehicles depending on the voltage of the overhead electric line, whether the electric lines are insulated or bare, and in some states with or without consultation with the person in control of the energised overhead electric line or exposed part. For further information contact your Electricity supply authority listed in Appendix F or your Electricity Regulator listed in Appendix G. Approach distances and work zones for each state and territory are provided in Appendix H. PAGE 31 of 86

32 5.2 Identifying the hazards Before carrying out vegetation management a worksite inspection should be done to identify potential hazards. These may include workers, plant, equipment or vegetation coming into contact with energised overhead electric lines or other associated electrical equipment during trimming operations unexpected worker movements e.g. from a chainsaw kick back or slipping relocating mobile plant like elevating work platforms windy conditions which blow vegetation against overhead electric lines or make conductors sway raising or lowering of materials electrical storms and wet weather unexpected electric line breakages causing them to fall to the ground, footpath or road. 5.3 Assessing specific risks When assessing the additional risks associated with tree and vegetation management near energised overhead electric lines and associated electrical equipment the proximity of vegetation and whether it has attached itself to the lines, poles, towers or stays should be considered. 5.4 Controlling the risks Trees grown into contact with energised overhead electric lines should not be cut by a person who is in an earthed situation, for example standing on the ground or working from within the tree. If this is the case you should consult your electricity supply authority. When thinking about possible control measures consider other factors including: always treat overhead electric lines or associated electrical equipment as energised unless an access authority or other written documentation is received from the electricity supply authority never assume the operating voltage of telecommunication cables are harmless plant coming within the vicinity of overhead electric lines may become energised and pose a serious danger to the operator and bystanders operations should immediately cease if trees or people are in danger of coming closer than the relevant approach distances specified in Zone A the overhead electric lines should then be deenergised never assume a tree branch can safely rest on or against overhead electric lines they can conduct electricity even in dry conditions. Eliminating the risk The best way of eliminating these hazards is to prevent people, plant, equipment and materials from coming close enough to energised overhead electric lines for direct contact or flash over to occur. This may include: de-energising the electric line for the duration of the work, or re-routing the service line away from the work area. Note De-energising or moving electric lines should be arranged with the electricity supply authority as soon as possible because, depending on the circumstances, it may take some time to arrange. Minimising the risk If elimination of the hazard is not reasonably practicable, you must minimise the risk by implementing the following control measures: Substituting the hazard with something safer - this may include performing the work another way for example: using non-conductive tools designed to reduce the possibility of direct contact with the overhead electric lines PAGE 32 of 86

33 using non-conductive scaffolding instead of metal scaffolding having someone else do the work - if the electric line is the property of the electricity supply authority requesting information on an appropriately trained and qualified person to carry out the work and asking if a permit to work is required. Isolating the hazard from people - this may include the worker clearing the vegetation while staying outside Zone C. Clearing operations should cease where workers, trees or equipment are in danger of entering Zone C. Using engineering controls - this may include: using mechanical tools or devices using electrically insulated tools and equipment using insulated fibreglass extension handles on loppers, instead of a conductive aluminium extension handles changing the work system. If a risk then remains, the duty holder must minimise the remaining risk, so far as is reasonably practicable, by: Using administrative controls - this may include: planning, documenting and effectively communicating procedures before starting work using a safety observer to warn people before they enter Zone C using visible indicators, including tiger tails installed on electric lines and stay wires to make them easier to see and locate ensuring workers know tiger tails do not insulate wires ensuring relevant approach distances are maintained o when operating plant including machines like chain saws, tools or equipment in the vicinity of energised overhead electric lines o when managing traffic and pedestrians at the worksite using full traffic control procedures in accordance with your state or territory Roads and Traffic Authority s requirements whenever the work requires a change in traffic direction or vehicle speed limits. Any remaining risk must be minimised, as far as is reasonably practicable, by providing and ensuring the use of: Personal protective equipment (PPE) - appropriate PPE includes: using of effective electrically tested insulating gloves by anyone who may be at risk of entering Zone C ensuring clothes are kept dry especially in wet or humid conditions. Combining control measures In most cases, a combination of the control measures will provide the best solution to minimise the risk to the lowest level reasonably practicable. PAGE 33 of 86

34 5.5 Trees or branches contacting energised overhead electric lines While it is not permitted to work on trees where part of them may fall onto overhead electric lines, it is important to know what action to take if this occurs. If this occurs do not touch any part of the branch or tree as the entire branch including leaves may be energised. Contact with any part of it may result in electrocution and burns. Immediately contact the electricity supply authority and keep all people clear of the area while waiting for help. Further guidance on operating cranes or mobile plant near overhead electric lines is provided in section 4. PAGE 34 of 86

35 6. SCAFFOLDING WORK OVERHEAD ELECTRIC LINES This section builds on the risk management requirements described in section 2 and looks at erecting, dismantling and using fixed scaffolding in the vicinity of overhead electric lines and associated electrical equipment with an operating voltage up to and including 33,000 volts. For scaffolding work above this voltage the electricity supply authority should be consulted and all special conditions imposed by them complied with. The risks associated with this type of work must be managed. The Code of Practice: Scaffolds and Scaffolding Work provides useful guidance on this. AS/NZS 4576: Guidelines for Scaffolding sets a 4 metre approach distance for metallic scaffolding used in the vicinity of overhead electric lines. This approach distance should be used as a reference point for people planning and carrying out scaffolding work. Other factors from this standard which may also be considered include: proximity of overhead electricity lines proximity and operating radius of vehicles, cranes and other moving plant environmental conditions including wind, ice and heavy rain and entry and exit for workers, materials and plant. For work involving the use of mobile aluminium scaffolding see the risk control measures for mobile plant described in section 4. Construction work carried out on or near energised electrical installations or services is defined as high risk construction work and requires the preparation of a SWMS. Further information on SWMS is provided in section Identifying the hazards Before carrying out scaffolding work where the work might come closer than the 4 metre approach distance specified in AS/NZS 4576: Guidelines for Scaffolding, a worksite inspection should be conducted to identify potential hazards. Hazards may include: energised overhead electric lines and associated electrical equipment deteriorated or broken down insulation on the conductors or electrical equipment scaffolding coming into contact with overhead electric lines the possibility of hand held tools, equipment or materials coming into contact with overhead electric lines. 6.2 Assessing specific risks When assessing the additional risks associated with scaffolding near energised overhead electric lines and associated electrical equipment the types of scaffolds being used should be considered. This includes: their dimensions and their operating characteristics including inherent stability, and conductivity if they are earthed and the minimum clearance distances from the closest part of the scaffold or plant being used to electric lines to prevent energisation. 6.3 Controlling the risks Eliminating the risk This may include: de-energising the overhead electric lines for the duration of the work, or

36 re-routing the overhead electric lines away from the scaffolding following consultation and agreement of the electricity supply authority, or replacing existing overhead electric lines with underground electric cables. Minimising the risk If elimination of the hazard is not reasonably practicable, you must minimise the risks by implementing the following control measures: Isolating the hazard from people - this may include erecting a physical barrier on the scaffold to prevent a person or anything held by a person, or attached to the person, entering the 4 metre approach distance. Using engineering controls this may include: substituting the scaffold with another means of entry and exit like an elevated work platform using an insulated fibreglass extension handle on a paint roller, instead of a conductive aluminium extension handle If a risk then remains, the duty holder must minimise the remaining risk, so far as is reasonably practicable, by using: Administrative controls - this may include: planning and documenting safe work method statements before starting work using a safety observer to warn people before they enter the 4 metre approach distance using approved visual indicators, like tiger tails in Figure 16, to make the hazard visible by arranging for the electricity supply authority to effectively identify exposed energised low voltage conductors up to and including 1000 volts alternating current Any remaining risk must be minimised, as far as is reasonably practicable, by providing and ensuring the use of: Personal protective equipment (PPE) - appropriate PPE includes the use of electrically tested insulating gloves by anyone who may be at risk of coming closer than the 4 metre approach distance. Ensure clothes are kept dry especially in wet or humid conditions. Combining control measures In most cases, a combination of the control measures will provide the best solution to minimise the risk to the lowest level reasonably practicable. 6.4 Specific control measures In addition to the above, specific control measures are outlined as follows. Erecting and dismantling scaffolding in the vicinity of overhead electric lines up to and including 33,000 volts A thorough inspection of the surroundings should be carried out before the erection or dismantling of scaffolds in the vicinity of overhead electric lines. No scaffold work should start until the presence, location, type and operating voltage of all overhead electric lines are determined by a competent person for example, an electrical engineer. Operating voltage is the alternating current voltage, phase to phase RMS or direct current voltage by which a system of supply is designated. If the scaffold and the overhead electric lines is or has the potential to come within the 4 metre approach distance shown in Figure 11: overhead electric lines should be de-energised and you have an access authority or other form of written documentation from the electricity supply authority. If there is a risk the 4 metre approach distance cannot be maintained, the electricity supply authority should be contacted to enable the development of a safe system of work for the erection, use and dismantling of the scaffolding. PAGE 36 of 86

37 Figure 11 The 4 metre approach distance applies in any direction where metallic scaffold is erected, used or dismantled in the vicinity of overhead electric lines Where low voltage overhead electric lines, up to and including 1000 volts, cannot be de-energised and isolated, visual indicators like tiger tails should be provided and installed for the full length of the scaffolding plus a minimum distance of 5 metres beyond each end of the scaffolding. Consultation with the electricity supply authority will confirm the owner of the electric line and costs associated with the installation and application of tiger tails. A competent person should visually inspect the tiger tails each day before starting scaffolding operations. If the tiger tails have moved or been damaged the electricity supply authority should be contacted to ensure the tiger tails are replaced or located in the correct position. Note Tiger tails should not be regarded as providing protection against mechanical interference or electrical protection from electrical hazards. The installation of tiger tails does not allow workers to enter the 4 metre approach distance. Electrical wires or equipment passings through a scaffold should be de-energised or fully enclosed to the requirements of the electricity supply authority. These requirements may incorporate full enclosure of the wires or electrical equipment by a non-conductive material, for example moisture resistant flooring grade particle board, dry timber, dry plywood or similar dry non-conductive material approved by the electricity supply authority. To prevent a person or anything held or attached to the person coming closer than the 4 metre approach distance, the electricity supply authority may require a hoarding to be erected on the external face of the scaffolding. If applicable a suitable enclosure on the internal side of the scaffold may be required (see Figure 12 and section 6.5). PAGE 37 of 86

38 Figure 12 Enclosure of overhead electric lines Example of energised low voltage overhead electric lines passing through a scaffold that has been fully enclosed in a non-conductive material to the requirements of the electricity supply authority 6.5 Erected scaffolding using a hoarding and enclosure for reduced safety clearances A hoarding is containment sheeting positioned on the external face of a scaffold that serves as a physical barrier between a worker and energised overhead electric lines and associated electrical equipment. The A and B clearances are horizontal safety clearances and vertical mechanical clearances from the conductors. The electricity supply authority will tell you these clearances which you should check before erecting the scaffolding in the vicinity of the overhead electric lines (see Figure 13). An electrical engineer may provide safety clearances used to design the scaffolding and control the risks. Consider the following installation conditions for the use of a hoarding and enclosure for reduced safety clearances: gaps between fitted sheets of plywood should not exceed 3 mm no exposed cut or drilled holes should be permitted in the sheets of plywood the scaffolder should be responsible for attaching plywood to the scaffold by non-conductive means and ensuring the arrangement can sustain an appropriate wind load warning signs should be affixed to the safe side of the hoarding warning of the presence of the electrical hazard on the other side of the hoarding and warning the hoarding should not be removed a competent person should visually inspect the hoarding and, if applicable the enclosure on a daily basis to ensure the hoarding and enclosure are in a satisfactory condition and remain impenetrable. PAGE 38 of 86

39 Figure 13 Scaffolding with hoarding Further guidance on the erection, dismantling and use of scaffolding is provided in: Code of Practice: Scaffolds and Scaffolding Work AS/NZS 4576: Guidelines for Scaffolding. Further guidance and examples of what can go wrong when scaffoldings are used near overhead electric lines are provided in Appendix B. PAGE 39 of 86

40 7. AGRICULTURAL WORK OVERHEAD ELECTRIC LINES This section builds on the risk management requirements described in section 2 and looks at agricultural work carried out in the vicinity of overhead electric lines. The risks associated with this work must be managed. Examples of agricultural work carried out under or in the vicinity of overhead electric lines include: moving or operating irrigation pipes using lifting or elevating plant or equipment like grain augers, hay bale elevators, travelling irrigators or harvesters moving or relocating agricultural plant like folding cultivators where the transit or stowed height of the equipment is greater than its operating height building levee banks or dams transporting or moving structures like grain silos installing agricultural netting ground based crop spraying other work that involves the risk of a person or anything attached to or held by a person, coming into contact with overhead electric lines. A person should not work in situations where part of mobile plant being operated, or hand tools or other equipment or load being handled by a person are likely to enter Zone B (see section 3.3). 7.1 Identifying the hazards Before carrying out agricultural work in the vicinity of overhead electric lines, a worksite inspection should be conducted to identify potential hazards like energised overhead electric lines or other associated electrical equipment. Many people have been electrocuted when metal parts of agricultural plant like augers, field bins, harvesters or tip trucks have come into contact with or close to energised overhead electric lines. Such incidents usually occur when the operator has not lowered the equipment before moving it or has raised the mobile plant upwards into the energised overhead electric lines. Hazards may include: driving machinery with tall attachments through paddocks where overhead electric lines exist operating or moving tipper trucks, mobile silos, field bins, harvesters or other large rural machinery like cotton harvesters and field irrigators under or in the vicinity of energised overhead electric lines moving or re-arranging long metallic irrigation pipes. Where work is carried out in the vicinity of energised overhead electric lines, the height and location of the electric lines should be identified as part of an overall site hazard identification process. The local electricity supply authority can assist with this process. Operators of agricultural plant and equipment also should be made aware of the design height and the transit or stowed height of the mobile plant they operate. 7.2 Assessing specific risks When assessing the additional risks associated with agricultural work near energised overhead electric lines and associated electrical equipment the following should be considered: the type of work activities and agricultural equipment being used the frequency of moving agricultural equipment like harvesters near energised electrical wires or parts the proximity of stationary or fixed plant and equipment to the overhead electric lines e.g. grain silos and stock crate gantries.

41 7.3 Controlling the risks Eliminating the risk Eliminating the hazard may include: de-energising the lines for the duration of the work relocating the overhead electric lines or having them installed underground in consultation with the electricity supply authority relocating plant or structures away from the overhead electric lines for example: o o relocating silos or lowering augers before transport keeping mobile irrigator sprayed water at least 8 metres away from overhead electric lines. Confirmation should be sought from the electricity supply authority that electric lines have been deenergised or isolated to prevent inadvertent re-energisation. Minimising the risk If elimination is not reasonably practicable, you must minimise the risks by implementing the following control measures: Substituting the hazard with something safer - this may include: using another means to perform the task for example filling a silo through a ground-level filler pipe on the silo rather than using a truck-mounted auger. This alternative would eliminate the risk of contact with energised overhead electric lines. Isolating the hazard from people - this may include erecting a physical barrier to prevent any part of the plant or equipment entering Zone B. A physical barrier should consist of a non-conductive material like wood or plastic. It should be strong enough to withstand an impact from falling objects or loose materials. Before barriers are erected, a risk assessment should be conducted by an appropriately qualified person to ensure the appropriate design and correct materials are used. The barrier should be erected safely and may entail isolating the electricity supply while the barrier is installed. Using engineering controls- this may include: Limiting the height of all mobile plant in order to maintain safety clearances from overhead electric lines. Using limiting devices to prevent equipment from entering Zone B. If a limiting device is used, the interlocking or warning system should be designed to fail safe or should at least meet category 4 reliability in accordance with AS : Safeguarding machinery or ISO :2006 Safety of machinery Safety related parts of control systems Part 1: General principles for design. Where the limiting device prevents movement, sudden stopping or the momentum of the load should be catered for. If a risk then remains, the duty holder must minimise the remaining risk, so far as is reasonably practicable, by: Using administrative controls - this may include: developing work procedures and travel routes for equipment and vehicles that ensures workers, their equipment and containers like field bins, stock and tipper trucks do not operate in the vicinity of, or under energised overhead electric lines using a safety observer to warn the operator of plant or equipment whenever there is danger of entering Zone B installing warning signs on gates to paddocks or on roadways where overhead electric lines exist (see Figure 14) using visible indicators like tiger tails installed on electric lines and stay wires to make them easier to see and locate. Note Tiger tails do not insulate wires. PAGE 41 of 86

42 Figure 14 Overhead electric lines warning sign Any remaining risk must be minimised, as far as is reasonably practicable, by providing and ensuring the use of: Personal protective equipment (PPE) - appropriate PPE includes effectively maintained insulating gloves, rubber soled boots and safety helmets when agricultural plant or equipment is being operated in the vicinity of overhead electric lines. Ensure clothes are kept dry especially in wet or humid conditions. Combining control measures In most cases, a combination of the control measures will provide the best solution to minimise the risk to the lowest level reasonably practicable. 7.4 Particular circumstances Where plant or equipment consists of a vehicle, possibly including an attached trailer, the plant or equipment should be driven under an overhead electric line only under the following circumstances: the plant or equipment has a fully-enclosed driver s cabin the driver remains completely within the cabin a clearance between the plant or equipment is maintained at all times and does not exceed Zone A see Figure 3) no other person is in, or on the plant or equipment or in contact with the plant or equipment or at risk of entering Zone B moving or extendable parts are retracted and secured. Further guidance and examples of what can go wrong when agricultural work is carried out too close to overhead electric lines are provided in Appendix B. Emergency plan and rescue procedures following contact with overhead electric lines are provided in Appendix C. PAGE 42 of 86

43 8. LOW VOLTAGE OVERHEAD ELECTRIC LINES NEAR STRUCTURES This section builds on the risk management requirements described in section 2 and looks at where an unauthorised person is required to carry out work near low voltage overhead service lines near structures including buildings. The risks associated with people working in the vicinity of low voltage service lines must be managed. This work may involve: painting or maintenance work erecting scaffolding operating motor vehicles like concrete trucks or furniture removal vans minor building work like erecting a small shed other non-electrical work where there is a risk of contact with a low voltage overhead line. Electric lines covered by this section and shown in Figure 15 are low voltage overhead service lines, including: electricity supply authority s low voltage overhead lines including service lines low voltage overhead lines forming part of consumers installations insulated low voltage aerial conductors and associated electrical equipment connected from the point of supply, either the overhead electric pole located on the street or the consumer s boundary, and terminated on the consumer s building, pole or structure at the point of attachment or insulated low voltage aerial consumers mains and associated electrical equipment forming part of the consumer s electrical installation. Note If the overhead line is found to be a high voltage line, this section does not apply. If the voltage of the line cannot be determined, the line should be deemed as a high voltage line. If you cannot determine whether the line is effectively insulated, the line should be treated as being bare. Figure 15 Low Voltage Overhead Service Lines 8.1 Approach Distances Table 2 provides approach distances for unauthorised persons working in the vicinity of low voltage overhead service lines while: performing minor building work using hand tools held by a person operating cranes and their loads or mobile plant PAGE 43 of 86

44 handling metal materials like scaffolding, roofing materials, ladders and guttering handling non-conductive materials like timber, plywood, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes and guttering driving or operating a vehicle under overhead service lines. The approach distance specified in Table 2 below is based on the fact the design or transit envelope of the vehicle does not allow part of the vehicle to come closer than the 0.6 metre approach distance specified. Table 2 Approach distances for work by unauthorised persons in the vicinity of low voltage overhead service lines Hand held tools Operating a crane or mobile plant Unauthorised Persons (metres) Handling of metal materials e.g. scaffolding, roofing, ladders, guttering, pipes, etc Handling of nonconductive materials e.g. timber, plywood, PVC pipes and guttering, etc Driving or operating vehicle Note Further guidance on scaffolding work near overhead electric lines is provided in section 6. Note Approach distances for work in the vicinity of low voltage overhead service lines vary in each state and territory for people, plant and vehicles depending on the voltage of the overhead electric line, whether the electric lines are insulated or bare, and in some states with or without consultation with the person in control of the energised overhead electric line or exposed part. For further information contact your Electricity supply authority listed in Appendix F or your Electricity Regulator listed in Appendix G. Approach distances and work zones for each state and territory are provided in Appendix H. 8.2 Identifying the hazards Before carrying out work in the vicinity of low voltage overhead service lines where the work might come closer than the specified approach distances, a worksite inspection should be conducted to identify potential hazards. Hazards may include: bare exposed energised conductors deteriorated or broken down insulation damaged overhead service line mains connection box or damaged insulation around conductor clamps deterioration of earthing of exposed conductive parts required to be earthed voltage of the line is higher than the expected low voltage of 240/415 volts alternating current. the possibility of hand held tools and equipment coming into contact with exposed energised parts. 8.3 Assessing specific risks When assessing the additional risks associated with working in the vicinity of low voltage overhead service lines and associated electrical equipment the following should be considered: Tools or equipment being used, and the risk of mechanical damage to the low voltage overhead service lines if inadvertent contact is made with the conductors and electrical equipment. Examples may include: o Handling a sheet of roofing material that inadvertently comes into contact with the service lines. o Using cutting or grinding tools where the operator could lose control and come within the approach distance in Table 2. Using a heavy electric disc sander to sand timber near the PAGE 44 of 86

45 point of attachment of a service line may impose a high risk of entering Zone C if control were lost. The risk of damage to and contact with the line and consequent electric shock is high if the sander touched the line. Manual sanding should be considered. Proximity of the work to the low voltage overhead service lines. Environmental conditions like rain, wind or uneven terrain, which may bring a risk of unexpected movement of tools or equipment held by workers. Visual Examination of low voltage overhead line An insulated low voltage overhead line should be examined for visible defects. If the line is part of a customer s installation, a licensed electrical worker should assess the line. If the line is the property of an electricity supply authority, either an electrical worker with relevant experience or the electricity supply authority should be engaged to have the line assessed. The line is visually checked to ensure: insulation is intact with no tears, cracks or other physical defects, and there are no exposed energised parts along the line there are no exposed energised parts anywhere on the line. 8.4 Controlling the risks Eliminating the risk This may include: de-energising the lines for the duration of the work. This should be confirmed by the person with management or control of the electric line re-routing the low voltage overhead service line away from the worksite in consultation with the electricity supply authority or in the case of overhead service lines forming part of the consumer s electrical installation, the person with management or control of the premises. Minimising the risk If elimination of the hazard is not reasonably practicable, you must minimise the risks by implementing the following control measures: Substituting the hazard with something safer - this may include: Using non-conductive scaffolding instead of metal scaffolding. Using a non-conductive ladder instead of a metal ladder. If work has to be carried out in close proximity to the point of attachment and the electricity cannot be isolated, arrange for the electricity supply authority to fit insulated matting and tiger tails at the point of attachment and over the overhead service lines before the work starts (see Figure 16). Insulated matting and tiger tails are only to be installed or fitted by appropriately competent and licensed, where appropriate, people. Isolating the hazard from people - this may include erecting a physical barrier to prevent a person or anything held by a person, or attached to the person, entering Zone C. A physical barrier should consist of a non-conductive material like wood or plastic. It should be strong enough to withstand impact from falling objects or loose materials. The barrier should be erected safely and may entail isolating the electricity supply while the barrier is installed. Using engineering controls - this may include: sanding by hand near the point where an overhead line meets a building, rather than using an electric disc sander using an insulated fibreglass extension handle on a paint roller, instead of a conductive aluminium extension handle. Figure 16 Insulated matting and tiger tail fitted to overhead service line PAGE 45 of 86

46 If a risk then remains, the duty holder must minimise the remaining risk, so far as is reasonably practicable, by using: Administrative controls - this may include: planning and documenting safe work practices and procedures before starting work using a safety observer to warn people before they enter Zone C using visible indicators like tiger tails installed on electric lines and stay wires to make them easier to see and locate. Any remaining risk must be minimised, as far as is reasonably practicable, by providing and ensuring the use of: Personal protective equipment (PPE) - appropriate PPE includes electrically tested insulating gloves worn by anyone who may be at risk of entering an unsafe zone. s Clothes should be kept dry especially in wet or humid conditions. Combining control measures In most cases, a combination of the control measures will provide the best solution to minimise the risk to the lowest level reasonably practicable. Emergency plan and rescue procedures following contact with overhead electric lines are provided in Appendix C. PAGE 46 of 86

47 9. TRANSPORTING HIGH LOADS OVERHEAD ELECTRIC LINES The risks of road transport operators contacting energised overhead electric lines, for example, when moving a high load with a vehicle in the vicinity of overhead electric lines of an electricity supply authority must be managed. This section provides guidance on responsibilities and safe procedures to these operators, their workers and others. Apart from electrical risks, there may be other obstacles or risks associated with transporting high loads, for example clearance from trees and traffic lights are not covered in this Code. This Code also does not cover permits and other requirements for the transport of over dimension loads from other authorities like a local council, rail or transport authorities. 9.1 Meaning of specific terms used for transporting high loads Assessing means checking the suitability of, and the requirements necessary for, safe transport of a proposed high load by reference to the electricity supply authority s records. If this is not possible, scoping should be undertaken. Escorting is facilitating safe passage of a high load through an electricity supply authority s network, including activities necessary to achieve safety. Escort service provider is a person conducting a business or undertaking who provides services to escort a vehicle in accordance with the electricity supply authority s electrical safety precautions. Notification is a road transport operator s advice to the electricity supply authority of the intended route and the specification of a high load. Road transport operator is a person conducting a business or undertaking who transports a load more than 4.6 metres high. Scoping is checking the suitability of and the requirements necessary for, safe transport of a proposed high load by physically checking the intended route. Allowances should be made for changes in the road profile like dips and the distance between front and rear wheel axles. Figure 17 shows an example of a problem caused by changes to the road profile. Scoping may not be required where the suitability for transporting a high load over a particular route can be determined by assessment. Scoping service provider is an electricity supply authority or a person conducting a business or undertaking who carries out scoping or assessing in accordance with an electricity supply authority s high load safety precautions. Qualified person is a person who has successfully completed a high load transportation scoping course or its equivalent provided or authorised by an electricity supply authority. The evaluation of the person s qualification will be made by the relevant electricity supply authority. PAGE 47 of 86

48 Figure 17 The road profile can affect the clearance height of over dimension loads 9.2 Transport requirements for high load categories Electricity supply authorities have certain requirements that must be met before high loads can be moved with a vehicle in the vicinity of overhead electric lines of an electricity distribution network. What is a high load and what requirements apply? There are four categories of high load. The transport requirements of high loads depend on the height of the load above the roads. Three of these categories have special requirements. The categories and requirements are set out in Table 3. Table 3 Categories and requirements for high loads being transported Category Number Maximum transport height of load above road Transport Requirements 1 Up to 4.6 metres Transport can be carried out without notification. 2 Over 4.6 metres, but not exceeding 5.0 metres 3 Over 5.0 metres, but not exceeding 5.5 metres 4 Exceeding 5.5 metres Notification to the electricity supply authority is required. The route should be assessed by a qualified person taking into account the electricity supply authority s advice about the network including information in the notification and safety advice. Generally no escorting will be required, depending on the outcome of scoping and assessment. Notification to the electricity supply authority is required. The route should be assessed by a qualified person taking into account the electricity supply authority s safety advice. An escort may be required in accordance with the electricity supply authority s requirements or depending on outcome of scoping and assessment. Notification to the electricity supply authority is required. The route should be assessed by a qualified person taking into account the electricity supply authority s advice about the network and all safety precautions advised by the network. An escort is required. PAGE 48 of 86

49 Category 1 (height of 4.6 m or less): Transport can be carried out without notification to the electricity supply authority. Category 2, 3, 4: Notification should be sent to the electricity supply authority. Notification about transporting a high load should contain the following: Dimensions of the load. The maximum travel height of the load should be determined by combining the height of the object and the vehicle used for transportation. If unable to predetermine the exact measurement, the maximum possible height should be used for scoping or assessing purposes. Route specification. Time or times during which transport is required to take place. Details of the service provider responsible for facilitating the transport of the high load and providing safety precautions. Copies of the notification form are available directly from the electricity supply authority and their website. Note As circumstances may change between the date of assessment and the date of transporting the load, the road transport operator should contact the electricity supply authority to confirm details within 24 hours of transporting the load. 9.3 Responsibilities Electrical safety Electricity supply authority Responsibilities regarding the transport of high loads are to: provide relevant electricity network information to transport operators and escort service providers explain precautions for scoping or assessing high loads and escorting high loads, which address the electricity risks of these activities provide written authorisation. Escort service provider electrical safety Responsibilities regarding the transport of high loads are to: understand the Zone C no go zone concepts and their application ensure only people with appropriate training are engaged to perform relevant activities associated with escorting the high load inform the electricity supply authority if load and route do not conform to the notification details decide on the strategy and plan of action in consultation with the electricity supply authority use only specialised equipment, especially where the equipment may and can come into contact with exposed energised parts notify the electricity supply authority of operational electrical safety problems that have been identified like damage to network assets direct road transport operators to ensure electrical safety is maintained. PAGE 49 of 86

50 Road transport operator electrical safety Responsibilities regarding the transport of high loads are to: notify the electricity supply authority of the intention to move a high load in the vicinity of network assets provide accurate information about high loads to the electricity supply authority comply with precautions required by the electricity supply authority comply with directions of escort provider contact the electricity supply authority about operational matters affecting electricity safety e.g. if the high load transport encountered electric lines lower than the minimum clearance required, where an escort service provider is not required. Scoping service provider or network assessor electrical safety Responsibility regarding the transport of high loads is to provide accurate information about the network through which the high load is to be transported. Note The categories and requirements for transporting high loads are based on Queensland requirements. For specific requirements in other jurisdictions contact the relevant Transport or Traffic Authority and the Electricity Supply Authority in your state or territory. For further information see Appendix D and Appendix F. PAGE 50 of 86

51 10. ELECTRICAL RISKS - UNDERGROUND ELECTRIC CABLES R.166: A person conducting a business or undertaking at a workplace must ensure, so far as is reasonably practicable, that no person, plant or thing at the workplace comes within an unsafe distance of an overhead or underground electric line. If this is not reasonably practicable to ensure the safe distance, the person must ensure that a risk assessment is conducted for the proposed work and control measures implemented are consistent with the risk assessment and the requirements of an electricity supply authority where it is responsible for the electric line. The risks associated with people working in the vicinity of underground electrical services involving potential contact with exposed energised parts must be managed. Examples include: a plumber cutting a conductive water pipe that is part of the site s electrical installation s earthing system a fencing contractor digging holes where an electrical cable could be buried a plumber digging a trench to locate underground pipes using earth moving equipment on construction sites or using mobile cranes or heavy vehicles that become bogged. Construction work carried out on or near energised electrical installations or services is defined as high risk construction work and requires the preparation of a SWMS. Further information on SWMS is provided in section 1.4. An injury resulting from damage to energised underground electricity cables is usually caused by electric shock or the explosive effects of arcing current and by the fire or flames which follow when the sheath of a cable is crushed or contact is made between the individual phases of a cable. The presence of gas or a mixture of gases in a trench could be ignited by an electrical charge or an electrical arc resulting in a fire or explosion, the severity of which depends on the gaseous mixture. Gas can be present in the ground due to gas pipe damage or leakage, sewerage pits, chemical reactions or leaching and the accumulation of airborne gases in low lying areas. Gas can be introduced by the nature of the work being carried out including oxy-acetylene cutting or chemical grouting. Electrical cables are designed for installation in ducts or to be buried directly in a suitable stone-free backfill. They are not designed to resist the impact of plant or machine tools Identifying the hazards Before carrying out work, the person conducting a business or undertaking, whether at a construction site or not, must find out from appropriate sources what underground electrical services could create a risk if contacted or damaged. This information should be used to plan the work. A written record of this information should be kept. Hazards may include: digging holes with metal hand tools like spades, shovels, picks, forks and hammers or excavating trenches with earth moving machinery using a metal toothed bucket or driving implements into the ground like star pickets where underground services may be located Assessing the risks A risk assessment involves considering what could happen if someone is exposed to a hazard and the likelihood of it happening. The risk assessment should consider: tools damaging cables or equipment e.g. when digging, driving equipment or excavating where buried electrical cables may be present electric cables or equipment being concealed in a work location. PAGE 51 of 86

52 If it is not known whether cables, conduits, equipment or situations form an electrical safety risk, you should either assume the risk exists, or have a qualified person investigate and report. If excavating in a public place, suitable means should be used to identify all electrical cables present. Suitable means may include: Call Dial Before You Dig, a free enquiry service for information on underground assets anywhere in Australia. This organisation will tell you if electrical cables owned by one or more of its contributory members are located in the vicinity of your worksite. In addition, definite cable locations can be determined by special arrangement with the organisations. Dial Before You Dig can be contacted by: o phone on 1100; or o submit an online enquiry at Contact relevant authorities about all cables they may have placed in the vicinity of the excavation. Authorities may include: o electricity supply authorities o communication companies o local government authorities o water authorities. In some instances, customers of electricity supply authorities have authority to place electricity cables in public places. If excavating on private property, contact the owner or occupier of the premises about buried cables before starting work. A risk assessment should be documented and available on site when the work is being carried out Controlling the risks Where the risk is not known, it should be assumed an electrical risk could exist. For example, if you cannot determine exactly where an underground cable is, you should use pot-holing to carefully identify the cable location and avoid accidental contact with the cable. Pot-holing involves excavating with hand tools to a pre-determined depth to establish if assets exist in the immediate location. This may mean using insulated hand digging tools appropriate for the voltage concerned when pot-holing, or the use of vacuum pumping in the pot-holing process to locate the underground cable. Where the risk is known, for example where an electrical conduit contains an energised low voltage circuit and there is a risk the conduit could be cut or scraped with a power tool, suitable precautions should be taken. Eliminating the risk This may include having the electricity supply to the site isolated. Sometimes, when many cables are co-located identifying the isolation point for a particular cable is not easy. A qualified person should be engaged to do the isolation work or it may be necessary to have the electricity supply authority disconnect the supply. De-energising electric lines should be arranged as soon as possible because depending on the circumstances, it may take some time to arrange. Minimising the risk If elimination is not reasonably practicable, you must minimise the risks by implementing the following control measures: Substituting the hazard with a safer option, process or equipment - this may include: using insulated hand digging tools using non-powered hand tools or consider hiring a person with relevant electrical qualifications to do the job. Isolating the hazard from people - this may include installing a physical barrier to prevent accidental contact between a hand-held tool and underground electric cables. A physical barrier should consist of a non-conductive material like wood, plastic or concrete and be strong enough to withstand impact PAGE 52 of 86

53 from falling objects or loose materials. The barrier should be erected safely and may entail isolating the electricity supply while the barrier is installed. If a risk then remains, the duty holder must minimise the remaining risk, so far as is reasonably practicable, by using: Administrative controls- this may include: authorisation to conduct the work like a permit to work training to identify the hazards and perform the work safely. Any remaining risk must be minimised, as far as is reasonably practicable, by providing and ensuring the use of: Personal protective equipment (PPE) - appropriate PPE includes the use of effectively electrically tested insulating gloves, fire retardant clothing and suitable eye protection. Combining control measures In most cases, a combination of the control measures will provide the best solution to minimise the risk to the lowest level reasonably practicable Notes on cable identification Electric lines and cables are manufactured in many different ways. Not all cables are covered with thermoplastic sheath, although these are common and often well known. Electrical cables have different shapes and appearances and can be circular, oval, flat, or ribbed in cross section. These cables can also be of any colour. Some electric cables consist of a copper sheath with copper conductors within the sheath and a mineral insulation separating the conductors and sheath. These cables look and feel identical to copper water pipe or gas pipe. Cables of this kind could also be made of other metals like stainless steel and aluminium. Electrical conduits are made of different materials and construction varies for example: PVC rigid conduit from 16 mm or 5/8 inch outside diameter (OD) to 150 mm or 6 inch OD is generally light grey; if the conduit is heavy duty and suitable for underground use, it may be orange (PVC conduit for protection against high temperatures is black) PVC flexible conduit or flexible hose PVC corrugated conduit screwed metal conduit generally made from galvanized steel split metal conduit, now obsolete but still widely used, and generally painted black cable trunking, rectangular or square in cross section, and in a wide range of sizes, made of steel or plastic cable tray, generally galvanized steel in a wide range of sizes and styles. Further guidance on managing risks associated with excavation is provided in the Code of Practice: Excavation Work. PAGE 53 of 86

54 APPENDIX A DEFINITIONS Conductor means a wire, cable or form of metal designed for carrying electric current. De-energised means separated from all sources of supply but not necessarily isolated, earthed, discharged or out of commission. Earthed means directly electrically connected to the general mass of earth to ensure and maintain the effective dissipation of electrical energy. Electrical part means an exposed part or an overhead insulated electric line. Electrical work means connecting electricity supply wiring to electrical equipment or disconnecting electricity supply wiring from electrical equipment; or installing, removing, adding, testing, replacing, repairing, altering or maintaining electrical equipment or an electrical installation. Electricity Supply Authority means a person or body engaged in the transmission or distribution of electricity to the public or in the generation of electricity for supply, directly or indirectly, to the public. An electricity supply authority may also be known as a network operator, a network service provider or an electricity entity. Energised means connected to a source of electrical supply or subject to hazardous induced or capacitive voltages. Envelope means the space encapsulating an item of plant, including attachments including rotating or flashing lights or radio aerials, categorised as: Design: the space encapsulating all possible movements of the plant and a load attached under maximum reach, or Transit: the area encompassing the normal height and width of a vehicle or plant when travelling to or from a worksite. Extra low voltage means voltage that does not exceed 50 volts alternating current (50 V AC) or 120 volts ripple-free direct current (120 V ripple-free DC). High voltage means a voltage that exceeds low voltage. Insulated means separated from adjoining conducting material by a non-conducting substance which provides resistance to the passage of current, or to disruptive discharges through or over the surface of the substance at the operating voltage, and to mitigate the danger of shock or injurious leakage of current. Isolated means separated from all possible sources of electrical energy and rendered incapable of being energised unintentionally. Load is a substance, material or object being moved, carried, lifted or supported or which is in rotary or vertical motion, in association with a crane or mobile plant. A load includes people and equipment located on an elevating work platform. Low voltage means voltage that exceeds extra-low voltage and does not exceed 1000 volts alternating current (1000 V AC) or 1500 volts direct current (1500 V DC). Plant means machinery, equipment, appliances, containers, implement and tools and includes all components or anything fitted or connected to any of those things. Plant is diverse and includes for example cranes, lifts, computers, forklifts, vehicles and power tools. Tiger tails are plastic pipe type cable covers, used to provide a useful visual indication to people working in the vicinity of overhead electric lines or stay wires. Tiger tails do not insulate wires. Voltage means a potential difference between conductors or between conductors and earth. PAGE 54 of 86

55 APPENDIX B CASE STUDIES - INCIDENTS AND SCENARIOS A variety of examples are provided to illustrate the risk management process and bring together the practical advice in this Code. This Code can be used to manage risks of working in the vicinity of overhead electric lines and underground electrical services to meet electrical safety obligations and avoid death, serious injury and damage to property. Case 1. Incident Mobile Crane Operations A mobile crane came into contact with 132,000 volt overhead electric lines adjacent to a worksite. At the time of the incident the crane driver had slewed the boom of the crane towards the overhead electric lines, which resulted in the lifting chains swinging outwards, making contact with the electric line. Luckily no one was injured, however the crane sustained extensive damage to the tyres, lifting rope and electrical system on the crane. Contributing factors Failure to: maintain relevant approach distance to the electric lines and take account of the possibility of the lifting chains swinging towards the overhead electric lines when the crane was operated carry out an adequate risk assessment of the worksite implement appropriate risk control measures for the work use a safety observer to observe the crane operations near the electric lines. Case 2. Setting up a Mobile Concrete Pump As the project manager, Kevin understands and manages his work health and safety obligations including potential hazards including overhead electric lines. For the type of projects he works on Kevin uses concrete pumps regularly. An important part of setting up concrete pumping equipment for a project is to consider the vicinity of overhead electric lines in the risk management process. With his contractors Kevin identified the no go zone minimum clearance distance for the concrete placement boom in consultation with the electricity supply authority and allowing for sway and sag of the lines. He documents this all in a risk assessment. Kevin ensured the pump is able to be set up on solid ground to prevent inadvertent movement of booms entering no go zones. He ensured the safety observer watched while pump operators set up and they keep the pipes away from no go zones and parallel to the ground where possible. He ensured a safety observer was present to warn the operator if the placement boom approached the no go zone. Case 3. Incident Scaffolding Work A worker died and three apprentice roof plumbers were injured when attempting to move an 8.9 metre high aluminium scaffold at a construction site. At the time of the incident the workers were moving the mobile scaffold over soft sand when the castor wheels located at the base of the scaffold sank into the sand causing it to fall and make contact with 33,000 volt overhead electric lines located adjacent to the construction site. Contributing factors Failure to: carry out an adequate risk assessment of the worksite to account for the ground conditions at the worksite implement appropriate risk control measures for the work. PAGE 55 of 86

56 Case 4. Incident Farm Machinery A farmer operating a harvester on his own property was fatally electrocuted when the raised delivery chute contacted 11,000 volt overhead electric lines. The farmer was aware of the electric lines and had previously warned others to stay clear. Contributing factors Failure to: maintain relevant approach distance to the electric lines carry out an adequate risk assessment of the worksite and implement appropriate risk control measures to ensure no go zones are adhered to. Case 5. Incident Irrigation Pipes on a Rural Property While attempting to remove vermin from metal irrigation pipes, a farmer working in a field was fatally electrocuted when he raised an irrigation pipe into 22,000 volt overhead electric lines above trying to shake out the vermin blocking the pipe. The electric line height was correct. Contributing factors Failure to: identify the risk of raising objects into the overhead electric lines carry out a risk assessment of the worksite and implement appropriate risk control measures. Case 6. Rural Workplace, Cane Haulage Ray, a cane farmer, attended a safety conference run by his growers association and heard a presentation from the local electricity supply authority about electric line safety. The presenter highlighted the need for cane haul out and harvesting contractors to manage the risks around overhead electric lines. Ray had previously attended a training program about safe working near overhead electric lines which equipped him with the knowledge to manage the risk by introducing a number of risk control measures for crane haulage activities at their designated rail siding delivery point. Ray s risk assessment identified electric lines near the delivery point and raised the possibility of cane haulers entering the no go zone when lifting their bins. A designated bin lift and tip point, an administrative risk control measure, was introduced via signage containing the instruction Bins not to be lifted before this point. Ray contacted the electricity supply authority who installed flag markers on the electric lines crossing near the cane delivery point to make them more visible to operators. Case 7. Incident Tip Truck Operation A tip truck contacted an 11,000 volt overhead electric line causing it to break and fall to the ground striking a worker who was at the worksite. At the time of the incident the tip truck was delivering a load of granulated bitumen to the worksite when the tip tray of the truck was raised upwards into the overhead electric lines. Contributing factors Failure to: plan the work and identify the risk of the overhead electric lines maintain the relevant approach distance to the overhead electric lines and take account of the height of the raised tray when the load was dumped at the worksite carry out a risk assessment of the worksite implement appropriate risk control measures for the work use a safety observer to observe the truck operations in the vicinity of the electric lines. Case 8. Safety Observer for a Crane in the Vicinity of Electric Line PAGE 56 of 86

57 Kevin s Sign Company occasionally manufacturers and installs tall advertising signs by the roadside near where overhead electric lines exist. Kevin is aware of managing the risk of overhead electric lines and has had a consultant assist in preparing and documenting a risk management manual. In Kevin s workshop, work is about to start on the design and construction of a new sign for a shopping centre. The company s safe work procedures are applied at the start of each new job. Kevin needs to visit the site to check some dimensions and carry out a site risk assessment. As part of the company s documented safe work procedure, Kevin s site visit identified the risk of overhead electric lines. Kevin contacted the electricity supply authority which gave him information about the electric lines to allow him to assess the no go zone distances and when to use a safety observer. Kevin discussed his requirements with his crane contractor who has also visited the site. Kevin used this operator because he has been given a copy of their safe work procedures and can check the qualifications of operators easily. On the day of the sign s installation, clear instructions are given to the crane driver and the safety observer. The dogger who assisted on the day was trained to know his responsibilities as he took on the safety observer role, and had radio communication with the operator and was in a position to clearly see the job and can stop it at any time. Case 9. Work on a Rural Property - Flashover A 17 year old rural worker was fatally electrocuted due to a flashover when a steel flagpole came into close proximity with an 11 kv overhead electric line above the entrance to a rural property. At the time of the incident the worker was attempting to erect the 5.2 m flag pole at the main entrance gate to the property. Contributing factors Failure to identify hazards of the overhead electric lines and implement appropriate risk controls. PAGE 57 of 86

58 APPENDIX C EMERGENCY PLAN AND RESCUE PROCEDURES R.43: A person conducting a business or undertaking must ensure that an emergency plan is prepared and maintained so it remains effective for the workplace, and provides for the following: emergency procedures, including: o an effective response to an emergency o evacuation procedures o notifying emergency service organisations at the earliest opportunity o medical treatment and assistance o effective communication between the person authorised by the person conducting the business or undertaking to co-ordinate the emergency response and all persons at the workplace testing of the emergency procedures, including the frequency of testing information, training and instruction to relevant workers in relation to implementing the emergency procedures. Planning for work carried out in the vicinity of overhead or underground electric lines should include the possibility of emergencies and the need for quick rescue and evacuation of workers. Planning for emergencies should include: testing the communication systems within the site and to external contacts establishing an emergency meeting point, making sure it is known to all workers and is simply communicated to the emergency services, e.g. a signposted location or road intersection listing phone contacts in case of emergency, with details stored at multiple known locations ensuring adequate transport is available for an evacuation confirming emergency procedures for working alone and report in protocols briefing all workers including contractors and visitors who will be on site about the emergency procedures. Emergency procedures should be tested in accordance with the emergency plan in which they are contained. Testing the procedures can be done by running practice emergencies, for example a crane jib contacting energised overhead electric lines or a lightning strike starting a grass fire, with the person with management or control of the workplace and the workers. Further information is provided in the Fact Sheet: Emergency plans. Emergency plan for contact with an energised overhead electric line A risk assessment should be completed covering potential emergency situations that may result from mobile equipment contacting energised electric lines including: contact with energised electric lines when the electricity trips contact with the energised electric lines when the electricity does not trip a fire starting on the mobile plant or equipment a grass or bushfire starting a tyre catching fire or tyre pyrolysis leading to a tyre explosion or a combination of any of the above An emergency plan can be developed from the results of the risk assessment in consultation with workers and liaison with the electricity supply authority, or for work on private overhead electric lines, the person with management or control of the electric line or premises and emergency service providers. PAGE 58 of 86

59 Emergency Rescue Procedures Where contact is made with an energised overhead electric line or a flash-over occurs between an energised overhead electric line and a crane or mobile plant, the following actions should be taken: Try to break the machinery s contact with the energised overhead electric line by moving the jib or driving the machine clear only if safe to do so. If it is not possible to break the contact with the energised overhead electric line, the operator of the crane or mobile plant should remain inside the cabin of the crane or on the plant item. The electricity supply authority should be called immediately to isolate electricity to the energised overhead electric line. The operator should remain in place until the electricity has been isolated, and the all clear given by the electricity supply authority. If it is essential to leave the cabin or the operator s position because of fire or other life threatening reason, then jump clear of the equipment. Do not touch the equipment and the ground at the same time. When moving away from the equipment, the operator should hop or shuffle away from the plant with both feet together until at least eight metres from the nearest part of the crane or plant. Under no circumstances run or walk from the crane or mobile plant as voltage gradients passing through the ground may cause electricity to pass through the body resulting in an electric shock. Warn all other people and members of the public to keep 8 metres clear from the crane or mobile plant (see Figure 18). Do not touch or allow other people to touch any part of the crane or plant and do not allow people to approach or re-enter the vehicle until the electricity supply authority has determined the site safe. Remember electricity flows through the ground, so an electric shock could be received from walking close to the scene. If the crane or plant operator is immobilised, ensure the electricity supply has been isolated and the site made safe before giving help. Unauthorised, unequipped people should not attempt to rescue a person receiving an electric shock. All too often secondary deaths occur because others get electrocuted trying to help earlier victims. If the crane or plant operator is immobilised, ensure the electricity supply has been isolated and the site has been made safe before giving help. PAGE 59 of 86

60 Figure 18 Affected area surrounding mobile plant when in contact with an energised overhead electric line Post incident inspection by a competent person When a crane or mobile plant has been in contact with an energised overhead electric line, it should be checked by a competent person for damage to the components of the crane or mobile plant. All actions recommended by the competent person are to be completed before the crane or mobile plant is returned to service. Tyres on cranes and mobile plant that have been in contact with overhead electric lines where electrical flash-over and current flow occurs through the rubber tyres should be considered as a potential hazard. These rubber tyres may catch fire or have the potential to explode. Additionally, a lesser known danger is when combustion takes place within the tyre and there are no apparent external signs. When excessive heat is developed in or applied to a tyre as in the case from contact with overhead electric lines, it can initiate a process known as pyrolysis, which is the decomposition of a substance by heat. This can generate a build-up of flammable gases and pressure within the tyre, which may ultimately then rupture or explode. Vast amounts of energy can be released by a tyre explosion, often leading to significant equipment damage, serious injuries or fatalities. Pyrolysis related explosions are very unpredictable, and have been known to occur immediately or up to 24 hours after initiation. An explosion can occur where no fire is visible. The danger area can be up to 300 metres from the tyre. PAGE 60 of 86