"ELECTROCUTION HAZARDS IN CONSTRUCTION ENVIRONMENTS PART I TYPES OF HAZARDS AND HOW YOU CAN PROTECT YOURSELF"

Transcription

1 PRESENTER'S GUIDE "ELECTROCUTION HAZARDS IN CONSTRUCTION ENVIRONMENTS PART I TYPES OF HAZARDS AND HOW YOU CAN PROTECT YOURSELF" Part of the "CONSTRUCTION SAFETY KIT" Series Quality Safety and Health Products, for Today...and Tomorrow

2 THE "CONSTRUCTION SAFETY KIT" SERIES This education program is part of the "Construction Safety Kit" Series. The programs in this series have been created to provide building and construction employees with good, basic information on everyday safety and health topics. Many of these programs also meet employee training requirements of specific OSHA regulations. This series includes the following programs: Crane Safety Drug and Alcohol Abuse for Employees Drug and Alcohol Abuse for Managers & Supervisors Electrocution Hazards Part I Types of Hazards and How You Can Protect Yourself Electrocution Hazards Part II Employer Requirements Eye Safety Fall Protection First Aid Hand and Power Tool Safety Hand, Wrist and Finger Safety Heat Stress Introduction to OSHA The Basics Introduction to OSHA Part I OSHA's History and Mission and Your Rights Under OSHA Introduction to OSHA Part II Your Employer's Responsibilities and What OSHA Standards Say Introduction to OSHA Part III How OSHA Inspections are Conducted Ladder Safety Preparing for An OSHA Inspection Personal Protective Equipment Rigging Safety Right-To-Know/The Hazard Communications Standard Safety Orientation Slips, Trips and Falls Supported Scaffolding Safety Suspended Scaffolding Safety The OSHA Lead Standards i

3 The series also includes a number of programs that have been created to provide employees with condensed, "refresher" training on important OSHA regulatory topics, as well as meet employee retraining requirements of specific OSHA regulations: Personal Protective Equipment Refresher Training Right-To-Know Refresher Training Supported Scaffolding Safety Refresher Training Suspended Scaffolding Safety Refresher Training The OSHA Lead Standards Refresher Training Other products in the "Construction Safety Kit" product line include employee booklets and posters, which have been designed specifically to be used with the programs. Compliance manuals are also available for many of the OSHA regulatory topics. By combining these products you have all of the materials you need to promote and conduct a complete safety meeting (for information on these products, contact your local distributor). ii

4 WARRANTY/DISCLAIMER "This program has been created to assist companies that are endeavoring to educate their employees regarding good safety and health practices. The information contained in this program is the information available to the producers of the program at the time of its production. All information in this program should be reviewed for accuracy and appropriateness by companies using the program to assure that it conforms to their situation and recommended procedures, as well as to any state, federal or other laws, standards and regulations governing their operations. There is no warranty, expressed or implied, that the information in this program is accurate or appropriate for any particular company's environment." Copyright 2012, The MARCOM Group, Ltd. iii

5 TABLE OF CONTENTS Section $ INTRODUCTION TO THE PROGRAM 1 Structure and organization Background Objectives Reviewing the program $ PREPARING FOR THE PRESENTATION 2 Structuring the presentation Setting up the class and classroom $ CONDUCTING THE SESSION 3 The initial steps Showing the program Using the program for "Tailgate Meetings" and "Toolbox Talks" Conducting the discussion Concluding the presentation "Wrapping up" the paperwork $ OUTLINE OF MAJOR POINTS IN THE PROGRAM 4 $ ACCOMPANYING MATERIALS 5 Scheduling and Attendance Form Quiz Training Certificate Employee Training Log Booklet iv

6 INTRODUCTION TO THE PROGRAM

7 INTRODUCTION TO THE PROGRAM Structure and Organization Information in this program is presented in a definite order, so that employees will see the relationships between the various groups of information and can retain them more easily. The sections in this program include: Electrical hazards and electrocution. Major types of electrocution hazards. Protecting yourself from electrocution hazards power lines and GFCI's. Protecting yourself from electrocution hazards power tools, and extension cords. Lock-out/tag-out. Background Construction sites contain a number of potential electrical hazards. OSHA defines four types of hazards that are associated with electricity. Direct contact with electricity, through a power source, cord or transmission line is the most common type of electrical hazard, and can occur in a number of ways. Fires are a common result of electrical problems. Most often they occur as a result of faulty electrical outlets and old or damaged wiring. Problems with power cords and extension cords, plugs, receptacles and switches can also cause electrical fires. Explosions are another potential result of an electrical malfunction. An explosion can occur when electricity ignites an explosive mixture of material and air. This can range from a liquid, such as gasoline, to something as common as dust. 1

8 "Arc flash" is one of the most intense forms of electrical hazards. It s the sudden release of electrical energy through the air when a high-voltage gap exists and there is a breakdown between conductors. An arc flash gives of thermal radiation (heat) and bright, intense light both of which can cause burns. Electrocution is the most serious result of coming into contact with an electrical hazard. It occurs when someone is exposed to a lethal amount of electrical energy, and is by definition, fatal. Typically, the electricity interrupts the rhythm of the heart and ultimately causes it to stop beating. Over the years, electrocution has become the fourth leading cause of death in the construction industry. Contrary to common perception, it does not take a great deal of electricity to cause an electrocution. Just the amount of current that it takes to light a common Christmas Tree bulb can stop the heart and result in death. There are a number of causes of electrocution. If the power to electrical equipment is not grounded, the grounding path has been broken, or there are live parts or bare wires, a "fault current" can travel through your body. Even when the equipment or tool is properly grounded, it can instantly change from "safe" to "hazardous because of extreme conditions or rough treatment. So it's important that employees know what types of electrical hazards they may encounter on a job site, and how they can protect themselves from them. Objectives To help employees understand electrocution hazards in construction environments, this education and training program is designed to present basic information in this area. Upon completion of the program, employees should: Understand the different types of hazards associated with electricity. Know what injuries can be caused by electrical hazards. Know what measures they can take to protect themselves from electrical hazards and electrocution. 2

9 Reviewing the Program As with any educational program, the "presenter" should go through the entire program at least once to become familiar with the content and make sure the program is consistent with company policy and directives. An "outline" of the points in the program is included in this Presenter's Guide to help with this task and for general reference. As part of this review process, you should determine how you, as the presenter, will conduct your session. The use of materials such as handouts, charts, etc., that may be available to you needs to be well thought out and integrated into the overall program presentation. 3

10 PREPARING FOR THE PRESENTATION

11 PREPARING FOR THE PRESENTATION Structuring the Presentation In conducting this education session, you should proceed with a friendly and helpful attitude. Remember that the "trainees" are looking to your experience and knowledge to help them relate to the situations shown in the program. It is important to let the trainees interact with you and each other during the training session. Stimulating conversation within the group is one of the best things you, as the presenter of the program, can do to help everyone get as much as possible from the session. Be alert for comments that could help in this area in future sessions and make note of them. As the presenter, you also should: Keep the session focused on the topic of electrical hazards in construction environments. Relate discussions to how to protect yourself from electrical hazards and electrocution. Prevent any one person or small group of employees in the session from doing all the talking. Get everyone involved. Ask questions of those who don't participate voluntarily. Clarify comments by relating them to the key points in the program. Use the "Outline of Major Points" included in this guide, as well as the information included in the quiz, as the basis for answering any questions. If you don't know the answer, say so. Tragic results may occur should you provide incorrect or inaccurate information. Remember, this is a positive program on protecting employees from electrical hazards and electrocution. Make sure your attitude and words reflect this and that the emphasis is always on providing the information needed by the attendees to prevent accidents and injuries from occurring. 1

12 Setting Up the Class and Classroom There are a number of things that must be done to "set up" the class as well as the classroom. If you are using the program for a "Tailgate Meeting" or "Toolbox Talk" some of these things won't apply, but many of them will. So you will still need to run through this checklist prior to your training session. They include: Scheduling and Notification Use the enclosed form to schedule employees into the session. Make sure that the session is scheduled so that it fits into your attendees' work day. Send out notification of the session well in advance, to give people enough time to incorporate it into their schedule for that day. If possible, post a notification on bulletin boards in the affected employees' areas. The Classroom Schedule the room well in advance. Make sure the room can accommodate the expected number of attendees. Check it again on the day of the program to make sure there is no conflict. Make sure the room can be darkened, and won't create a glare on the television screen. Locate the light controls and test them. Make sure the power for the DVD or videotape player you are using operates separately from the room light. See if you can control the room temperature. Know where the closest restrooms are located. Assure that the room is free from distracting noises. Make sure emergency exits are marked and known to the attendees. Seating Make sure everyone can see the screen from their seat. Make sure everyone can hear both the DVD/ videotape and you (when you speak). 2

13 Check to see that seating is such that writing can be done easily. Make sure the seating arrangement allows eye contact between attendees, and between you and attendees. Equipment and Materials Make sure the DVD or videotape player, monitor, and all appropriate cables and extension cords are available. Make sure a stand or table is available and is of appropriate height for all attendees to easily see the monitor. If you plan on using a chart pad, blackboard, or other writing board, make sure it is available, easy to see, and you have the proper writing implements. Make sure you have 6" x 8" index cards or other materials to be used as "name tents" for attendees. Make sure you have made up a sufficient number of copies of the quiz, as well as any other handouts you are using. "Final Check" Make sure equipment is in the room prior to the scheduled session. Make sure you have the right program, (look inside the three-ring binder!) Check to see that the room is set up properly. Check equipment prior to the presentation to assure that it works. Make sure extension cords, etc. are "taped down", if need be, to avoid tripping. If you are using the videotape version of the program, run the "leader" up to the point where the program begins. 3

14 CONDUCTING THE SESSION

15 The Initial Steps CONDUCTING THE SESSION In conducting the session remember the positive nature of this presentation. Everyone is attending in order to learn more about electrocution hazards in construction environments. Initially, you need to: Introduce yourself as the session leader. State the title of the program, "Electrocution Hazards In Construction Environments Part I Types of Hazards and How You Can Protect Yourself", and the purpose of the session (to learn about how to protect yourself from potential electrical hazards and create a safer workplace). Inform the attendees when there will be breaks (if you plan them) the location of exits and restrooms and if water, coffee, or other refreshments will be available. Make sure all of the attendees have "signed in" on your scheduling and attendance sheet. Remember, it is very important to document peoples' attendance at the session. Once this housekeeping is done, it is time to move to the "meat" of the session. First, the attendees need to be informed about the objectives of the session (this is where you can use a flip chart or board to list the objectives, which should be done prior to the class starting). This listing should be preceded with some introductory remarks. Your own words are always best, but the remarks should include information such as the following paragraphs: "Construction sites can contain a number of potential electrical hazards. OSHA defines four types of hazards that are associated with electricity, and three types of injuries that result from them. Direct contact with electricity, through a power source, cord or transmission line is the most common type of electrical hazard, and can occur in a number of ways. " 1

16 "Fires are a common result of electrical problems. Most often they occur as a result of faulty electrical outlets and old or damaged wiring. Problems with power cords and extension cords, plugs, receptacles and switches can also cause electrical fires." "Explosions are another potential result of an electrical malfunction. An explosion can occur when electricity ignites an explosive mixture of material and air. This can range from a liquid, such as gasoline, to something as common as dust." "Arc flash is one of the most intense forms of electrical hazards. It s the sudden release of electrical energy through the air when a high-voltage gap exists and there is a breakdown between conductors. An arc flash gives of thermal radiation (heat) and bright, intense light both of which can cause burns." "Electrocution is the most serious result of coming into contact with an electrical hazard. It occurs when someone is exposed to a lethal amount of electrical energy, and is by definition, fatal. Typically, the electricity interrupts the rhythm of the heart and ultimately causes it to stop beating." "Over the years, electrocution has become the fourth leading cause of death in the construction industry. Contrary to common perception, it does not take a great deal of electricity to cause an electrocution. Just the amount of current that it takes to light a common Christmas Tree bulb can stop the heart and result in death." "There are a number of causes of electrocution. If the power to electrical equipment is not grounded, the grounding path has been broken, or there are live parts or bare wires, a "fault current" can travel through your body. Even when the equipment or tool is properly grounded, it can instantly change from "safe" to "hazardous because of extreme conditions or rough treatment. So it's important that you know what types of electrical hazards you may encounter on a construction site, and how you can protect yourself from them." 2

17 "The program we are going to watch provides a lot of good information about how to protect ourselves from electrical hazards and electrocution on our jobsites. To make this the most productive session possible, we need to look at what we want to accomplish here today of this guide, (verbally reference the <Objectives= list from the first section or gesture to the blackboard or chart where you have written them down)". Once the objectives have been provided, you are ready to show the program. However, you do need to let the attendees know that they will be taking a quiz at the end of the session (if you are using it). It needs to be emphasized that they are not being "graded", but that the quiz is being used to see if the session is effectively transmitting information to them in a way they will remember. Showing the Program At this point, you need to introduce the title of the program once again, Electrocution Hazards In Construction Environments Part I Types of Hazards and How You Can Protect Yourself", darken the lights if necessary, and begin the showing of the program. If you are using the DVD version of the course you have several options as to how you can move through the program and what employees see. The DVD menu has three "selection bars": "Play". "Scene Index". "Contact Info". To just play the program from beginning to end, select "Play". To view (or review) a specific section of the program, select "Scene Index". You will be presented with a group of buttons, each of which corresponds to a section of the program. You can then select the specific section that you want to view. 3

18 If you would like information on other programs and products that are available from MARCOM you can select "Contact Info" for information about how to contact us. All of our DVDs, both English and Spanish, are subtitled (similar to closed captioning). If there are hearing impaired employees participating in your training session, or you want people to be able to read the program narration as well as hear it, push the "subtitle" button on your DVD player's remote control or the player's control panel. A print version of the narration will then appear on the bottom of the screen as the video plays. Using the Program for "Tailgate Meetings" and "Toolbox Talks" The DVD version of the program has been designed specifically to facilitate "Tailgate Meetings" and "Toolbox Talks". The information in the DVD has been divided into 2-3 minute "chapters" on different issues involved with electrical safety. Each chapter forms the basis for a focused minute session on an important aspect of that topic (chapters can be directly selected from the DVD menu). Conducting the Discussion After the program or chapter has been shown, it is time for the group discussion on the information contained in the session. Care must be taken to make sure that the discussion is kept to the general topic of creating a safer workplace and how to protect yourself from electrical hazards and electrocution. There are several ways to conduct this discussion. These include: Calling for questions from the attendees and using these questions as the basis for the discussion. "Leading" the discussion through the points covered in the program, using statements such as: "One of the segments of the program discussed four major types of hazards associated with electricity. Who here can name these hazards?" 4

19 "We saw an interesting sequence on the major types of electrocution hazards, who can list the three major types of electrocution hazards in the construction industry?" You should use the discussion format that you are most comfortable with. The Outline of Major Points section in this guide, and the questions and answers in the master copies of the quiz can also be very useful as a basis for discussion. Remember, you have allocated a limited amount of time in which this discussion can take place. It is important to blend the attendee's questions and areas of obvious interest with the objective of trying to touch on each major area within the session in the discussion. By touching on each area, the attendees are much more likely to retain the information presented in the session. Concluding the Presentation Once discussion has concluded, whether naturally or you have had to bring the discussion to a close in order to complete the session within the time allowed, it is time to give the quiz (if you are using it). Again, remind the attendees that the quiz is only meant to help determine how effective the presentation of the information is, and that they will not be graded on it. Let them know that they have approximately five minutes to complete the quiz. At the end of the five minute period, remind the attendees to date and sign their quizzes, and then collect them. The attendees should be thanked for attending the session and reminded of any other sessions in the educational program that they may be attending. They can then be dismissed to return to their normal activities. *(An alternative to this approach is to give the quiz immediately after showing the program, then use a review of the quiz as a basis for your group discussion.) 5

20 "Wrapping Up" the Paperwork Before much time has passed, and the subject matter is fresh in your mind, several areas of "paperwork" must be completed. First, check to make sure that all attendees signed the scheduling and attendance form. Next, make sure that you have a quiz from every attendee, dated and signed. Also, depending upon what you have decided to do, a copy of the attendance sheet and the quiz for each attendee should be either filed in your files, or turned over to the attendee's department manager (or the personnel office) so that this paperwork can be included in their personnel file. The attendees' training logs should also be updated, and each attendee should be given a filled out and signed training certificate, signifying that they have successfully completed the course. Remember, it is always a good idea to document information about employee attendance at these sessions, as well as the fact that the employee has come away from the session with an increased knowledge of how to protect themselves from electrical hazards and electrocution in construction environments. 6

21 OUTLINE OF MAJOR PROGRAM POINTS

22 OUTLINE OF MAJOR PROGRAM POINTS The following outline summarizes the major points of information presented in the program. The outline can be used to review the program before conducting a classroom session, as well as in preparing to lead a class discussion about the program. Construction sites can contain a number of potential electrical hazards. So it's important to know what they are and how to protect yourself from them. OSHA defines four types of hazards that are associated with electricity, and three types of injuries that result from them. Direct contact with electricity, through a power source, cord or transmission line is the most common type of electrical hazard, and can occur in a number of ways. Fires are a common result of electrical problems. Most often they occur as a result of faulty electrical outlets and old or damaged wiring. Problems with power cords and extension cords, plugs, receptacles and switches can also cause electrical fires. Explosions are another potential result of an electrical malfunction. An explosion can occur when electricity ignites an explosive mixture of material and air. This can range from a liquid, such as gasoline, to something as common as dust. "Arc flash" is one of the most intense forms of electrical hazards. It's the sudden release of electrical energy through the air when a high-voltage gap exists and there is a breakdown between conductors. An arc flash gives of thermal radiation (heat) and bright, intense light, both of which can cause burns. 1

23 Temperatures as high as 35,000 degrees Fahrenheit have been recorded from some arc flashes. High-voltage arcs can also produce significant "pressure waves", by rapidly heating the air and creating a "blast". Shock is the most common result of an electrical hazard. It occurs when the body becomes part of an electrical "circuit", as electricity enters the body at one point and leaves it at another point. Burns are another electrical injury that occur frequently. Burns caused by electricity can be one of three types: Arc flash, the most serious, caused by an electric arc or explosion. Thermal contact, intense radiated heat, this often occurs when the skin comes into contact with overheated equipment. Electrical, resulting from the heat that is generated from the flow of electricity through the body. Electrical burns occur when an electric current flows through tissue or bone, generating heat that causes tissue damage. The body cannot dissipate the heat generated by current flowing through the resistance of the tissue, and as a result, burns occur. Electrical burns of any type are among the most serious types of burns, and always require immediate medical attention. Electrocution is the most serious result of coming into contact with an electrical hazard. It occurs when someone is exposed to a lethal amount of electrical energy, and is by definition, fatal. Typically, the electricity interrupts the rhythm of the heart and ultimately causes it to stop beating. 2

24 Over the years, electrocution has become the fourth leading cause of death in the construction industry. Contrary to common perception, it does not take a great deal of electricity to cause an electrocution. Just the amount of current that it takes to light a common Christmas Tree bulb can stop the heart and result in death. In 2005 electrocutions caused over 120 deaths in the construction industry. The construction occupations with the highest average number of deaths per year due to electrocutions were: Electricians 29 fatalities. Laborers 19 fatalities. Supervisors/managers 13 fatalities. Electrical power installers and repairers 10 fatalities. There are a number of causes of shock, electrical burns and electrocution. If the power to electrical equipment is not grounded, the grounding path has been broken, or there are live parts or bare wires, a fault current can travel through your body. Even when the equipment or tool is properly grounded, it can instantly change from safe to hazardous because of extreme conditions or rough treatment. There are three major types of electrocution hazards in construction: Contact with power lines. Direct contact with other energized sources, such as live machine parts, damaged or bare wires, and defective equipment or tools. The improper use of flexible power cords and extension cords. 3

25 Contact with both overhead and buried power lines is one of the biggest electrical problems in the construction industry. These lines are especially hazardous because they carry extremely high voltage. Electrocution, which is fatal, is the main risk. However, burns and falls can also result from being exposed to high voltage lines. While one of the first thoughts that pops into your mind when you think about overhead power lines is often cranes, it's important to remember that they aren't the only equipment that can extend high enough to come into contact with power lines. Working on a ladder or in a "man-basket" suspended under or near power lines can also pose the risk of electrocution. You can sometimes be lulled into a false sense of security when you're working around overhead power lines that are covered with a protective material. Remember, these shields are there primarily to protect the lines against adverse weather. Touching a power line, whether it is covered or bare, is extremely hazardous, and is usually fatal. Direct contact with "energized sources", such as a bare wire, is another serious problem in the construction industry. The most common results of these types of contacts are electrical shock and burns. As we've discussed, shock occurs when the body becomes part of an electric circuit. This can occur when you come into contact with: Both wires of an electrical circuit. One wire of an energized circuit and the ground. A metallic part in a machine or tool that has become energized through contact with an electrical source. 4

26 The severity and effects of an electrical shock depend on a number of factors, including: The pathway the electricity takes through the body. The amount of current that's involved. The length of time that you're exposed to the electrical current. Whether your skin is wet or dry (water is a great conductor of electricity, and allows current to flow more easily through wet skin.). The results of direct contact with electrical current can include: A mild tingling of the skin. Extreme pain. Respiratory arrest. Severe muscular contractions. Severe burns. Cardiac arrest and ultimately death. As we have discussed, it doesn't take a great deal of electricity to cause a shock. Just the amount of current that is required to light a Christmas Tree bulb can cause shock, and even death. Using extension cords and flexible power cords improperly can also cause electrical problems on construction sites. Even the normal wear and tear on these cords can loosen or expose wires, creating a hazardous condition. Often dragged from place to place and exposed to materials with rough surfaces and sharp edges, these cords are more susceptible to damage than fixed wiring. Hazardous situations can also be created when cords, cord connectors, receptacles, and cord and plugconnected equipment are improperly used and maintained. Cords that are not 3-wire type, not designed for hard use, or that have been modified, increase your risk of contracting electrical current even more. 5

27 To reduce these hazards, flexible cords should be connected to devices and fittings so that there is no tension at joints and terminal screws. You also need to take care to keep cords dry, away from puddles and out of the rain. If the plug or other connector of a cord gets wet, electrical current can leak to the equipment's grounding conductor as well as to anyone who picks up the connector, since they provide a path to ground. This type of "current leakage" can occur not just on the face of the connector, but at any part of the connector that's wet. There are several ways to protect yourself from electrocution hazards. They include: Keeping yourself a safe distance from overhead power lines. Using ground-fault circuit interrupters (GFCI's). Inspecting portable tools and extension cords thoroughly, before you use them. Only using powered equipment and tools as they were designed to be used. Following proper lock-out/tag-out procedures when you're working on electrically powered machinery and equipment. If you're working in an area that has overhead power lines, it's important to know at all times where they are in relation to the work you're doing. There are several things that you should do no matter where you are and what work you're performing. Make sure that your equipment and the work that you're doing is positioned safely away from the lines. OSHA has created a table showing what they believe to be safe power line clearance distance for various line voltages. Clearance distances range from a minimum of 10 feet for power lines carrying up to 50 volts to more than 45 feet for power lines carrying 750 to 1000 volts. 6

28 If at all possible you should either have the utility company de-energize and visibly ground the lines, or install insulated sleeves on the lines. Flagged warning lines should be set up to mark both the horizontal and vertical power line clearance distances recommended by OSHA. Finally, you should make sure that the tools and materials that you're using are non-conductive, when possible. If you're working with a crane or other high reaching equipment and the power lines are active, you should: Be sure that the utility company has confirmed the voltage in the lines, and determine what the safe working distance is on the OSHA clearance charts. If possible use an onsite observer, insulated links, boom cage guard or proximity device when they're applicable. If you're using other mobile, heavy equipment you should use installed rider posts when you are working under power lines, to avoid getting too close to the lines. If the work you're doing calls for ladders, be sure that they are non-conductive and that you retract them before you move from one location to another. Make sure that none of the materials you are working with are stored under power lines, so there will be no need to position equipment under the lines to retrieve them. Use caution tape and signs to cordon off the space under the power lines, so everyone knows where the restricted areas are located. 7

29 Working around underground power lines calls for a different set of precautions. Always call your local underground line locator service before you start any project that involves digging into the ground. Make sure that you've documented the instructions they give you for determining where any underground lines may be. If the service has put markers into the ground themselves, know what type of markers you should be looking for, and make sure you find them before you start to work. Always hand dig within 3 feet of an underground power line location. Remember, more than one underground cable can be buried in the vicinity of a marker. Working with power tools and other electrical equipment on construction sites can create hazards as well. One way to protect yourself is to use ground-fault circuit interrupters (GFCI's). A GFCI is designed to protect workers from severe and sometimes fatal electrical shocks. It detects when a circuit or tool's grounding system is not working, and interrupts the flow of electric current when this happens. In this way it eliminates the potential for an electrical shock, or if one occurs, limits the duration of the shock you experience. There are three types of GFCI's. The first is a "receptacle GFCI". These are often found on construction sites and other locations where damp conditions exist. Receptacle GFCI's fit into standard outlet boxes and protect users against ground faults when something is plugged into the outlet. 8

30 Receptacle GFCI's should be tested after they are installed and at least once a month thereafter. To conduct a test: Plug in a test light or power tool and turn it "on". Push the test button on the receptacle. It should pop up and the power to the light or tool should go off. Push the "Reset" button on the receptacle to restore power to the outlet. If the GFCI fails this test, it should be removed from service immediately. The second type of GFCI is a "temporary" or "portable" GFCI. This is an extension cord combined with a GFCI. It allows you to use receptacles that are not themselves protected by GFCI's. These types of cords, with built-in GFCI protection, should be used whenever outlets with their own GFCI's are not available. Cords should be run through the same test that is used for GFCI receptacles prior to each use. The third type of GFCI is a "circuit breaker" GFCI. These are installed instead of normal circuit breakers in a main circuit board or panel box. A "circuit breaker" GFCI controls an entire circuit, so there is no need for GFCIs at individual outlets. Being careful and knowing how to use the portable tools and extension cords that you work with is another way to protect yourself against electrical hazards and electrocution. Cords from power tools as well as extension cords should be inspected each time they're used. Either of these types of cords can have damaged insulation that is difficult to detect. 9

31 If a cord's insulation is damaged, exposed metal parts can become energized if a live wire inside the cord touches them. This can often be a problem with electric hand tools that are old, have been damaged in other ways or have been misused. Flexible cords that are used with temporary and portable lights need to be designed for hard or extra-hard use. They should be marked with usage-type designations regarding their size and number of conductors. It's also important to use power tools and equipment as they were designed to be used. OSHA has created a list of Tool Safety Tips that can help you keep your power tools and equipment in good shape. They include: Never carry a tool by its cord. Never yank a power cord to disconnect it from an outlet. Keep all power cords away from heat, oil and sharp edges. Always disconnect a power tool when it's not in use, as well as when you're changing accessories, blades or bits. Keep your fingers away from "On/Off" buttons and switches when you are not using a tool, such as when you're carrying it. Additional tips from the list include: Always wear gloves and appropriate footwear when working with power tools and equipment. Store your equipment in a dry place. Keep the areas that you're working in well lit. Arrange power and extension cords so that they don't create trip hazards. Immediately remove any damaged tool from use. Use double-insulated tools whenever possible. 10

32 There are several other common problem-causing situations that occur frequently in construction environments that you should look out for. For instance: Multi-receptacle boxes that are designed to be mounted on a stud or other surface are frequently fitted with power cords, then placed on the floor or ground and misused as portable receptacles. On some sites, makeshift extension cords are created using Romex wire. Attaching ungrounded, 2-prong adapter plugs to threeprong extension cords and tools is something that happens frequently as well. Workers will also sometimes modify cords and tools by removing the ground prongs from plugs, or not installing face-plates on outlets. Another problem that is common is that equipment that is designed and labeled for use only in dry, in-door locations is often used outdoors. Using circuit breakers or fuses with the wrong rating for the panels or boxes they're in is something else that often times occurs on construction sites. For example, on some construction sites you'll see a 30-amp breaker being used in a system that's designed to support 15 or 20-amp receptacles. Workers assume that this will provide more protection from electrical current. In fact, this removes all of the protection against the electricity that flows through the circuit, because the higher rated breaker or fuse will not trip when the system's load has been exceeded. 11

33 One of the most important things that you can do to guard against injury and electrocution when you're working with electrically powered equipment is to follow proper lock-out/tag-out procedures. Lock-out/tag-out prevents you from coming into contact with moving parts, such as blades, gears and shafts, while you're working on powered equipment. It also prevents the unexpected release of hazardous gases, fluids or other material in areas where people are working. The basic premise behind lock-out/tag-out is that equipment and machinery needs to be "de-energized" before it is worked on. OSHA has created a checklist of steps to follow to accomplish this. Initially you should: Notify all personnel that the equipment and circuitry must be shut off, locked out and tagged (simply turning a switch off is not enough). Identify all sources of electrical energy for the equipment or the circuits you're working on. Disable any back-up energy sources such as generators and batteries. Identify all "shut-offs" for each energy source (such as "On/Off" switches and circuit-breaker boxes). Shut off all energy sources and apply appropriate locks and tags (if multiple workers are going to be involved in servicing the equipment, they should apply their individual locks to the power source, and keep the keys to the locks with them at all times). Once these steps have been taken the equipment and circuitry should be tested to ensure that everything has been de-energized (this must be done by an OSHAdefined "qualified person). Stored energy should be depleted by bleeding, blocking, grounding or other appropriate measures. When work on the equipment has been completed, all workers should be accounted for and moved away from the equipment before the locks are removed, the circuits reactivated and the equipment is turned back on. Remember, only a "qualified person" can determine when it's safe to re-energize circuits. 12

34 In the rare cases where a machine cannot be de-energized to be serviced, only "qualified persons" can work on the electrical circuit or equipment itself. These people must be capable of working safely on energized circuits, and must be familiar with the special precautionary techniques, personal protective equipment, insulating and shielding materials, and insulated tools that should be used in these situations. * * * SUMMARY * * * As you can see, there's a lot to remember about how to work safely with electricity. It doesn't take much electricity to cause a serious injury. Just the current used to light a Christmas Tree bulb can be fatal. There are three major types of electrocution hazards in construction environments: Contact with power lines. Contact with other energized sources, such as bare wires and defective power tools. Using power cords and extension cords improperly. You should know where all power lines are located on your job site, and how far you need to be from them to work safely. GFCI's provide important protection from shocks, and should be installed wherever needed. Power and extension cords should be treated with "respect", and inspected for any damage. Always wear appropriate personal protective equipment when you're working with power tools and machinery. And use "lock-out/tag-out procedures when you are servicing or repairing electrical equipment. 13

35 $ Electricity can be dangerous! But by taking the proper precautions, and knowing how to work safely, you can go home injury-free every day! 14

36 ACCOMPANYING MATERIALS

37 ACCOMPANYING MATERIALS In order to assist you in conducting your session on electrocution hazards, we have provided some materials that can be used with this program. Many of these materials have been furnished in "master" form. This will enable you to make as many copies of these forms as you need. If you have colored paper available to you, it is often useful to put each form on a different color. This enables you to easily differentiate between the materials. The materials enclosed with this guide include: Scheduling and Attendance Form This form is provided so you can easily schedule your attendees into each session of the program. It is important that you have each attendee "sign-in" on the appropriate form, documenting their attendance at the session. Typically, a copy of this form is filed in the employee's personnel file. Quiz The quiz is normally given after viewing the program. However, if you want an indication of the "increase" in the attendees' knowledge of how to protect themselves from electrical hazards and electrocution, you can give the quiz both before and after the program is shown. You can also use the quiz as the basis for class discussion. If you have decided to give the quiz both before and after the attendees view the program, it is often interesting to have the attendees compare their "before" and "after" answers as part of the session. The quiz is usually filed in the employee's personnel file. Training Certificate This form allows you to give each employee their own "certificate of completion" showing that they have attended the course and taken the quiz. Space is provided to insert the employee's name, the course instructor and the date of completion. 1

38 Employee Training Log This log helps you to keep track of when each employee has taken the course, as well as associated courses/training. Space is provided to list pertinent data about the employee, as well as information such as the date the course was taken, and the instructor conducting the course. A copy of this form should be kept in each employee's training or personnel file. Booklet* A sample copy of the employee booklet that has been designed for use with this program has also been included. Using both text and illustrations to review important points, the booklet is designed to reinforce the message employees receive in the training session. The material is presented in the same order as seen in the program and is organized into concise sections, making it easy to understand and remember. *Additional booklets, as well as copies of the poster that has been created to get employees thinking about electrical safety, are available from your distributor. 2

39 QUIZ "ELECTROCUTION HAZARDS IN CONSTRUCTION ENVIRONMENTS PART I TYPES OF HAZARDS AND HOW YOU CAN PROTECT YOURSELF" Name: Date: 1. Which of the following is the most common type of electrical hazard? Arc Flash. Electrical fires. Direct contact with electricity. Electrical explosions. 2. What is the most common result of an electrical hazard? Burns. Shock. Electrocution. 3. True or False... If you are working around overhead power lines that are covered with some sort of protective material, you do not have to take any other precautions to guard against electrocution? True False 4. The severity and effects of an electrical shock can depend on which of the following factors (check all that apply)? The pathway the electricity takes through the body. The amount of current that's involved. The length of time that you're exposed to the current. Whether your skin is wet or dry. 5. True or False... The amount of current that is required to light a Christmas tree bulb can cause electrocution? True False 6. True or False... You should stay at least 10 feet away from power lines that are carrying 50 volts of electricity? True False 7. Which of the following are on OSHA's list of "Power Tool Safety Tips" (check all that apply)? Never yank the power cord to disconnect it from an outlet. Always carry a power tool by its cord Store power tools in a dry place when not in use. Never use double-insulated power tools in wet conditions. CSK-152

40 QUIZ "ELECTROCUTION HAZARDS IN CONSTRUCTION ENVIRONMENTS PART I TYPES OF HAZARDS AND HOW YOU CAN PROTECT YOURSELF" PRESENTER'S COPY...WITH ANSWERS 1. Which of the following is the most common type of electrical hazard? Arc Flash. Electrical fires. X Direct contact with electricity. Electrical explosions. 2. What is the most common result of an electrical hazard? Burns. X Shock. Electrocution. 3. True or False... If you are working around overhead power lines that are covered with some sort of protective material, you do not have to take any other precautions to guard against electrocution? True X False 4. The severity and effects of an electrical shock can depend on which of the following factors (check all that apply)? X The pathway the electricity takes through the body. X The amount of current that's involved. X The length of time that you're exposed to the current. X Whether your skin is wet or dry. 5. True or False... The amount of current that is required to light a Christmas tree bulb can cause electrocution? X True False 6. True or False... You should stay at least 10 feet away from power lines that are carrying 50 volts of electricity? X True False 7. Which of the following are on OSHA's list of "Power Tool Safety Tips" (check all that apply)? X Never yank the power cord to disconnect it from an outlet. Always carry a power tool by its cord X Store power tools in a dry place when not in use. Never use double-insulated power tools in wet conditions. CSK-152

41 SCHEDULING AND ATTENDANCE FORM "ELECTROCUTION HAZARDS IN CONSTRUCTION ENVIRONMENTS PART I. TYPES OF HAZARDS AND HOW YOU CAN PROTECT YOURSELF" TRAINING SESSION SCHEDULE ATTENDEE DATE TIME SIGNATURE

42 EMPLOYEE TRAINING LOG "ELECTROCUTION HAZARDS IN CONSTRUCTION ENVIRONMENTS PART I TYPES OF HAZARDS AND HOW YOU CAN PROTECT YOURSELF" Employee: Employee #: Social Security #: Department: Date of Next Required Training: DATE TYPE OF TRAINING OR COURSE DESCRIPTION LOCATION OF COURSE MATERIALS INSTRUCTOR'S NAME AND ADDRESS/DEPARTMENT CERTIFICATION OF TRAINING AND TESTING (Instructor's Signature)

43 TRAINING CERTIFICATE This is to certify that has (employee name) completed the general safety course "Electrocution Hazards in Construction Environments Part I Types of Hazards and How You Can Protect Yourself" and has been tested on the contents of the course, as required. This training, as well as the associated testing was conducted by and was completed on. (date) (course instructor) (course instructor) (date)