Parking: Planning, Management, Operations and Contracting Bank Workshop and Training on Urban Transport Planning and Reform. Baku, April 14-16, 2009
Bank 2 The Context and Problems
The Context Motor vehicle ownership is rapidly growing Parking space needs are increasing proportionally with the growth of the motor vehicle fleet The supply and management of parking spaces is not adequate to meet the increasing demand The problem will get progressively worse without comprehensive city-wide parking programs Bank 3
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Parking Problems Shortage of parking spaces Residential (theft & vandalism) Commercial Workplaces Traffic is impeded due to parking problems Moving traffic Bus stops blocked Pedestrian crossings blocked Parking on sidewalks Added congestion due to circulating vehicles looking for places to park (30% or more traffic in central areas of some cities) Air pollution increased Businesses adversely affected Bank 5
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Typical Parking Management Problems Most on-street parking is free of charge If parking is charged it is typically underpriced (does not free up spaces) Parking charges are typically unrelated to duration of parking (encourages lengthy parking as opposed to turnover) Very limited provision of off-street parking for general public use Inadequate parking enforcement Weak institutional/legal basis for administering a well run parking program Bank 8
Bank 9 Developing a Parking Strategy
Parking Policy Considerations Motor vehicles are at rest 95% of the time Vehicles take up a lot of space while parked Parking spaces are costly, especially in garages It will be difficult if not impossible to provide convenient parking at all places where motorists want to park Bank 10
Increase Parking Supply or Reduce Demand? Parking standards in many countries are based on the assumption that parking will be essentially free This results in parking requirements that can be excessive and costly However, parking demand is related to price: charge more and provide public transport alternatives and demand is reduced Bank 11
An Emerging Trend to be Addressed Increasing car ownership Increasing parking requirements Encourages increasing private vehicle travel Declining urban density Increasing suburban sprawl Declining central city Declining public transit Adverse impact on lower income households Bank 12
Bank 13 Houston Texas Central Business District
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Reasons for Parking Pricing As a travel demand management instrument To create more spaces for those who need to park in the designated area To reduce travel induced by those searching for parking spaces To encourage parking turnover To raise revenue for the city (a secondary objective) Bank 15
Parking Policy Coordination Encourage Public Transport Metro improvements / expansion Improved standard bus service Exclusive bus lanes / Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) Light rail transit (LRT) Other Demand Management Measures Bank 16
BRT/LRT Candidate Routes Bank 17
London Congestion Charging Area Bank 18
London Example of Demand Management Motorists must pay 8 pounds ($13.30 equivalent) to enter the congestion pricing zone System is in effect 7am to 6pm Monday to Friday On-Street parking can cost up to $10 per hour Parking garages are also expensive City improved public transport as an alternative Metro Bus service Commuter rail Results: substantial reduction in congestion, improved travel speed, less pollution, commercial impact neutral Bank 19
Strategy for Addressing the Problem Initiate or increase parking charges To reduce parking demand To encourage more efficient use of available parking spaces Provide viable public transport alternatives Selectively provide more parking supply All of these approaches are appropriate: getting the balance right is the challenge Bank 20
Importance of Addressing on- Street Parking Bank 21
The High Cost of Free Parking Free curb parking is an asphalt commons: just as cattle compete for scarce grass, drivers compete for scarce parking spaces. Drivers waste time and fuel, congest traffic and pollute the air while cruising for curb parking, and after finding a space they have no incentive to economize on how long they park. Donald Shoup, The High Cost of Free Parking Bank 22
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Importance of Addressing On-Street Paid Parking as a Priority On-street paid parking with appropriate pricing frees up parking spaces for those who need them Reduces traffic circulation Can be attractive for commercial establishments by encouraging turnover Requires minimal initial investment for either public or private sector parking operators Becomes a significant revenue source for the city On-Street paid parking makes off-street paid parking investment more viable Bank 25
Alternative On-Street Parking Options Use of parking wardens Single Space Meters Pay & Display Meters (multi-space) Mobile Phone Technology Other Bank 26
Parking Attendants No technology needed Can be implemented quickly Labor intensive Not conducive to timed parking and variable parking rates Difficult to monitor collection of parking fees Bank 27
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Individual Space Parking Meters Typically cash oriented and prone to malfunction Some meters can vary charges by time of day Easy system to enforce Bank 29
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Pay and Display Machines Increasingly popular technology Less visually intrusive than single space parking meters Can be cashless and easy to monitor revenues collected Can vary charges by time of day Easy system to enforce Bank 31
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Mobile Phone Technology Increasingly popular technology as most drivers who own car have a mobile phone Driver calls provide to start and stop the clock when parking Parking enforcers use hand-held computers to check whether user has paid Cashless and easy to monitor revenue collected Can be married with low technology options such as purchasing parking tickets at an nearby store or kiosk Bank 35
Summary of Parking Options Pass Type Single-Space Meters Pay Box Pay-And- Display Meters Electronic Pay- Per-Space In-Vehicle Meter Attendant Automated Controlled Access System Valet Automatic Vehicle Identification Bank 36 Description Parkers purchase and display a pass. Common for leased parking. Parkers prepay a mechanical or electronic meter located at each space. Parkers prepay into a box with a slot for each space. Parkers prepay a meter, which prints a ticket that is displayed in their vehicle window. Equipment Costs Operating Costs User Convenience Price Adjustability Very low Medium Medium Poor to medium. High High Low to medium. Mechanical meters: poor; electronic meters: good. Low Medium Low Poor to medium. Medium Medium Medium Mechanical meters: poor; electronic meters: good. Parkers prepay an electronic meter. Medium Medium Medium Very good. Parkers prepay to use a small electronic meter displayed in the vehicle when it is parked, that counts down minutes. Parkers pay an attendant when entering or leaving a parking space. Parkers pay a machine when entering or leaving a parking space. Parkers pay an attendant who parks their car. System automatically records vehicles entering and leaving a parking area and can bill for use. Medium Low High Moderate High High High Good High Moderate Moderate Good Low High High Good High Medium High Good
Reasons for Cashless Parking Drivers may try to pay the street controllers a minimal fixed fee in exchange for not enforcing regulations that are designed to increase parking availability The income of the system operator will be reduced (under a concession agreement both the concessionaire and the city will have reduced income) Cash systems do not encourage to introduction of modern technology that allow for real time information and better monitoring of proceeds Bank 37
The Cash-less technology Pay & Display machines operating on smart cards In-Vehicle meters Scratch cards Cellular parking Courtesy ROM Bank 38
Handling Residential On-Street Parking Important to sensitively handle residential parking in areas where onstreet parking charges are administered Parking permits might be provided for residents Reduced rates might be allowed for residents Bank 39
Revenue from Paid On-Street Parking Bank 40
Use of Parking Revenues For general revenue For new parking lots/garages For neighborhood / street improvements Bank 41
Bank 42 Off-Street Parking
Off-Street Options Surface lot Above ground parking garage Underground garage Bank 43
Cost of Parking Garage Typical Cost is $15,000 to $25,000 per space Underground parking could cost significantly more This does not include land cost Off street parking spaces in garages cost more than a typical car Bank 44
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Types of Off-Street Parking Areas Dedicated Parking: For Residents For office workers in office building For patrons of commercial enterprises General Urban Use (accessible to all) Park and Ride General Urban Use Bank 48
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Benefits of General Purpose Parking Garages Shared Parking: allows shared use among different site whose peak parking demands occur at different times (a bank and bar for example) and fewer spaces are needed to accommodate peak parking demand Park once: shared public parking allows drivers to park once and visit multiple site on foot Bank 53
Providing Options for Developers Bank 54
Parking Requirements for Developers Parking Space Requirements Residential Commercial Office Payments in Lieu of Parking Provision Bank 55
Options in Lieu of Private Parking Requirements Bank 56 Provide Public Parking in Lieu of Private Parking Developers pay a fee to the city in lieu of providing the required parking spaces. Cities then use the revenue to provide public parking spaces Reduce Parking Demand Rather than Increase Parking Supply Developers provide incentives such as transit passes that encourage travel by public transport
Benefits of in Lieu Parking Options Flexibility: If providing all required parking spaces on-site would be too difficult the developer has the option of paying in lieu fees Better urban Design: Rather than a series of small lots or garages to meet parking needs consolidate parking spaces are provided Bank 57
Bank HQ Transit Incentives If public transport costs are $30-$60 per month a subsidy of $20 is provided (not in cash but on smart card) If public transport costs are over $60 per month a subsidy of $30 per month is provided Users of Bank parking garages are not eligible & vice versa Parking rates in Bank garages are $112 to $179 monthly depending on pay grade (these rates are substantially below commercial market rates of at least $10/day) Until recently the Bank only provided low cost parking with no transit incentive Bank 58
Bank 59 Management of Parking
Public vs Private Sector Management of Parking Public Sector Management City has more control Avoids possible disputes with concessionaire Private Sector Management Likely to be more advanced in application of technology and management Likely to be more aggressive in collecting fees and fines Bank 60
Designing a Parking Concession Win-Win Scenario: determine how do both parties share revenue & monitor income Duration: most likely 5 year minimum; could be 10-15 years Provision for Expansion: can start with modest parking area and expand as needed Flexibility: provide measures for expanding concession area and changing parking rates & fines over time Bank 61
Bank 62 Enforcement
Enforcement Enforcement is critical for a viable parking program Traffic police often do not view this as a priority activity Police might be reluctant to enforce due to a perception that there are not enough parking spaces or due to a lack of political support The option of the parking operator handling parking enforcement deserves careful attention Bank 63
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Bank 66 Institutional
Institutional Arrangements Who enforces: Illegal parking Parking violations in legal spaces Who sets parking policy? Who manages the operates the parking? Bank 67
Functions and Responsibilities of a Traffic Management Unit Division Functions and Responsibilities Traffic Management Policy Formulate and Implement city wide Traffic Management Policy to comply with objectives defined by the city council which would include, at least such areas as determination of (i) a functional road hierarchy; (ii) the appropriate balance between transport system users (private transport/public transport/nmt/pedestrians; (iv) priority programs for action and, (iv) a 5 year investment plan. Traffic Research Traffic Management Plans and Improvements Assemble/survey, monitor, analyze and evaluate all traffic and accident data to enable trends to be identified, problems quantified and traffic management plans and improvements to be prepared. Plan, design, implement, monitor, evaluate, fine-tune and continuously up-date traffic schemes and policies to realize the agreed Traffic Management Policy. The program would cover all motorized road based modes (cars, public transport, trucks, etc.) and all non-motorized modes (pedestrians, cycles). Plans and improvements would range from simple junction improvements or marking and signing programs through to far reaching city wide strategies such as extensive bus priority or pricing. Safety considerations are part of any scheme planning and design process but specific safety programs and accident counter measures would be a responsibility. Traffic Control Devices Traffic Regulations Parking Management Approvals and Coordination Consultation Budget Plan, design, install, operate, and maintain all traffic control devices including (i) traffic signal systems including computer controlled systems; (ii) road markings; (iii) road signs and, (iv) enforcement devices (cameras etc.) Formulate traffic regulations to realize the proposed Traffic Management Plans and Improvements, for enactment by city government and for enforcement by the traffic police. Prepare off and on street parking policies and programs including approval for the location of and access to parking areas proposed by others. Parking enforcement and administration (for example, where paid parking applies) would be carried out by a separate parking authority or equivalent. Evaluate and advise city government on all schemes (e.g., new roads) and developments (developed both by public and private sector agencies and including major new land or building developments) which have a significant traffic impact to ensure that they are consistent with agreed traffic policy. In effect carry out traffic impact studies for all major development proposals. Consultation with the public and stakeholders ontraffic policy and onthe impacts of specific schemes and measures. Preparation of an annual budget for submission to city government for (i) implementation of Traffic Plans and Improvement Schemes; (ii) traffic operations and maintenance of control devices; and, (iii) the continuous work of the traffic management agency itself. Bank 68
Bank 69 Legislation
Typical Areas for Legislative Action Enforcement authority Illegal parking Parking violations in legal spaces Parking fees Parking fines Authority for towing vehicles Parking Concessions Bank 70
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Bank 72 Summary
A Proposed Parking Strategy Adopt a carrot and stick approach Public transit is the carrot A Rigorous paid parking program is the stick Get on-street parking under control Use revenues from on-street parking wisely Selectively develop general purpose parking lots/garages Develop reasonable parking standards for new land developments (residential, commercial, office) Bank 73
Bank Workshop and Training on Urban Transport Planning and Reform. Baku, April 14-16, 2009
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