Design and Analysis of Hybrid Renewable Microgrid Systems for United Nations WFP Humanitarian Locations in Developing Countries Denim D Dcosta MSPE Master s Thesis Exposé Supervisor: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Ulrich Wagner 1
AGENDA 1. Concept Design of Type 1 Systems - WFP Requirements - Concept design - Prototype 2. Concept Design of Type 2 Systems - WFP Requirements - Micro-Grid Concept Design - Business Case 3. Conclusion 10 2
1.0. Type 1 Systems SCOPE (Emergency distribution) SCOPE is WFP s central repository for beneficiary data collection and verification. The entire registration process at each location up to 1,500 house holds currently takes about one month. Access to 800 watts of energy for 8hrs/day (b/w 9 to 17 hrs.) could reduce that period, using the same team of five staff, to just few days WFP requirement is Type 1 fast response portable system carried as checked baggage with max weight ~35kg to meet above energy needs. 3
1.1. Type 1 Systems Concept Design Battery PV Panel Portable Checked in Bag <35 kg To Power Biometric Verification Devices 4
Load Wh SOC 1.2. Type 1 System Concept Design analysis Sizing based on 100Wh of Storage ( Battery capacity reduced due to Aviation travel Regulations) Configuration 1 SOC 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 Hours Output from PV Load 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 Hours Design Parameters: PV Capacity: 750Wp Min SOC: 20Wh Battery Capacity: 100Wh Weight: 35 kg(10 +25) Advantages: Can be carried in aircraft Disadvantages.: Can serve load of 400Wh only for 6 hrs. The output from PV is subjected to the fluctuation of solar irradiance due to seasonal variation and resource location 5
1.3. Type 1 System: Prototype - Prototype model can be customized as per WFP requirements. - One such similar prototype was constructed at TUM Maker Space Garching (Figure on the Left) - Other commercially available models as below. Source: Copyright @ Denim D Dcosta, Solar Seed Source: FSP, Goal Zero 6
2.0. Type 2 Systems WFP Requirement's - More than 300 WFP offices worldwide running on diesel generators only. - Resulting in burning 6.1 million liters of diesel generator fuel every year. - For Long-term reliable and clean energy supply, WFP seeks to identify and accelerate the design and development of renewable energy solutions for use in remote WFP humanitarian location. 7
2.1. Type 2 System : Micro-Grid Concept Hydro Generator Load Wind Turbine Controller Grid Energy Storage Solar Photovoltaics 8
2.2. WFP Office Jalalabad, Afghanistan - Microgrids are considered to be one of the most promising solutions to integrate decentralized renewable energy generation into electric power system Source: Google Satellite Image - Microgrids hybrid solution, to determine the operating cost savings and CO 2 reductions was studied for one of the WFP humanitarian office locations i.e. Jalalabad in Afghanistan, currently powered by diesel generators and unreliable grid. 9
kw 2.3. WFP Jalalabad Office Load Profile 50.00 45.00 Hourly Average Load Profile Electrical Consumption of different Appliances 1% 40.00 35.00 9% 4% 30.00 25.00 9% 20.00 15.00 10.00 24% 53% 5.00 0.00 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Time (hrs) Weekday (Sun - Thu) kw Weekend (Fri) kw Weekend (Sat) kw Heating/Cooling Average Office Equipment Lights Internal Hot Water Systems Kitchen Equipment Lights External 10
Existing System AC bus DC bus Proposed System 2.4. System Design: DG + Storage + PV + Unreliable Grid Existing Diesel Gen. G1 Controller Existing Diesel Gen. G2 AC Load 630 kwh/day Peak 96kW PV Array Existing Diesel Gen. G3 Converter Lithium Ion Battery Unreliable Grid 11
2.5. Business Case (2 nd Configuration) 5% 6% 37% 37% 33% 63% 58% 61% Operating Cost Savings USD 21250 /year (up to 39%) Fuel Savings Existing Generators Grid Purchases Existing Generators PV Grid Purchases New Generators PV Grid Purchases 25400 L/year (up to 85%) CO 2 Emissions Reduction 66700 kg/year (up to 85%) Provides 1400 children a lifeline: 1 month supply of food to hungry children; 12
USD Thousands 2.6. Cash Flows By Cost Type for 2 nd Configuration $50.00 $0.00 Years 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 - Requires initial capital cost of USD 200500 for solar PV and Lithium Ion Battery storage installation. -$50.00 -$100.00 - Replacement cost for system converter and battery at the end of 15 years lifetime. -$150.00 -$200.00 - Operating cost include cost of energy purchase from grid, maintenance cost and a very small fraction for diesel fuel. -$250.00 Capital Operating Salvage Fuel Replacement - Diesel generator runtime has been reduced to less than 5% per year. 13
3.0. Conclusion Type 1 Systems: Type 1 system can be customized as per WFP requirements. PV system characteristics Variability, Resource location etc. For Type 2 Systems : Existing Generators + 60 kw PV + 35kWh of storage (i.e. 2 nd configuration) is the current best configuration achieving cost reduction up to 39% and CO 2 emissions reduction up to 85%. With the yearly cost saving achieved at one location, WFP can help feed 1400 additional children worldwide. Analysis results is dependent on input cost parameters and various other technical parameters/characteristics of the technologies considered. The best configuration can vary in the coming years with the innovation, research and development in renewable energy technologies and battery storage. More detailed analysis will be presented in master thesis report. 14
APPENDIX 1: Input Parameters Component Capital Cost O & M Cost per kw PV USD 2600/kW USD 10/year Converter USD 330/kW USD 0 Generators (New) USD 470/kW USD 0.030/op.hr Lithium Ion battery USD 800/kW USD 10/year Existing Large Generators USD 470/kW USD 0.020/op.hr (No Capital cost, only replacement cost) Micro Hydro 5kW USD 170000 USD 10/year Wind USD 7000/kW USD 70/year Other miscellaneous USD 5000 Other Parameters Diesel Fuel Price USD 0.67/liter Discount Rate 4% Inflation Rate 2% Generator Life Cycle 15000 hrs. Max PV Capacity 60kW(due to available space constraints) 15
APPENDIX 2: Simulation Results for 2 nd Configuration 31.2 % USD 0.190 USD 200464 USD 33370 /year 4514 L/year 11806 kg/year 16