BEFORE EXTERIOR INSPECTION P. 1 1. Remove tie-downs (if secured by tie-downs) 2. Landing gear lever - Down 3. Control wheel lock - Removed/stowed 4. Ignition switch - Off 5. Avionics power switch - Off 6. Master switch (right battery half) - On 7. Check landing gear position indicator/warning horn, fuel quantity indicators, stall warning horn, pitot heat (for IFR), and (for night flights) all interior and exterior lights 8. Flaps - check full extension; set 20 o for exterior inspection 9. Master switch - Off 10. Ensure required papers (ARROW) are aboard/stowed 11. Hydraulic fluid reservoir - Check fluid level on plug dipstick 12. Fuel selector valve - Both EXTERIOR INSPECTION 1. Prop blades, hub, and spinner 2. Alternator belt, ring gear teeth, prop governor, oil cooler 3. Landing and taxi lights 4. Nosegear well, doors, and linkage; gear-up indicator switch 5. Shock strut extension; scissors, steering, and shimmy dampener linkages; tire condition and inflation (50 psi) 6. Left cowl flap and exhaust pipe 7. Oil filler cap access door closed and latched securely 8. Cowling fasteners secure 9. Air intake, instrument panel air vent, static port unobstructed 10. Left wing/strut; air/fuel vents, pitot tube; wingtip & tip lights a. Aileron hinges/flap tracks & rollers, hardware, rod ends b. Left wing sump drain - sample fuel 11. L. main gear strut; brake line/disk/pads; tire inflation (68 psi) 12. Left main gear well, gear-up indicator switch 13. Baggage door unlocked, secure 14. Top of left wing, antenna 15. Left side and top of fuselage, antenna, ELT antenna 16. Horizontal stabilizer; elevator and trim tab linkages 17. Vertical stabilizer, antennas, beacon, stinger tail light 18. Right side and bottom of fuselage, antennas 19. Top of right wing, antenna 20. Right main gear well, gear-up indicator switch 21. R. gear strut; brake line/disk/pads; tire inflation (68 psi) BEFORE TAKEOFF P. 3 1. Cabin doors and window - closed and locked 2. Flight controls - Check free and correct 3. Electric trim - Off 4. Aux fuel pump - On (check fuel pressure rise), then Off 5. Fuel selector valve - Both 6. Cowl flaps - full Open 7. Elevator and rudder trim - Takeoff settings 8. Mixture - Full rich 9. Set 1700 rpm; check mags (175 rpm max drop, 50 max differ) a. Carb heat - check, then Cold b. Prop - cycle, then return to high rpm (full in) c. Engine instruments/suction gauge - within green arcs d. Alternator check - land. light on, ammeter 1 needle width 10. Flight instruments and radios - Set 11. Autopilot - Off 12. Wing flaps - 20 o 13. Review takeoff data and engine failure procedures 14. Transponder - Code set, squawk Altitude NORMAL TAKEOFF (20 o flaps) 1. On centerline; set DG comp.; check sock/set x-wind controls 2. Power - smoothly to full throttle (approximately 2400 rpm) 3. Rotate at 50 KIAS (gear motor may run 1-2 seconds) 4. Safely airborne/positive climb: Brakes - Apply momentarily 5. Landing gear - Retract 6. Wing flaps - Retract above 75 KIAS NORMAL (Vy) CLIMB 1. Set pitch for 88 KIAS (-1.4 kt per 1,000 MSL) 2. Power - 23 Hg and 2400 rpm 3. Mixture - lean above 3,000 MSL CRUISE CLIMB - Set pitch for 90 to100 KIAS LEVEL OFF/CRUISE 1. Set pitch for level flight at planned cruise airspeed 2. Power - set for cruise (typically 19-23 Hg; 2200-2400 rpm) 3. Elevator and rudder trim - Adjust 4. Mixture - Lean 5. Cowl flaps - Closed
DESCENT (LET-DOWN) P. 4 1. Plan a descent point (approx. 4½ to 5 nm per 1,000 to lose) 2. Power - as required; Carb heat - On if below 15 Hg 3. Mixture - enrich periodically as necessary 4. Autopilot - Off BEFORE LANDING - DOWNWIND 1. Power - set approx. 15-16 Hg (airspeed approx. 95 KIAS) 2. Fuel selector valve - Both 3. Mixture - Full rich 4. Carb heat - Fully on ABEAM TOUCHDOWN POINT 1. Power - set approximately 12-14 Hg (approx. 1400 rpm) 2. Landing gear - Down; Wing flaps - 10 o 3. Set pitch for 85-KIAS glide; Trim 4. Landing gear - Check down (tire visible, green light on) 5. Propeller - High RPM BASE TURN 85 KIAS Wing flaps - 20 o BASE 75 KIAS Wing flaps - 30 o FINAL 65 KIAS Wing flaps - 40 o (landing assured) LANDING 1. Power - idle 2. Touchdown on main wheels, lower nose gently 3. Braking - minimum required AFTER LANDING (clear of runway) 1. Cowl flaps - Open 2. Wing flaps - Retract 3. Transponder - Standby 4. Carb heat - Off 5. Pitot heat - Off ENGINE SHUTDOWN 1. Throttle - Idle 2. Avionics Power switch and electrical equipment - Off 3. Ignition switch - Off, then back to Both (mag ground check) 4. Mixture - Idle cut-off 5. Ignition switch - Off (after prop stops turning) 6. Master switch - Off 7. Key - Remove from ignition 8. Fuel Selector Valve - Right 22. Right wing sump drain - sample fuel P. 2 a. Aileron hinges/flap tracks & rollers, hardware, rod ends b. Wingtip & tip lights; wing leading edge & strut; air vents 23. Right air vent and static port unobstructed 24. Oil quantity - minimum 5 quarts, dipstick secured a. Fuel strainer drain knob - pull for 4 sec. (1 st flt. of the day) b. Oil dipstick access door closed and latched securely 25. Fuel strainer drain valve - closed (not dripping) 26. Cowling fasteners secure 27. Flaps - Up 28. Fuel tanks - check sufficient quantity + reserve; secure caps 29. Windscreen - Clean BEFORE STARTING ENGINE 1. Seats, seat belts, and shoulder harnesses - Adjust and lock 2. Pray 3. Brakes - Test hydraulic pressure (pedal resistance) 4. Fuel selector valve - Both 5. Cowl flaps - Open 6. Autopilot - Off 7. Landing gear lever - Down 8. Electrical equipment - Off; Circuit breakers - Check In 9. Avionics power switch - Off STARTING ENGINE 1. Mixture - Full rich 2. Propeller - High RPM 3. Throttle - Closed 4. Carb heat - Cold 5. Master switch (right BAT half) - On 6. Primer - 2 to 5 strokes (depending on temp.), then locked 7. Propeller area - Clear 8. Brakes - Hold (parking brake - off/released) 9. Throttle - cracked 1/4 inch 10. Ignition switch - Start; after engine starts, release to Both 11. Oil Pressure - Check (pressure within 30 sec, 60 if very cold) 12. Transponder - Standby 13. Rotating beacon - On 14. Master switch (both halves) - On; check red voltage light out 15. Avionics power switch - On; Radios - Set 16. Mixture - Lean for taxi (approximately 10 to 12 twists)
GO-AROUND/REJECTED LANDING P. 5 1. Power - smoothly to full throttle and 2400 rpm 2. Set pitch to takeoff attitude to climb and accelerate 3. Wing flaps - retract to 20 o 4. Carb heat - Cold 5. Trim - nose down trim as necessary to help control pitch up 6. Landing gear (with positive climb) - Retract 7. Wing flaps - Retract above 75 KIAS 8. Cowl flaps - Open STOP-AND-GO AFTER LANDING/BEFORE TAKEOFF 1. Brake normally to a stop 2. Wing flaps (confirm flap handle) - retract to 20 o 3. Carb heat - Off 4. Trim - Takeoff 5. Cowl flaps - Open NO-FLAP LANDING 1. Power - set approximately 12 Hg 2. Landing gear - Down 3. Set pitch for 80-KIAS glide; Trim 4. Landing gear - Check down (tire visible, green light on) 5. Propeller - High RPM 6. Base airspeed - 75 KIAS (max weight) to 70 KIAS (light wt.) 7. Final airspeed - 70 KIAS (max weight) to 65 KIAS (light wt.) 8. Braking - as necessary (do not plan to use normal turnoff) DRAGGING A FIELD P. 7 1. Fly a slightly shallower than normal final approach 2. Airspeed - about 75 KIAS 3. Flaps - 20 o 4. Make low pass(es) at approx. 50 AGL to assess field condition/obstructions 5. Estimate length of field (125 ft/sec x number of seconds): a. Fly IAS of 75 kts minus 1 kt per 1,000 MSL b. Time the pass over the field in seconds, multiply by 125 c. The product is the approximate length of the field in feet d. To compensate for unknown wind, time passes in opposite directions and take the average Consider Wind LASSO : Wind (treetops/long grass swaying, water rippling, etc.) Length (estimate as in step 5 above) Approach (hills, trees, powerlines, etc. on either end) Surface (firm, soft, ruts, any standing water, etc.) Slope (drag the field downslope, land upslope; also any sideslope) Obstructions (rocks, stumps, animals, etc.) SIMULATED ENGINE-OUT (S.E.O.) LANDING ABEAM TOUCHDOWN POINT 1. Carb heat - fully on; Throttle - Idle 2. Landing gear - Down 3. Establish 80-KIAS glide (-1.5 kts per 100 lbs below 3100 lbs) 4. Trim - nearly full nose up 5. Landing gear - Check down (tire visible, green light on) BASE 1. Fly tighter base to insure making runway 2. Propeller - High RPM FINAL 1. Airspeed - 75 KIAS with flaps up (max gross weight) 2. Flaps - as required; do not select 40 o until landing assured 3. Airspeed - 65 KIAS with flaps down (max gross weight)
1978 C-R182 N2261T P. 8 TAKEOFF AND CLIMB Full throttle = approximately 2400 rpm Vrot = 50 KIAS Vx = 55 KIAS 20 o flaps 64 KIAS (+1 mph per 5,000 MSL) 0 o flaps Vy = 88 KIAS (-1.4 mph per 1,000 MSL) Climb power = 23 and 2400 rpm Cruise climb = 90 to 100 KIAS @ 23 Hg and 2400 rpm CRUISE 2,000 65% BHP 22 Hg 2200 rpm 140 KTAS 11.7 gph 4,000 66% BHP 21 Hg 2300 rpm 143 KTAS 11.9 gph 6,000 65% BHP 21 Hg 2200 rpm 145 KTAS 11.7 gph 8,000 64% BHP 21 Hg 2100 rpm 146 KTAS 11.5 gph 10,000 65% BHP 20 Hg 2200 rpm 150 KTAS 11.7 gph MANEUVERING Va = 112 KIAS (-2 kts per 100 lbs below 3100 lbs) Vso approx. 40 KIAS Best glide = 80 KIAS (-1.5 kts per 100 lbs below 3100 lbs) PATTERN AND LANDING Downwind approx. 15 Hg 95 KIAS clean Glide approx. 12-14 Hg 85 KIAS Wing flaps - 10 o (about 1400 rpm) Base Turn approx. 12-14 Hg 85 KIAS Wing flaps - 20 o Base approx. 12-14 Hg 75 KIAS Wing flaps - 30 o Final approx. 12-14 Hg 65 KIAS Wing flaps - 40 o SHORT-FIELD TAKEOFF P. 6 1. Flaps - 20 o 2. Brakes - Hold (except for loose gravel) 3. Power - Smoothly to full throttle (approximately 2400 rpm); at higher elevations lean for max rpm 4. Brakes - Release 5. Rotate by 47 KIAS 6. Set pitch for 55 KIAS until all obstacles cleared 7. Landing gear - Retract (after obstacles are cleared) 8. Flaps - Retract above 75 KIAS 9. Set pitch for normal Vy (88 KIAS -1.4 kt per 1,000 MSL) SHORT-FIELD LANDING (Drag field first [P. 7]) 1. Landing gear - Down 2. Set pitch for 80-KIAS glide; Trim 3. Landing gear - Check down (tire visible, green light on) 4. Propeller - High RPM 5. Airspeed - 63 KIAS 6. Flaps - 40 o 7. At touchdown - lower nosewheel to ground 8. Wing flaps (confirm flap handle) - retract 9. Bring yoke to full aft as you apply heavy braking as required SOFT-FIELD TAKEOFF 1. Flaps - 20 o (prior to entering takeoff surface) 2. Taxi onto airstrip and align without stopping 3. Yoke - full aft and hold it there 4. Smoothly advance to full throttle as aircraft aligns 5. Aircraft will fly off at min airspeed (below 45 KIAS) 6. Ease yoke forward to level off in ground effect 7. Accelerate to 65 KIAS and begin normal climb 8. Landing gear - Retract 9. At 75 KIAS retract flaps and set pitch for normal climb speed SOFT-FIELD LANDING (Drag field first [P. 7]) 1. Landing gear - Down/checked (tire visible, green light on) 2. Normal pitch, power, airspeed, wing flap settings, trim 3. Final - 65 KIAS, wing flaps 40 o 4. Make a gentle touchdown with power; leave wing flaps down 5. Bring yoke full aft 6. Use power as necessary to keep aircraft rolling
BASIC IN-FLIGHT EMERGENCY PROCEDURES P. 9 1. MAINTAIN AIRCRAFT CONTROL 2. ANALYZE THE SITUATION AND TAKE PROPER ACTION 3. LAND AS SOON AS PRACTICAL ENGINE FIRE DURING START ON THE GROUND 1. Ignition START (continuing cranking pulls flames into engine) If engine starts: 2. Power 1700 RPM for a few minutes 3. Engine SHUTDOWN and inspect for damage If engine fails to start: 4. Throttle FULL OPEN 5. Mixture IDLE CUT-OFF 6. Ignition START (continuing cranking for another 30 seconds) 7. Engine SECURE a. Ignition switch OFF b. Fuel selector valve OFF 8. Radio CALL FOR ASSISTANCE 9. Master switch OFF 10. Aircraft EVACUATE 11. Fire extinguisher USE TO EXTINGUISH FIRE 12. Aircraft INSPECT for fire damage (repair damage or replace damaged components or wiring before attempting another flight) ENGINE FAILURE DURING TAKEOFF RUN 1. Throttle IDLE 2. Brakes APPLY 3. Wing Flaps RETRACT (if stopping distance critical) 4. Mixture IDLE CUT-OFF 5. Ignition Switch OFF 6. Radio Inform tower/ctaf of aborted takeoff 7. Master switch OFF (if departing runway surface) ENGINE FAILURE IMMEDIATELY AFTER TAKEOFF 1. Lower nose maintain 70 KIAS (65 KIAS wing flaps down) 2. Choose landing site STRAIGHT AHEAD 3. Mixture IDLE CUT-OFF 4. Fuel Selector Valve OFF 5. Ignition switch OFF 6. Doors OPEN and LOCKED (handles forward) 7. Wing Flaps AS REQUIRED 8. Radio Make MAYDAY call if able 9. Master Switch OFF 10. Approach speed 65 KIAS with 40 o wing flaps AMMETER SHOWS DISCHARGE P. 11 1. Alternator OFF 2. Nonessential radio/electrical equipment OFF 3. Flight TERMINATE as soon as practical EMERGENCY DESCENT 1. Carburetor heat FULLY ON 2. Throttle IDLE 3. Prop control FULL FORWARD (high rpm position) 4. Landing gear EXTEND (at or below 140 KIAS) 5. Bank STEEP BANK (approximately 45 o ) 6. Maintain positive load factors 7. Wing flaps 10 o (at/below 140 KIAS), 40 o (at/below 95 KIAS) 8. Pitch LOWER NOSE, do not exceed 95 KIAS (V FE) 9. Throttle CLEAR ENGINE periodically (except for fire) PRECAUTIONARY LANDING (with power) 1. Radio inform ATC or Flight Watch or use 121.5 PAN-PAN 2. Passengers BRIEF; Seat belts/harness TIGHT 3. CHOOSE LANDING SITE and DRAG IT [P. 7] 4. Landing gear DOWN (UP if terrain is rough or soft) 5. Normal pitch, power, airspeed, wing flap settings, trim On Final 6. Approach speed 65 KIAS (max gross weight) 7. Wing flaps 40 8. Avionics power switch and electrical switches OFF 9. Doors OPEN and LOCKED (handles forward) 10. Touchdown GENTLY WITH POWER 11. Throttle IDLE 12. Yoke FULL AFT 13. Mixture IDLE CUT-OFF 14. Master Switch OFF 15. Ignition switch OFF 16. Brakes AS REQUIRED
FORCED LANDING (without power) P. 12 1. Transponder 7700 2. Radio 121.5 MAYDAY 3. Passengers BRIEF a. Seat belts/harness TIGHT b. Doors OPEN and LOCKED (handles forward) 4. Mixture IDLE CUT-OFF 5. Fuel Selector Valve OFF 6. Ignition switch OFF 7. Landing gear DOWN (UP if terrain is rough or soft) 8. Wing flaps AS REQUIRED (maneuvering) 9. Final approach speed 65 KIAS 10. Wing flaps 40 11. Master Switch OFF 12. Touchdown as slowly (near stall) as possible 13. Yoke FULL AFT 14. Brakes AS REQUIRED DITCHING (as close as possible to land or boats) 1. Transponder 7700 2. Radio inform ATC or Flight Watch or use 121.5 MAYDAY 3. Passengers BRIEF; heavy objects SECURE or JETTISON; Seat belts/harness TIGHT 4. Landing gear UP 5. Approach: PARALLEL TO SWELLS or ON BACKSIDE a. With power establish 300 ft/min descent at 60 KIAS (set approximately 15 Hg, wing flaps 20 to 40 o ) b. Engine out 65 KIAS, wing flaps 10 6. Final approach: a. Doors OPEN and LOCKED (handles forward) b. Face CUSHION 7. Touchdown LEVEL ATTITUDE at established descent rate 8. EVACUATE airplane (may need to flood cabin to open doors) 9. Life vest/raft INFLATE (after exiting airplane) ROUGH-RUNNING ENGINE (no indication of damage) P. 10 1. Carburetor heat ON to check for/clear icing, then OFF 2. Mixture ADJUST (If still rough, magneto or magneto timing may be a problem ) 3. Ignition SELECT EACH MAGNETO INDIVIDUALLY 4. If roughness disappears, leave ignition on that magneto 5. Land as soon as practical GRADUAL LOSS OF POWER (usually carburetor ice) 1. Carburetor heat FULLY ON 2. Mixture ADJUST 3. After icing cleared: Carb heat OFF; mixture READJUST SUDDEN LOSS OF POWER (usually fuel starvation) 1. Fuel selector valve BOTH 2. Mixture RICH 3. If power not restored, follow procedure below ENGINE FAILURE DURING FLIGHT 1. Pitch SET FOR 80 KIAS (max gross wt.) and TRIM 2. Carburetor Heat FULLY ON 3. Fuel Selector Valve BOTH 4. Mixture RICH 5. Primer IN and LOCKED 6. Aux fuel pump ON (if fuel pressure below.5 psi) 7. Landing field SELECT and MANEUVER TOWARD IT 8. Ignition switch BOTH (or START if propeller is stopped) 9. If power not restored EXECUTE FORCED LANDING [P. 12] LOW OIL PRESSURE With normal oil temperature (possible gauge/relief valve malfunction): 1. Land at the nearest suitable airport 2. Have a qualified mechanic investigate/troubleshoot With rise in oil temperature (engine failure is likely imminent): 1. Reduce engine power immediately 2. Select a suitable forced landing field and glide/fly to it 3. Use minimum power required to reach the touchdown spot OVER-VOLTAGE LIGHT ILLUMINATES 1. Avionics power switch OFF 2. Master switch OFF (both sides) 3. Master switch ON 4. Over-voltage light check it is OFF 5. Avionics power switch ON If light illuminates again land as soon as practical
ENGINE FIRE IN FLIGHT P. 13 1. Throttle IDLE 2. Mixture IDLE CUT-OFF 3. Fuel selector valve OFF 4. Primer IN and LOCKED 5. Cabin heat and air CLOSE (except wing root vents) 6. Transponder 7700 7. Radio inform ATC or Flight Watch or use 121.5 MAYDAY 8. Master switch OFF If fire is extinguished 9. DO NOT RESTART ENGINE If fire is not extinguished 9. Emergency descent EXECUTE [P. 12] 10. Forced landing EXECUTE [P. 11] ELECTRICAL FIRE IN FLIGHT 1. Master switch OFF 2. Avionics power switch OFF 3. All other switches (except ignition switch) OFF 4. Vents/cabin air/cabin heat CLOSED 5. Fire extinguisher ACTIVATE (if available) 6. Cabin VENTILATE after discharging extinguisher in closed cabin If fire is out and power is needed: 7. Master switch ON 8. Circuit breakers CHECK for faulty circuit (do not reset) 9. Avionics power switch ON (with all electric/radio switches OFF) 10. Radio/electrical switches ON (one at a time, look for fire/short) 11. Vents/cabin air/cabin heat OPEN (only when fire is out) LANDING WITH A DEFECTIVE NOSE GEAR (OR P. 15 FLAT NOSE TIRE) 1. Movable load TRANSFER to baggage area 2. Passenger MOVE to rear seat 3. Before Landing checklist COMPLETE 4. Runway HARD SURFACE or SMOOTH SOD 5. Wing flaps 40 o 6. Cabin doors UNLATCH and LOCK (handles forward) 7. Avionics power and Master switches OFF (landing assured) 8. Touchdown SLIGHTLY TAIL LOW 9. Mixture IDLE CUT-OFF 10. Ignition switch OFF 11. Fuel selector valve OFF 12. HOLD NOSE OFF GROUND as long as possible 13. Airplane EVACUATE after coming to a stop LANDING WITH A FLAT MAIN TIRE 1. Approach NORMAL (40 o wing flaps) 2. Touchdown ON GOOD TIRE, hold flat tire off as long as possible with ailerons 3. Directional control MAINTAIN with nosewheel steering and braking on good wheel as required CABIN FIRE 1. Master switch OFF 2. Vents/cabin air/cabin heat CLOSED (to avoid draft) 3. Fire extinguisher ACTIVATE 4. Cabin VENTILATE after discharging extinguisher in closed cabin 5. Land the airplane as soon as practical to inspect for damage WING FIRE 1. Navigation light switch OFF 2. Pitot heat switch OFF 3. Landing/taxi light switch OFF 4. Emergency descent EXECUTE [p. 11] NOTE: Sideslip to keep flames away from fuel tanks and cabin. Land as soon as possible, using flaps only as required for final approach and touchdown.
LANDING GEAR FAILS TO RETRACT P. 14 1. Master switch, gear and gear pump circuit breakers CHECK 2. Landing gear lever fully UP with detent engaged 3. Gear up indicator light CHECK (if no yellow light, press to test) 4. If gear not confirmed up, landing gear lever DOWN 5. After gear down, landing gear lever UP (attempt retraction again) 6. If no retraction fly to where maintenance available (if practical) 7. Gear motor CHECK operation (ammeter fluctuations and noise) 8. If still operating after 1 minute, gear pump circuit breaker PULL 9. Gear pump circuit breaker RESET just prior to landing LANDING GEAR FAILS TO EXTEND 1. Master switch, gear and gear pump circuit breakers CHECK 2. Landing gear lever fully DOWN with detent engaged 3. Gear down indicator light CHECK (if no green light, press to test) 4. If gear not confirmed down, emergency hand pump EXTEND HANDLE and PUMP until heavy resistance (about 20 cycles) 5. Gear down light ON 6. Pump handle STOW 7. Gear motor CHECK operation (ammeter fluctuations and noise) 8. If still operating after 1 minute, gear pump circuit breaker PULL 9. Gear pump circuit breaker RESET just prior to landing GEAR-UP or PARTIALLY- EXTENDED LANDING 1. Landing gear lever UP 2. Landing gear and gear pump circuit breakers IN 3. Runway SELECT longest hard surface or smooth sod runway 4. Inform tower or traffic advisory of intentions 5. Wing flaps 40 o (on final approach) 6. Airspeed 65 KIAS 7. Doors UNLATCH and LOCK (handles forward) 8. Avionics power and Master switches OFF (landing assured) 9. Touchdown SLIGHTLY TAIL LOW 10. Mixture IDLE CUT-OFF 11. Ignition switch OFF 12. Fuel selector valve OFF 13. Airplane EVACUATE after coming to a stop LANDING - NO POSITIVE INDICATION OF GEAR LOCKING 1. Before Landing checklist COMPLETE 2. Approach NORMAL (full wing flaps) 3. Landing gear and gear pump circuit breakers IN 4. Landing TAIL LOW as smoothly as possible 5. Braking MINIMUM necessary; Taxi SLOWLY 6. Engine SHUTDOWN and inspect landing gear