Performance Measure Summary - New York-Newark NY-NJ-CT There are several inventory and performance measures listed in the pages of this Urban Area Report for the years from 1982 to 2014. There is no single performance measure that experts agree says it all. A few key points should be recognized by users of the Urban Mobility Scorecard data. Use the trends The multi-year performance measures are better indicators, in most cases, than any single year. Examining a few measures over many years reduces the chance that data variations or the estimating procedures may have caused a "spike" in any single year. (5 years is 5 times better than 1 year.) Use several measures Each performance measure illustrates a different element of congestion. (The view is more interesting from atop several measures.) Compare to similar regions Congestion analyses that compare areas with similar characteristics (for example, population, growth rate, road and public transportation system design) are usually more insightful than comparisons of different regions. (Los Angeles is not Peoria.) Compare ranking changes and performance measure values In some performance measures a small change in the value may cause a significant change in rank from one year to the next. This is the case when there are several regions with nearly the same value. (15 hours is only 1 hour more than 14 hours.) Consider the scope of improvement options Any improvement project in a corridor within most of the regions will only have a modest effect on the regional congestion level. (To have an effect on areawide congestion, there must be significant change in the system or service.) Performance Measures and Definition of Terms Travel Time Index A measure of congestion that focuses on each trip and each mile of travel. It is calculated as the ratio of travel time in the peak period to travel time in free-flow. A value of 1.30 indicates that a 20-minute free-flow trip takes 26 minutes in the peak. Planning Time Index A travel time reliability measure that represents the total travel time that should be planned for a trip. Computed with the 95th percentile travel time it represents the amount of time that should be planned for a commute trip to be late for only 1 day a month. If it is computed with the 80th percentile travel time it represents the amount of time that should be planned for a trip to be late for only 1 day a week. A PTI of 2.00 means that for a 20-minute trip in light traffic, 40 minutes should be planned. Peak Commuters Number of travelers who begin a trip during the morning or evening peak travel periods (6 to 10 a.m. and 3 to 7 p.m.). "Commuters" are private vehicle users unless specifically noted. per Commuter A yearly sum of all the per-trip delays for those persons who travel in the peak period (6 to 10 a.m. and 3 to 7 p.m.). This measure illustrates the effect of traffic slowdowns as well as the length of each trip. Total Delay The overall size of the congestion problem. Measured by the total travel time above that needed to complete a trip at free-flow speeds. The ranking of total delay usually follows the population ranking (larger regions usually have more delay). Free-Flow Speeds These values are derived from overnight speeds in the INRIX speed database. They are used as the national comparison thresholds. Other speed thresholds may be appropriate for urban project evaluations or sub-region studies. Excess Fuel Consumed Increased fuel consumption due to travel in congested conditions rather than freeflow conditions. Congestion Cost Value of travel delay for 2014 (estimated at $17.67 per hour of person travel and $94.04 per hour of truck time) and excess fuel consumption estimated using state average cost per gallon. Urban Area The developed area (population density more than 1,000 persons per square mile) within a metropolitan region. The urban area boundaries change frequently (every year for most growing areas), so increases include both new growth and development that was previously in areas designated as rural. Number of Rush Hours Time when the road system might have congestion.
Inventory Measures 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 Population (1000s) 19,040 18,970 18,900 18,860 18,800 Commuters (1000s) 5,176 5,234 5,215 5,193 5,155 Freeway 122,655 120,723 114,560 117,496 116,913 Arterial Streets 110,098 108,364 105,535 112,322 110,765 Value of Time ($/hour) 17.67 17.39 17.14 16.79 16.30 Commercial Cost ($/hour) 94.04 89.60 89.56 86.81 88.12 Gasoline ($/gallon) 3.42 3.79 3.75 3.65 2.95 Diesel ($/gallon) 3.65 4.20 4.17 3.99 3.21 System Performance 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 Congested Travel (% of peak VMT) 46 -- -- -- -- Congested System (% of lane-miles) 36 -- -- -- -- Congested Time (number of "Rush Hours") 5.60 -- -- -- -- Total Fuel (1000 gallons) 296,701 294,204 291,974 289,273 284,186 Fuel per Peak Auto Commuter (gallons) 35 35 35 34 34 Rank 1 1 1 2 1 Total Delay (1000s of person-hours) 628,241 622,952 618,232 612,512 601,741 Rank 1 1 1 1 2 Delay per Peak Auto Commuter (pers-hrs) 74 73 73 72 72 Rank 4 4 4 4 4 Travel Time Index 1.34 1.34 1.34 1.33 1.33 Rank 8 8 8 9 8 Commuter Stress Index 1.39 1.39 1.39 1.38 1.38 Rank 12 12 11 11 11 Freeway Planning Time Index (95th Pctile) 3.15 -- -- -- -- Rank 11 -- -- -- -- Total Cost ($ millions) 14,712 14,824 14,927 15,095 15,297 Cost per Peak Auto Commuter ($) 1,739 1,752 1,765 1,784 1,808
Inventory Measures 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 Population (1000s) 18,770 18,675 18,400 18,220 18,000 Commuters (1000s) 5,135 5,088 5,002 4,943 4,852 Freeway 117,000 117,000 119,240 118,245 117,500 Arterial Streets 106,000 102,000 103,470 99,685 96,500 Value of Time ($/hour) 16.01 16.10 15.47 15.06 14.58 Commercial Cost ($/hour) 89.75 81.52 82.56 80.43 78.05 Gasoline ($/gallon) 2.47 3.55 3.19 2.82 2.40 Diesel ($/gallon) 2.90 4.52 3.71 3.03 2.66 System Performance 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 Total Fuel (1000 gallons) 282,017 282,720 282,173 278,262 271,959 Fuel per Peak Auto Commuter (gallons) 33 33 33 33 32 Rank 2 1 1 1 1 Total Delay (1000s of person-hours) 597,147 598,636 597,478 589,197 575,851 Delay per Peak Auto Commuter (pers-hrs) 71 72 73 73 72 Rank 4 4 4 4 4 Travel Time Index 1.33 1.33 1.34 1.34 1.33 Rank 7 8 7 6 7 Commuter Stress Index 1.38 1.38 1.39 1.39 1.38 Rank 10 11 11 11 11 Total Cost ($ millions) 15,434 15,415 15,978 16,186 16,346 Cost per Peak Auto Commuter ($) 1,824 1,822 1,889 1,913 1,932 Rank 2 3 2 2 2
Inventory Measures 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 Population (1000s) 17,850 17,700 17,400 17,200 17,090 Commuters (1000s) 4,781 4,710 4,590 4,468 4,371 Freeway 115,500 112,555 105,195 103,675 101,295 Arterial Streets 94,000 90,450 85,850 84,365 83,835 Value of Time ($/hour) 14.10 13.73 13.43 13.22 12.85 Commercial Cost ($/hour) 74.17 72.23 70.86 71.38 70.47 Gasoline ($/gallon) 2.14 1.62 1.49 1.72 1.64 Diesel ($/gallon) 2.14 1.73 1.51 1.70 1.65 System Performance 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 Total Fuel (1000 gallons) 261,001 251,857 236,810 220,379 212,218 Fuel per Peak Auto Commuter (gallons) 31 30 28 26 25 Rank 1 1 2 2 2 Total Delay (1000s of person-hours) 552,649 533,286 501,426 466,635 449,354 Delay per Peak Auto Commuter (pers-hrs) 71 69 66 63 62 Rank 4 4 4 4 4 Travel Time Index 1.32 1.32 1.31 1.29 1.29 Rank 7 6 6 9 7 Commuter Stress Index 1.38 1.37 1.36 1.34 1.34 Rank 11 12 12 14 12 Total Cost ($ millions) 16,218 16,067 15,451 14,606 14,466 Rank 1 1 2 2 2 Cost per Peak Auto Commuter ($) 1,917 1,899 1,827 1,727 1,710 Rank 3 3 4 4 3
Inventory Measures 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 Population (1000s) 16,650 16,500 16,335 16,320 16,270 Commuters (1000s) 4,201 4,096 3,999 3,929 3,861 Freeway 100,260 96,808 94,755 91,270 88,500 Arterial Streets 82,575 81,665 80,255 78,300 75,605 Value of Time ($/hour) 12.43 12.17 11.98 11.71 11.37 Commercial Cost ($/hour) 66.76 65.76 66.83 66.20 64.27 Gasoline ($/gallon) 1.19 1.15 1.31 1.37 1.27 Diesel ($/gallon) 1.24 1.29 1.39 1.28 1.19 System Performance 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 Total Fuel (1000 gallons) 200,832 186,647 179,499 169,126 159,513 Fuel per Peak Auto Commuter (gallons) 24 22 21 20 19 Rank 2 4 3 4 4 Total Delay (1000s of person-hours) 425,245 395,209 380,073 358,111 337,756 Delay per Peak Auto Commuter (pers-hrs) 61 58 57 54 52 Rank 4 4 4 4 4 Travel Time Index 1.28 1.27 1.26 1.25 1.24 Rank 7 8 8 8 8 Commuter Stress Index 1.33 1.32 1.31 1.30 1.29 Rank 12 12 12 13 13 Total Cost ($ millions) 14,150 13,441 13,128 12,653 12,286 Cost per Peak Auto Commuter ($) 1,673 1,589 1,552 1,496 1,452 Rank 4 5 5 5 5
Inventory Measures 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 Population (1000s) 16,185 16,115 16,015 15,975 15,925 Commuters (1000s) 3,785 3,713 3,635 3,570 3,504 Freeway 86,600 84,210 82,900 81,600 81,475 Arterial Streets 71,555 67,905 63,810 60,695 57,385 Value of Time ($/hour) 11.06 10.78 10.47 10.17 9.75 Commercial Cost ($/hour) 62.23 60.84 59.01 57.31 55.03 Gasoline ($/gallon) 1.15 1.21 1.24 1.21 1.07 Diesel ($/gallon) 1.07 1.13 1.00 1.35 1.09 System Performance 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 Total Fuel (1000 gallons) 148,693 140,765 131,581 126,080 121,648 Fuel per Peak Auto Commuter (gallons) 18 17 16 15 14 Rank 4 4 4 6 5 Total Delay (1000s of person-hours) 314,844 298,059 278,612 266,965 257,579 Delay per Peak Auto Commuter (pers-hrs) 49 47 45 44 43 Rank 4 4 6 5 5 Travel Time Index 1.23 1.22 1.21 1.20 1.20 Rank 7 7 11 13 9 Commuter Stress Index 1.27 1.27 1.25 1.25 1.24 Rank 16 14 19 19 19 Total Cost ($ millions) 11,777 11,435 11,009 10,866 10,925 Cost per Peak Auto Commuter ($) 1,392 1,352 1,301 1,284 1,291 Rank 6 6 6 7 6
Inventory Measures 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 Population (1000s) 15,840 15,750 15,580 15,500 15,400 Commuters (1000s) 3,458 3,402 3,338 3,286 3,238 Freeway 78,675 74,580 72,000 69,100 65,860 Arterial Streets 54,800 54,490 54,510 54,440 53,830 Value of Time ($/hour) 9.25 8.83 8.48 8.18 8.03 Commercial Cost ($/hour) 52.81 50.04 48.53 46.57 47.83 Gasoline ($/gallon) 1.13 1.04 1.05 1.02 1.34 Diesel ($/gallon) 1.05 0.97 0.97 0.95 1.24 System Performance 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 Total Fuel (1000 gallons) 114,758 109,355 102,924 97,074 93,460 Rank 2 2 1 2 2 Fuel per Peak Auto Commuter (gallons) 14 13 12 11 11 Rank 5 5 7 7 5 Total Delay (1000s of person-hours) 242,990 231,549 217,934 205,546 197,894 Delay per Peak Auto Commuter (pers-hrs) 41 40 38 36 36 Rank 7 7 8 9 8 Travel Time Index 1.19 1.18 1.18 1.17 1.16 Rank 11 13 11 11 11 Commuter Stress Index 1.24 1.23 1.22 1.21 1.21 Rank 18 18 19 20 19 Total Cost ($ millions) 10,864 10,850 10,635 10,397 10,195 Cost per Peak Auto Commuter ($) 1,284 1,283 1,257 1,229 1,205 Rank 7 7 7 7 7
Inventory Measures 1984 1983 1982 Population (1000s) 15,340 15,375 15,500 Rank 1 1 1 Commuters (1000s) 3,199 3,179 3,169 Freeway 63,900 60,600 57,560 Arterial Streets 52,540 52,365 51,105 Value of Time ($/hour) 7.75 7.43 7.20 Commercial Cost ($/hour) 46.47 44.23 43.08 Gasoline ($/gallon) 1.35 1.38 1.44 Diesel ($/gallon) 1.25 1.28 1.34 System Performance 1984 1983 1982 Congested Travel (% of peak VMT) -- -- -- Congested System (% of lane-miles) -- -- -- Congested Time (number of "Rush Hours") -- -- -- Total Fuel (1000 gallons) 90,416 87,418 84,047 Rank 1 1 1 Fuel per Peak Auto Commuter (gallons) 11 10 10 Rank 3 4 4 Total Delay (1000s of person-hours) 191,449 185,100 177,962 Rank 2 2 2 Delay per Peak Auto Commuter (pers-hrs) 35 34 32 Rank 7 7 8 Travel Time Index 1.16 1.16 1.15 Rank 9 7 8 Commuter Stress Index 1.20 1.20 1.19 Rank 19 18 18 Freeway Planning Time Index (95th Pctile) -- -- -- Rank -- -- -- Total Cost ($ millions) 10,215 10,303 10,223 Rank 2 2 2 Cost per Peak Auto Commuter ($) 1,208 1,218 1,209 Rank 6 4 5