Development of the partial flow diluter for the measurement of particle size distribution and the investigation of nuclei mode particle during the transient cycles Sousuke Sasaki, Yoshio Tonegawa Japan Automobile Research Institute
Objectives Optimize the measuring method of real world PM size distribution from vehicles Evaluate vehicles for nuclei mode particles Real world : Short time after tailpipe emission Secondary aerosol formation is not included
Presentation overview 1. Partial flow diluter (PPFD-II) 2. Key factors for nucleation mode measurements 3. Investigation of nuclei mode during the transient cycles 4. Effects of after-treatments on nucleation mode particles 5. Conclusion 6. Further Study
PPFD-I for investigation of dilution processes 1.Partial flow diluter (PPFD-II) dn/dlogdp xdr [cm -3] 1.E+09 Full Tunnel DR 42 1.E+08 Full Tunnel DR 288 (Partial Flow ) 1.E+07 1.E+06 1.E+05 1.E+04 50km/h RL 1.E+03 Simple Frame Wind Tunnel DR 268 PFDD (1000 mm I.D.) DR 253 Chase 10m DR 1475 1.E+02 10 100 1000 Mobility Diameter [nm] 17th August 2004 8th International ETH-Conference on Combustion Generated Nanoparticles JARI
PPFD-II 1.Partial flow diluter (PPFD-II) Tunnel 空気断熱層 トンネル Air layer for heat Insulation Mixing point Exhaust gas Instrument SMPS (CPC3025) DMS Engine Exhaust 二重管 ( 外管 ) orifice オリフィス板 Double tube Transfer tube Ejector Orifice PPFD-II Controller Operation mode Const. Dilution ratio Const. Split ratio Suction flow rate : 65 to 130 L/min Dilution air Flow rate : 65 to 130 L/min Temperature : 5 to 35 C Relative humidity : 20 to 80 % Residence time : 0.9,1,2,3,6 sec Ultrasinic Exhaust gas measument system 200Hz sampling
Sampling probe of PPFD-II 1.Partial flow diluter (PPFD-II) Mixing point Air layer for heat Insulation Tunnel 空気断熱層 トンネル Exhaust gas orifice Double tube Transfer tube
1.Partial flow diluter (PPFD-II) Sampling probes Additional residence tube ;6sec
Set up of the PPFD-II for CD test 1.Partial flow diluter (PPFD-II) Light duty diesel truck Passenger car PPFD-II SMPS PPFD-II
Main Measuring Instrument 2 Key factors for nuclei mode measurements Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer DMA(differential Mobility Analyzer + CPC(Condensation Particle Counter) 90sec/1data scan) 10nm to 400nm TSI Model 3081 + 3025 DMS for transient mode analysis 17th August 2004 8th International ETH-Conference on JARI
Comparison of SMPS vs. DMS 2 Key factors for nuclei mode measurements CAST generated particle : bimodal mode dn/dlogdp [cm-3] 3.5E+05 3.0E+05 2.5E+05 2.0E+05 1.5E+05 1.0E+05 5.0E+04 SMPS1 (CPC3025) SMPS2 (CPC3025) DMS 0.0E+00 1 10 100 1000 Mobility Diameter [nm]
Vehicle and Engine Specifications 2 Key factors for nuclei mode measurements Symbol G1 G2 D1 D2 D3 D4 E1 E2 Vehicle or Engine Exhaust gas regulation Gasoline Passenger car 1998 idling regulation Gasoline Passenger car 2000 regulation 25% reduction Diesel Passenger car Diesel Truck Diesel Truck Diesel Truck Diesel Engine Diesel Engine 1998 1998 1998 1998 1999 1999 Fuel S (ppm) 11 10 28 28 28 28 28 28 Gross vehicle weight (kg) 1765 1655 2125 4535 4555 5675 - - Total displacement (L) Fuel system DI MPI 2.5 2.0 3.0 4.6 4.3 5.2 9.2 8.6 DI- Common Rail DI DI DI DI- Common Rail DI- Common Rail After treatment TWC TWC OxiCat none none none none none
Key Factors for Nuclei Mode Measurements Formation of Nuclei mode particle Idling Heavy Duty Diesel Engine Light duty truck Deceleration period without fuel injection Heavy Duty Diesel Engine Light duty truck High temperature on Oxidation Catalyst Diesel passenger car with Oxi.Cat.
Humidity effects on nuclei mode Oxi.Cat Passenger diesel at high load condition 2 Key factors for nuclei mode measurements x DR [cm-3] dn/dlogdp 1.0E+09 1.0E+08 1.0E+07 20 C 30 RH % 20 C 50 RH % 20 C 80 RH % D1: Diesel Passenger Car with Oxi.Cat. 3400 rpm, 6% gradient Fuel S : 28ppm PPFD-II DR:40 Dilution air: 20 C,30-80%RH SMPS 1.0E+06 1 10 100 1000 Mobility Diameter [nm] 17th August 2004 8th International ETH-Conference on JARI
Dilution effects on nuclei mode Oxi.Cat Passenger diesel at high load condition 2 Key factors for nuclei mode measurements 20 C 80% dn/dlogdp xdr [cm-1] 1E+11 1E+10 1E+09 1E+08 1E+07 1E+06 1E+05 20 36 49 60 68 85 1 10 100 1000 Mobility Diameter [nm] D1: Diesel Passenger Car with Oxi.Cat. 3400 rpm, 6% gradient Fuel S : 28ppm PPFD-II: DR:18 to 85 Dilution air: 20 C,80%RH DMS
Deceleration period without fuel injection no effects of humidity 2 Key factors for nuclei mode measurements 17th August 2004 8th International ETH-Conference on JARI dn/dlogdp x DR [sec-1] 7.0E+14 6.0E+14 5.0E+14 4.0E+14 3.0E+14 2.0E+14 1.0E+14 Average Particle size distribution during negative driving force 25 C 20 %RH 25 C 50 %RH 25 C 80 %RH D2: Diesel Light duty truck JE05 mode Fuel S : 28ppm PPFD-II: DR:200 Dilution air: 25 C,20-80%RH DMS 0.0E+00 1 10 100 1000 Mobility Diameter [nm]
Test Cycles 3 Investigation of nuclei mode during the transient cycle [km/hr] [km/hr] 100 80 60 40 20 0 100 80 60 40 20 0 CD34; Passenger Vehicle from 2008 0 500 1000 1500 2000 Test duration [sec] JE05; HD from 2005 0 500 1000 1500 2000 Test duration [sec]
Definition 3 Investigation of nuclei mode during the transient cycle Total PM = Σ dn/dlog Dp / 16 DMS 5nm to 1000nm PM emission rate [N/sec] = PM number concentration [N/cc] x 10 6 x exhaust flow rate [m 3 /sec] 17th August 2004 8th International ETH-Conference on JARI
Example of DMS result D2:Light Duty Diesel Truck, DR=200,Temp 25 C,50%RH 3 Investigation of nuclei mode during the transient cycle 1.0E+11 1.0E+12 1.0E+13 1.0E+14 dn/dlog(dp) / cc Particle diameter(nm) 1000 500 200 100 50 20 10 5 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 (rpm) Particle diamete (nm) 1000 3000 500 2500 200 2000 100 1500 50 1000 20 10 500 5 0 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000 1050 1100 1150 1200 1250 1300 (rpm) Particle diameter(nm) 1000 3000 500 2500 200 2000 100 1500 50 1000 20 10 500 5 0 1300 1350 1400 1450 1500 1550 1600 1650 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 (rpm)
Averaged PM size distribution 3 Investigation of nuclei mode during the transient cycle Averaged PM size distribution during transient mode dn/dlogdp xdr [sec-1] 7E+12 6E+12 5E+12 4E+12 3E+12 2E+12 1E+12 D2: DI D1: Oxi.Cat. G1: SIDI G2: MPI Mode: Transient D2; JE05 D1,G1,G2 ; CD34 Fuel S : 28ppm PPFD-II DR:40 Dilution air: 25 C,50%RH DMS 0E+00 1 10 100 1000 Mobility Diameter [nm] 17th August 2004 8th International ETH-Conference on JARI
Effect of Oxidation Catalyst 4 Effects of after-treatments on nucleation mode particles dn/dlogdp [sec-1] 2.5E+12 2.0E+12 1.5E+12 1.0E+12 5.0E+11 Averaged PM size distribution with Oxi.Cat. w/o Oxi.Cat. D2: Diesel truck Mode ; JE05 Fuel S : 28ppm PPFD-II DR:200 Dilution air: 25 C,50%RH DMS 0.0E+00 1 10 100 1000 Mobility Diameter [nm]
Effect of Oxidation Catalyst 4 Effects of after-treatments on nucleation mode particles Averaged PM size distribution dn/dlogdp [sec-1] 4.5E+12 4.0E+12 3.5E+12 3.0E+12 2.5E+12 2.0E+12 1.5E+12 1.0E+12 5.0E+11 0.0E+00 w/o Oxi.Cat. with Oxi.Cat. 1 10 100 1000 Mobility Diameter [nm] D3: Diesel truck Mode ; JE05 Fuel S : 28ppm PPFD-II DR:200 Dilution air: 25 C,50%RH DMS 17th August 2004 8th International ETH-Conference on JARI
Effect of Oxidation Catalyst 4 Effects of after-treatments on nucleation mode particles Averaged PM size distribution dn/dlogdp [sec-1] 1.4E+13 1.2E+13 1.0E+13 8.0E+12 6.0E+12 4.0E+12 2.0E+12 w/o Oxi.Cat. with Oxi.Cat. D4: Diesel truck Mode ; JE05 Fuel S : 28ppm PPFD-II DR:200 Dilution air: 25 C,50%RH DMS 0.0E+00 1 10 100 1000 Mobility Diameter [nm]
Effects of After-Treatments on 17th August 2004 8th International ETH-Conference on JARI Nuclei Mode Particle OxiCat and DPF 4 Effects of after-treatments on nucleation mode particles dn/dlogdp [sec-1] 3.5E+12 3.0E+12 2.5E+12 2.0E+12 1.5E+12 1.0E+12 5.0E+11 w/o Oxi.Cat. with Oxi.Cat. with C-DPF(DPX) E2: Heavy Duty Diesel Engine Mode ;JE05 Fuel S : 28ppm PPFD-II DR:200 Dilution air: 25 C,50%RH DMS 1.0E+00 1 10 100 1000 Mobility Diameter [nm]
Conclusion PPFD-II is developed. Higher dilution ratio and certain humidity is required to have stable result especially for nuclei mode. Nuclei mode particle can be reduced by the after-treatment such as oxidation catalyst. DPF is effective for reduction of both nuclei mode and accumulation mode particle. 17th August 2004 8th International ETH-Conference on JARI
Further Study Data base of other vehicles and engines Traceability for particle number measurements Background effects on nuclei mode Chemical analysis of nuclei mode particle 17th August 2004 8th International ETH-Conference on JARI
Acknowledgement Thank you to Mr. Higuchi of HORIBA Ltd. for modifying the micro tunnel and JAMA working group on fine particle measurements for the collaboration. Thank you for your kind attention