International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET) Volume 8, Issue 6, June 2017, pp. 714 721, Article ID: IJMET_08_06_075 Available online at http://www.ia aeme.com/ijm MET/issues.as asp?jtype=ijm MET&VType=8&IType= =6 ISSN Print: 0976-6340 and ISSN Online: 0976-6359 IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed COMPA ARATIVE ANALYSIS OF PERFORMANCE OF C.I. ENGINE FUELLED WITH DIFFER RENT BLENDS OF BIODIESEL DERIVED FROM WASTE COOKING OILS OF TWO DIFFERENT SOURCES S. K. Sharma Research Scholar, Amity University, Jaipur, India Dr. D.D. Shukla Professor, Amity University, Jaipur, India Dr. K.K. Khatri Associate Professor LNMIIT University Jaipur, India Nitesh Singh Rajput Research Scholar, Amity University, Jaipur, India ABSTRACT In present research work, waste cooking oil was derived from two different sources. Waste cooking Mustard oil was collected from family kitchen of researcher while waste cooking oil of refined soyabean was collected from residue oil of a marriage function in Alwar. Then biodiesel was derived from both the oils by the process of transesterification. Various fuel properties like viscosity, calorific values weree determined. Experimental analysis of both the biodiesel was carried out on a compression ignition engine. Only three blends of both the biodiesels (S10, S20, S30, M10, M20, and M30) were tested on a single cylinder 4 stroke compression ignition engines. Performance parameters like temperature of exhaust gases, brake power, brake specificc fuel consumption and brake thermal efficiency were used for comparative analysis. Experimental investigationn has confirmed the fact that biodiesel produced from waste cooking mustard oil was better than the biodiesell produced from waste cooking refined soyabean oil. Key words: Waste Cooking Oil, Blends, Mustard oil, Comparative analysis, Engines. Cite this Article: S.K. Sharma, Dr. D.D. Shukla, Dr. K.K Khatri and Nitesh Singh Rajput. Comparative Analysis of Performance of C.I. Engine Fuelled with Different Blends of Biodiesel Derived from Waste Cooking Oils of o Two Different Sources. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 8(6), 2017, pp. 714 721. http: ://www.iaem me.com/ijm MET/issues.a asp?jtype=i IJMET&VType=8&ITy ype=6 http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/index.asp 714 editor@iaeme..com
S.K. Sharma, Dr. D.D. Shukla, Dr. K.K. Khatri and Nitesh Singh Rajput 1. INTRODUCTION Rapid growth in transportation sector and consequent rise in consumption of petroleum products has resulted in serious environmental concerns. Since, India is the having 4 th rank ins global carbon emissions, therefore Government of India (GOI) is focusing on EURO-3 and Euro -4 norms for vehicular norms as reference hence there is an urgent need to adopt cleaner and greener fuel like biodiesel. Sale of vehicles with Bharat Stage-III emission norms already banned in March 2017. In order to meet the challenges Union cabinet has already approved National Biofuel policy -2009. Bio-diesel can be made from number of feed stocks such as animal fats or vegetable oils [S Jaichandar and K Annamalai,]. Vegetable oils are of two types edible and non edible. Ministry of non-renewable energy (MNRE) in India recommends use of non edible oils in manufacturing of biodiesel. As we know, across the globe a large amount of waste cooking oil is generated from commercial and domestic use. In India, researcher could observe that oil is never treated as waste cooking oil. Again and again, fresh oil is mixed and it is taken in to use, repeated use of waste cooking oil is full of toxins (P. S. Uriarte and Maria D. Guillen). Disposal and storage of this waste cooking oil is a big threat for environment (Vaneet Bhardwaj et al). Reuse of waste cooking oils as a source of biodiesel production is very much economical. Mustard oil is most commonly used cooking oil in north India, if proper awareness is created than thousand litres of waste cooking oil can be produced every week from a city like Jaipur. It means waste cooking mustard oil is available in abundance [Z. M. Hasib et al.]. Without any modification in existing design, compression ignition engine can be run with the blends of biodiesel with petro diesel. [B. Singh et al]. Waste cooking oils cannot be used directly on internal combustion engines due to higher viscosities [G. L. N. Rao et al]. 2. PROCESS AND PROPERTIES 2.1. Process Two different materials were used for making biodiesel. Waste cooking mustard oil was collected from domestic kitchen of researcher in quantity of 5 litres and 10 litres of waste cooking refined soyabean oil was collected as residue oil of a marriage function in Alwar. Bio-diesel from both the oils was made by the process of trans-esterification in the chemistry lab of Amity University Rajasthan Jaipur. Before transesterification of oils, free fatty acid tests of waste cooking oil were conducted in Private chemical lab Jaipur. FFA was 0.2542 % and 0.1989 % for Soyabean oil and mustard oil respectively. If FFA is less than 2.5% ten no chemical pre treatment of oil is required (D.Y.C. Leung et al). Only filtration with paper filter (pore size 11 micrometer) was carried out to remove debris and foreign particles for a period of 5-6 hours. Petro diesel was purchased from a local petrol pump in Kookas Jaipur, India. Because of superior property KOH was used as catalyst (A. Murugesan et al.). At 60 C temperature in reaction, methanol to waste oil ratio of 4 with 5% by weight of catalyst was used. After separation of glycerol, water washing was carried out (Sharma S.K. and Dubey J.).after reaction methyl esters and glycerol were obtained. Glycerol was heavier so it was collected at the bottom of tank when solution was left for 12-14 hours. Glycerol was drawn in a separate plastic bottle. Actually we used 5 liters of both the oils. After first water washing quantity of biodiesel produced was approximately 4 litres which reduced to 3 litres after third water washing of biodiesel. Byproduct glycerol was approximately 1.5 litres in volume. http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/index.asp 715 editor@iaeme.com
Comparative Analysis of Performance of C.I. Engine Fuelled with Different Blends of Biodiesel Derived from Waste Cooking Oils of Two Different Sources TRANS-ESTERIFICATION CH 2 OCOCR 1 CH 2 OH R 1 COOCH 3 CH OCOR 2 + 3HOCH 3 KOH CH OH + R 2 COOCH 3 CH 2 OCOR 3 CH 2 OH R3 COOCH 3 Waste Cooking Methanol Glycerol Bio-diesel Oil (Triglyceride) (Alcohol) (Methyl Esters) 2.2. Properties of Biodiesel Bio-diesel is superior to fossil fuels in so many aspects. Although, its calorific value is less than that of PBD, stll it has numerous advantages like it does not release harmful emissions. Sulphur content is also very low so chances of acid rain are almost negligible (P.V.Ramana et al.). Properties of biodiesel were found to be very much similar and closer to that of petro based diesel. These properties were tested at Chemistry and Mechanical Engineering lab of Amity University Rajasthan and Jagdamba lab Jaipur, India. These properties can be compared using ASTM standard. A comparison of properties of Biodiesels and PBD are tabulated in table 1. Property Table 1 Properties of Biodiesel Biodiesel made from WCO of RSO PBD Method of Test Density (at 15 C) Kg/m3 967 953 820-845 IS 1448 Part - 1 Kinematic Viscosity in cst 4.25 3.758 2.228 IS 1448 Part - 1 Flash Point (Abel) 147 C 145 52-96 IS 1448 Part - 1 Pour Point 5.2 C -4 3 C IS 1448 Part - 1 Calorific Value kj/kg 36504 39548 44800 Bomb Calorimeter Cetane Number 48.2 37 46 D 4737 / ISO 4264 Sulphur Content, ppm 5.7 6.2 350 ISO 8754/ P:83 3. EXPERIMENTAL WORK Investigations of biodiesel were carried out on a 4- stroke single cylinder vertical engine of Kirloskar AV1 5 BHP. It was a water cooled engine having direct injection with a speed of 1500 revolutions per minute. The experimental test rig mainly has test bed equipped with a fuel supply arrangement along with different metering and measuring devices mounted on the rig. A brake dynamometer was also coupled mechanically with the engine. The engine tests were conducted to evaluate performance of C.I. engine at 4 different load conditions i.e. no load (0 kg), part load (3 kg and 4 kg) and full load (7 kg) at a compression ratio of 19:1. Blended fuel was supplied through a pipe from an external container of plastic. All blends were pre-heated manually on a gas burner. A Simple digital tachometer was taken in use for measuring speed of engine in rpm. Temperature of lubricating oil was measured by a thermocouple and Temperatures of exhaust manifold were measured by a laser gun thermometer. Technical specifications of the engine are given in Table 2. MO http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/index.asp 716 editor@iaeme.com
S.K. Sharma, Dr. D.D. Shukla, Dr. K.K. Khatri and Nitesh Singh Rajput Detail Table 2 Specification of Test RIG Specification Type 4 Stroke Single Cylinder C.I. Engine No. of Cylinder 1 Bore /Stroke 87.5 mm /110 mm Speed 1500 RPM Cooling Water cooled Compression Ratio 19:1 Lub. Oil Used SAE40 Each Fuel blend was used in engine at four different loads no load (0 kg), part load (3 kg and 4 kg) and full load (7 kg); With the help of dynamometer, engine load was controlled. For all 3 blends of each biodiesel speed in rpm, Torque, Fuel Consumption, and Temperature of exhaust gas were recorded. With the help of data obtained in this investigation various other parameters like Brake Power (BP), BSFC and brake thermal efficiencies were calculated for all 3 blends of both the biodiesels. Nomenclature FFA Free Fatty Acid C.I. Compression Ignition PBD Petro Based Diesel RSO Refined Soyabean Oil MO Mustard Oil C.I. - Compression Ignition BP - Brake Power BSFC - Brake Specific Fuel Consumption BTE - Brake Thermal Efficiency EGT - Exhaust Gas Temperature M10-10% Mustard Biodiesel And 90% Diesel S10-10% Soyabean Biodiesel And 90% Diesel 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 4.1. Economics Actually, it is a common perception that biodiesel production is not an economically viable idea although it is technically feasible. This is not true, actually we are lacking in awareness about harmful effects of used cooking oil and benefits of biodiesel. In this project waste cooking oil was collected free of cost but if we look into economics of its production then 5 litre waste cooking oil can be collected at a price of Rs. 50 /litre and glycerol produced was approximately 1.5 litre which can be sold to cosmetics and pharmaceutical companies at a rate of Rs. 60-70/litre. So, now input cost becomes Rs. 250 for five litres minus Rs. 90 for sale of glycerol. Hence net cost is Rs. 160 for 5 litre plus 10-20 rupees for methanol and catalyst. So net cost now becomes Rs. 180 for 5 litre,so per litre cost of biodiesel will be around Rs. 60 /litre. This cost will further reduce if a mass production is carried out. It may reduce up to Rs. 50 /litre. That will be very much in the favor of promoting use of biodiesel. http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/index.asp 717 editor@iaeme.com
Comparative Analysis of Performance of C.I. Engine Fuelled with Different Blends of Biodiesel Derived from Waste Cooking Oils of Two Different Sources 4.2. Performance Evaluation Brake Power (BP): Variations of BP with the change in load are shown in the figure-1. At the condition of no load BP of all the blends S10, S20, S30, M10, M20 and M30 was very much closer to each other. When load was increased there was a drop in brake power with increase in concentration of biodiesel. It was attributed due to lower calorific values of biodiesels with respect to diesel (Bannikov M. G.). Brake Power in KW 1.85 1.8 1.75 1.7 1.65 1.6 1.55 1.5 1.45 1.4 S10 M10 S20 M20 S30 M30 Diesel Blends of Biodiesl 0 kg 3 kg 4kg 7kg Figure 1 Brake Power (BP) was maxima for petro based diesel (PBD). Brake Power for blends of mustard biodiesel was also found higher than that of biodiesel made from soyabean biodiesel. Maximum brake power was obtained in fuelling diesel in comparison to B10, B15 and B20 respectively. Maximum brake power for biodiesel M30 at part load 4 kg and full load 7 kg were 1.24 % and 5.73% respectively smaller than that of PBD at the same load. Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC): Variations of BSFC with the change in load are shown in the figure-2. At condition of no load BSFC of diesel was lower than that of biodiesels. When load was further increased there was drop in BSFC of diesel as well as in BSFC of biodiesels. BSFC in kg/kw-h 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 S10 M10 S20 M20 S30 M30 Diesel Concentraion of Biodiesl 1 kg 3 kg 4kg 7kg Figure 2 http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/index.asp 718 editor@iaeme.com
S.K. Sharma, Dr. D.D. Shukla, Dr. K.K. Khatri and Nitesh Singh Rajput At Full load condition BSFC of M30 was 1.76 % higher than that of PBD. BSFC consumption can be approximated in the following order BSFC of Soyabean Biodiesel > Mustard oil > PBD. At low load maximum and minimum BSFC were reported for S30 and M3o blends respectively. Brake thermal efficiency (BTE): Variations of BTE with the change in load are illustrated in the figure-3. At the condition of no load, BTE all the blends S10, S20, S30, M10, M20 and M30 and PBD was approximately same. Rise in BTE along with increment in load were almost proportional. 25 20 B.T.E. in % 15 10 5 0 kg 3 kg 4kg 7kg 0 S10 M10 S20 M20 S30 M30 Diesel Concentrations of Bio-diesel. Figure 3 Variations of Brake Thermal Efficiency This is due to the fact that BTE is a dependent variable which is a function of independent variable i.e. Brake Power. It can be observed that at part load of 3 kg BTE of M20 was 3.53 % and 3.50% higher than that of S30 and S20 Blends respectively. At full load condition of 7 kg BTE was reported maximum for diesel which was 0.04% higher than that of M10 Blend of biodiesel. Exhaust Gas Temperature (EGT): Variations of EGT with the change in load are illustrated in the figure-4. It can be observed that Exhaust gas temperature is increasing with the increase of load on engine. Least EGT was registered for diesel in comparison to different blends of Biodiesel. EGT in Degree Kelvin 480 470 460 450 440 430 420 410 400 390 S10 M10 S20 M20 S30 M30 Diesel Blends of Biodiesl 0 kg 3 kg 4kg 7kg Figure 4 http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/index.asp 719 editor@iaeme.com
Comparative Analysis of Performance of C.I. Engine Fuelled with Different Blends of Biodiesel Derived from Waste Cooking Oils of Two Different Sources It can be seen that for blend S20 exhaust gas temperature was almost same at different conditions of load. Presence of more oxygen atoms is the main cause of elevated EGT for biodiesel. This results in closeness to the condition of complete combustion. If complete combustion takes place then more amount of thermal energy is released. Further on increasing the load there was need of burning of more fuel, therefore EGT is increasing continuously with the increase in load on engine. 5. CONCLUSIONS Biodiesel derived from waste cooking oil is an eco-friendly fuel and its utilization can address world concerns on the subject of control of engine emissions. The transport segment has been recognized as a key polluting segment. Exploit of Biodiesel has, thus, become convincing in view of the tapering automotive motor vehicle emission standards to reduce greenhouse gases. Some of the noteworthy points are listed as: Use of Biodiesel is the need of time, because it is economical. Per litre cost is in the range of Rs. 55-60, which is really in the favor of blending petro diesel with biodiesel. Biodiesel obtained from mustard oil was superior in most of the aspects. Moreover, availability of waste cooking oil in abundance opens new door of opportunities. Performance of different blends of biodiesel was very much closer to the performance of petro based biodiesel so it is a good substitute for blending. No special changes are to be made in the existing design of engine for using blends of biodiesel. Cetane number for biodiesel of RSO and MO are 48.2 and 37, so Biodiesel of RSO have better anti - knocking properties than biodiesel obtained from MO. ACKNOWLEDGMENT Researcher is highly thankful to Amity University Rajasthan for providing research facilities. We also express our sincere gratitude for Dr. Divya Sharma, HOD Chemistry. Special thanks to Mr. Mahesh Gurjar - Lab Assistant of Chemistry Lab, Mr. Ajay Yadav - Lab Assistant of Mechanical Engineering Department. We are also thankful to Honorable Management of SRCEM Banmore, Gwalior. Special thanks for Mr. Jetendra Dubey, Assistant Professor IPS College of Technology and Management Gwalior. REFERNCES [1] A. Demirbas, Progress and recent trends in biodiesel fuels, Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, vol. 50, 2011, PP: 14-34. [2] B. Singh, J. Kaur and K. Singh, Production of biodiesel from used mustard oil and its performance analysis in internal combustion engine, Journal of Energy Resources Technology, vol. 132, 2010, pp. 1-4. [3] Z. M. Hasib, J. Hossain, S. Biswas, A. Islam, Bio-diesel from mustard oil: A renewable alternative fuel for small diesel engines, Modern Mechanical Engineering, vol. 1, 2011, pp. 77-83. [4] G. L. N. Rao, S. Sampath and K. Rajagopal, Experimental studies on the combustion and emission characteristics of a diesel engine fuelled with used cooking oil methyl ester and its diesel blends, International Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, vol.4, 2008, pp. 64-70. http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/index.asp 720 editor@iaeme.com
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