LABORATORY OF APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS October 23, 2013 Progress at LAT ARISTOTLE UNIVERSITY THESSALONIKI SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING DEPT. OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING 1
Contents Vehicle selection Incl. vehicles to be validated Test cycles and sequence First tests Discussions with OEMs for the improvement of the models Discussion of validation criteria 2
Vehicle models already available at LAT # Vehicle Seg me nt Fuel /Ele c Curb weight [kg] Transmission Hybridization Displacement [cc] Max Power [PS@ rpm] Max torque [Nm@ rpm] Type approval FC [l/100 km] 1 Alfa Romeo Mito 1.4 Turbo S&S (manual transmission) C G MT (5) - 1135 1368 135 @ 5000 206 @ 1750 5.6 2 Alfa Romeo Mito 1.4 Turbo S&S (TCT) C G DCT - 1170 1368 135 @ 5000 230 @ 1750 5.5 3 BMW X1 sdrive20d efficient dynamics J D MT (6) Micro HEV 1465 1995 163 @ 4000 380 @ 1750 4.5 4 Peugeot 308 1.6e- HDi FAP 112 C D MT (6) - 1318 1560 112 @ 3600 270 @ 1750 4.2 5 Toyota Auris HSD C G e-cvt Full HEV 1380 1798 136 @ 5200 142 @ 4000 3.8 6 VW Golf 1.4 TSi 90 kw C G MT (6) - 1416 1390 120 @ 5000 200 @ 1500 6.5 7 Toyota Prius PHEV (2010) C G/E e-cvt PHEV 1390 1800 99 @ 5200 142 @ 2800 2.1 3
Vehicles for which simulation models are made available by AVL # Vehicle Segment Fuel Transmission Hybridization Hybrid Topology Curb weight [kg] 8 Volvo S60 D5 D D AMT - - 1490 9 AUDI A6 3.0 TFSI quattro E G DCT - - 1715 10 SMART Fortwocoupe 52 kw mhd A G AMT - - 750 11 BMW 116i C G MT - - 1385 12 Volvo C30 T5 C G AT - - 1450 13 Audi A3 1.4 TFSi C G MT - - 1175 Vehicles made available by JRC # Vehicle 14 15 Fiat Punto Evo Audi A4 4
Tentative testing list Period Vehicle Fuel Transmission Sourced from 10-20/10/2013 Opel Astra 1.3 Diesel Manual Rental 21/10-15/11/2013 VW Polo 1.2 TSI Gasoline Manual Dealer 15-25/11/2013 Hyundai i10 Gasoline Manual Dealer 25/11-5/12/2013 Opel Mokka 1.7 Diesel Automatic OEM 5/12-15/12/2013 Ford Focus 2.0 SW Diesel Automatic OEM? Alternatively Volvo V60 SW 1.6 Diesel Automatic Dealer 5
Vehicle Inspection Protocol (1/2) 6
Vehicle Inspection Protocol (2/2) 7
Vehicle Test Protocol Day 0 Day 1 Diesel 3 x EUDC 22 min NEDC cold 20 min 60 min OR Conditioning for next day 1 x EUDC 7 min Gasoline 1 x UDC 2 x EUDC 27 min WLTC hot 30 min 60 min 2 x EUDC 15 min Artemis Urban 15 min Nomenclature 30 min Cycle measurement Emissions measurement Bag analysis Conditioning Diesel 3 x EUDC OR Gasoline 1 x UDC 2 x EUDC 22 min 27 min Conditioning for next day 8
Vehicle Test Protocol Day 2 Day 3 NEDC cold 20 min WLTC cold 30 min 60 min 60 min 1 x EUDC 7 min 1 x EUDC 7 min WLTC hot 30 min NEDC hot 20 min 60 min 60 min 2 x EUDC 15 min 2 x EUDC 15 min Artemis Urban 15 min Artemis Road 18 min 30 min 30 min 1 x WLTC 25 min Conditioning for next day 1 x WLTC 25 min Conditioning for next day 9
Vehicle Test Protocol Day 4 Day 5 WLTC cold 30 min NEDC cold 20 min 60 min 60 min 1 x EUDC NEDC hot 7 min 20 min 5 min @ 100 km/h 5 min 60 min ERMES 22 min 2 x EUDC 15 min 30 min Artemis Road 18 min 1 x EUDC 7 min Diesel 3 x EUDC 30 min 22 min NEDC hot 20 min 60 min OR Gasoline 1 x UDC 2 x EUDC 27 min Conditioning for next day 10
1 st Vehicle: Opel Astra 1.3 Diesel 11
1 st Vehicle: Opel Astra 1.3 Diesel Forced DPF regeneration with GM diagnostic tool 12
Bilateral contacts established with OEMs PSA for the 308 (exchanged data on measurements and simulations 1 st discussion on October 3) BMW for the X1 (exchanged data on measurements and simulations 1 st discussion on October 18) Toyota Motor Europe (we provided measurement and simulation data for the Prius 1 st discussion on September 19) Opel for the Astra and for the Mokka (continuous support from Opel engine maps already provided) 13
Discussion of validation criteria on the basis of existing tests 14
Measured and simulated vehicle Peugeot 308 e-hdi FAP Displacement [cc] 1560 Curb weight [kg] 1293 Max Engine Power [kw@rpm] Max Engine Torque [Nm@RPM] Gearbox Tires 82@3600 270@1750 6 gear manual transmission 205/55 R16 CO 2 emissions [g/km] 109 15
From chassis testing to fuel consumption Chassis preparation Measurement Inertia mass Coast down NEDC (cold, hot) Artemis Urban Vehicle speed [km/h] 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Inertia = 1360 kg LAT setting Type approval 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 Time [s] Artemis Road Analyzers signal correction and synchronization CO 2, CO, HC, NOx, NO, PM, PN values FC calculation 16
1. Accuracy of the comparison The modeling tool must be able to simulate fuel consumption or CO 2 emissions on a given vehicle, over the calibration cycle and the validation cycle, in such a way that the error in the calculated difference, is within 2 g/km. Calibration driving cycle: NEDC Validation driving cycle: Artemis Road Cycle = [( Cycle sim Cycle sim ) ( Cycle meas Cycle meas )], within ± 2 g / km cal val cal val 17
2. Accuracy of the end results For a single vehicle the error in the total simulated fuel consumption should not exceed ±2.5%. Fuel consumption [l/100 km] Experimental Simulation Difference [%] NEDC 4.6 4.7 2.2 UDC 5.5 5.7 3.6 EUDC 4.1 4.1 0.0 Artemis Urban 6.9 6.3-8.7 Artemis Road 4.5 4.9 8.9 Comments With a better efficiency map better results will be achieved. 18
3. Consistency throughout the test Over at least [90%] of the cycle duration the cumulative fuel consumption calculated on the validation cycle shall remain within [±3.5%], compared to the measurements. Percentage within ±3.5% NEDC 59.00 Artemis Urban 2.00 Artemis Road 15.70 Comments Initial idle phase should be treated differently? This criterion needs to be better clarified 19
4. Correlation of measured and simulated signals The correlation coefficient of the measured vs. simulated signals for 3 quantities [chosen by the consultant] must exceed [90%]. R 2 NEDC Artemis Urban Artemis Road BMEP 0.89 0.74 0.84 Engine speed 0.95 0.85 0.91 FC 0.93 0.66 0.83 Comments Should be R or R 2? The used parameters can be discussed 20
NEDC correlation 21
Cold start correction 22
Cold start correction overview Fuel consumption cold start correction can be achieved with three different ways: 1. Provide the second-by-second fuel consumption correction factor of cold-start over hot-start cycle (not used) 2. Provide the second-by-second engine temperature (can be used when engine temperature data, e.g. from OBD, are provided or for CRUISE temperature model validation) 3. Use the CRUISE temperature model (advanced friction model) in order to calculate the increased fuel consumption for cold start (input parameters require validation). Temperature models could be used for the cars measured at LAT and that engine coolant temperature was recorded from OBD (308, Auris, Avensis, Mito, Prius). 23
LAT temperature model path (image from CRUISE) 24
Example of temperature model validation: Peugeot 308 25