API Summer School 2016 Professor Peter Wolfs School of Engineering and Technology CQU

Energy Storage in the Power Grid } There are different areas of applications with completely different timescales, energy requirements and power requirements } At the generation/transmission level we want to flatten the daily load and need GW and GWh } In a rural township we might want a few MWh and a few MW to ride through a daily peak or form a micro-grid to ride through short outages } In a wind farm we might only need 100MW for 1 second for LVRT this is only 28kWh but it is still 100MW } Storages have a: Power(MW, kw, W or Js -1 ) and an Energy rating (MWh, kwh, Wh or J)

How much is a megawatt hour? } 3.6 GJ; } 100l of diesel fuel in purely calorific terms or roughly 240l to fuel a generator; } Pumped storage 100m height 3,660 tons of water without regard to mechanical losses. >5,000 tons is losses are included; } Stored in lead acid batteries 28 tons at 35Wh/kg; } Sensible heat requirement to chill 86 m 3 of water 10 ; } Latent heat to melt 10.78 tons of ice; } The sensible heat in 1000kg of graphite at 1000 ; } A lot in human terms. The mechanical output power of 167 by 8 hour days of horse labour (746W) 800 days for person (150W).

It really does not have to be electrical } Keep an eye on the goal. } Thermal storage is arguably much easier and can substitute for large amounts of electrical storage. } If we had large scale thermal storage in all of Australia s air-conditioning as chilled water or ice most of this load could be shifted to overnight or dispatched to follow renewables. This would remove the system peak. } Curtin and James Cook permanently load shifts megawatts of airconditioning chiller load on economic grounds. Curtin University 4Mlitre chilled water storage tank http://www.accessscience.com/loadbinary.aspx? name=qa&filename=qa5598fig0300.jpg

SANDIA Report SAND 2013-5131, DOE/EPRI Storage Handbook in Collaboration with NECRA, July 2013

http://www.electricitystorage.org

Pumped Storage Pumped seawater Okinawa, Commissioned 1999, 30MW, 136 m head. Storage pond has a polymer lining and a salt water leakage interception drainage system Proposed Lanai Pumped Storage Project Hawaii 300MW http://www.energy-withoutcarbon.org/pumpedhydro

SANDIA Report SAND 2013-5131, DOE/EPRI Storage Handbook in Collaboration with NECRA, July 2013

Compressed Air Storage CAES Alabama Electric Coop System 110MW-26 Hour storage system Solution mined salt cavern storage 1000ft high 250ft diameter, 1500ft below the surface Working air pressure 650-1100psi Air is expanded through a gas turbine that adds some fuel. Buys overnight nuclear power. Alabama Electric Cooperative s 110MW-26 Hour storage system http://www.energy-daily.com/reports/ Joint_Venture_To_Deploy_Next_Gen_Compressed_Air_En ergy_storage_plants_999.html

Adiabatic CAES The Alabama plant has a cycle efficiency of 54% This can increase to 70% if the compression heat is stored. The compressors need to handle air at 600C and the storage operates at 100bar RWE ADELE Project http://www.rwe.com/web/cms/en/ 365478/rwe/innovation/projectstechnologies/energy-storage/projectadele/

SANDIA Report SAND 2013-5131, DOE/EPRI Storage Handbook in Collaboration with NECRA, July 2013

Power Electronics for Energy Storage Inverter technology is highly developed: } Ratings to beyond 100MW outstripping any battery installation. } Good efficiencies approximately 97% at 10kW and perhaps 99% at 1MW expected to improve in the next 5 years (silicon carbide devices). } Better harmonic performance than the grid. } Inverters can transfer real power and provide reactive support much like a synchronous machine but: Instantaneously controllable on a per phase basis Dynamic behaviour is programmable Limited fault current (typically less than 2pu) } Technically capable of phase balancing and harmonic filtering.

P and Q Transfer from Inverters to the Grid

Battery Applications } Firming renewable generation capacity moderate rating systems, often at substations a few MW to tens of MW up to tens MWh NaS an industry favourite, also flow batteries and Li-ion } Grid peak load support community battery systems of support a LV distribution feeder. a few kw to hundreds of kw tens kwh to a few MWh Often lead acid with growing flow battery and Li-ion applications } UPS applications Sub kilowatt to more than 1MW Batteries range from 10 minutes to a few hours Often requires specialised high discharge rate batteries Lithium ion, NiCads or lead acid

NGK Sodium Sulphur Batteries http://www.ngk.co.jp/english/products/ power/nas/movie/ movie_nas_english.html http://www.ngk.co.jp/english/products/power/nas/principle/index.html

34MW NaS for wind farm smoothing http://www.ngk.co.jp/english/products/power/nas/installation/index.html

Islanding Energy Storage System AEP s Balls Gap Station Distributed Energy Storage System was commissioned and placed on-line in 2009 in Milton, West Virginia. The 152-mile-long, 34.5-kV Balls Gap feeder is situated in very challenging terrain, and is not one of AEP s most dependable. The installation controlled by S&C s unique IntelliTeam II Automatic Restoration System includes an S&C Smart Grid Storage Management System, a 2-MVA NGK sodium-sulfur battery, four S&C Scada-Mate Switches with 5801 Automatic Switch Controls, and two reclosers equipped with S&C Universal Interface Modules. IntelliTeam II operates the feeder devices to automatically engage the battery as an alternate source, serving as many customers as the battery can carry for up to seven hours. http://www.sandc.com/news/?p=373

SANDIA Report SAND 2013-5131, DOE/EPRI Storage Handbook in Collaboration with NECRA, July 2013

Vanadium Flow Battery The Redox Flow Cell is an electrochemical storage system which allows energy to be stored in two solutions containing different redox couples. Unlike conventional batteries, the redox flow cell stores energy in the solutions so that the capacity of the system is determined by the size of the electrolyte tanks, while the system power is determined by the size of the cell stacks. http://www.ceic.unsw.edu.au/centers/vrb/technologyservices/vanadium-redox-flow-batteries.html

King Island A 200kW, 800kWh vanadium REDOX battery was installed to increase the penetration of wind in this islanded system. http://www.kingislandrenewableenergy.com.au/history/kirex#vrb

SANDIA Report SAND 2013-5131, DOE/EPRI Storage Handbook in Collaboration with NECRA, July 2013

ZBB Zinc Bromine Battery A 2MWh Zinc bromine battery storage system installed at an electric utility distribution substation to reduce overloads during peak demand periods. The system will be used in a peak shaving substation deferral application on the Pacific Gas and Electric (PG&E) service territory. http://energystoragedemo.epri.com/cec/zbb/zbb.asp

Redflow Zinc Bromine Battery http://redflow.com/redflow-products/zbm-overview/

GUSS Grid Utility Support Schemes Redflow S520 5kW/20kWh Zinc Bromine System Can be used at the residential level to defer network upgrades. Ergon Energy has 30 units under test in rural settings http://www.redflow.com.au/apps_solar_m120

Redflow M120 120kW/240kWh Zinc Bromine System The RedFlow M120 unit is relocatable, transportable and modular. Its power electronics ensure scalability, voltage control and phase shifting, achieved through full four-quadrant power management and real time grid monitoring. Control can be autonomous or via integration with utility SCADA systems. http://www.redflow.com.au/apps_solar_m120

SANDIA Report SAND 2013-5131, DOE/EPRI Storage Handbook in Collaboration with NECRA, July 2013

Advanced Lead Acid and Lead Carbon } Batteries are optimised for power or energy applications manufacturers target specific storage niches } Advanced batteries variations on well established lead acid technologies including silica based electrolytes } Lead Carbon includes carbon into the negative plate } High charge and discharge rates } Longer cycle lives Xtreme Power Lead Carbon dry cell technology 1000 cycles t 1000% depth of discharge (DOD) Axion Power International super-capacitor lead carbon battery Ecoult / East Penn Ultra battery (CSIRO supercapacitor battery hybrid)

} Carbon is integrated into negative plate. Improves charge/ discharge rates and cycle life

SANDIA Report SAND 2013-5131, DOE/EPRI Storage Handbook in Collaboration with NECRA, July 2013

Lithium-ion Has emerged as the fastest growing platform for storage for electric vehicles. SANDIA Report SAND 2013-5131, DOE/EPRI Storage Handbook in Collaboration with NECRA, July 2013

Left 5kW/ 7.8 kwh (Silent Power, Grid Point and Saft) Right 2.7kW 10.8 kwh (Sunverge Energy) SANDIA Report SAND 2013-5131, DOE/EPRI Storage Handbook in Collaboration with NECRA, July 2013

Storage growth rates? http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/industry-resources/reports https://www.originenergy.com.au/for-home/solar/battery-storage/tesla-powerwall.html

SANDIA Report SAND 2013-5131, DOE/EPRI Storage Handbook in Collaboration with NECRA, July 2013

AES Laurel Mountain is a 98MW wind power plant located in Belington, WV AES developed a 32MW/ 8MWh grid energy storage solution. The energy storage system enables AES Laurel Mountain to provide frequency regulation services to the PJM market http://energystorage.org/energystorage/case-studies/frequencyregulation-services-and-firm-windproduct-aes-energy-storage http:// www.renewableenergymagazine.com /article/wind-farm-opens-withenergy-storage-capacity

SANDIA Report SAND 2013-5131, DOE/EPRI Storage Handbook in Collaboration with NECRA, July 2013

https://www.teslamotors.com/en_au/gigafactory

http://www.techinsider.io/facts-about-the-tesla-gigafactory-2015-11

Flywheel Applications } Cloud mitigation for solar PV } Ramp mitigation for wind } Voltage support for rail systems } Frequency response reserve } Voltage angle stabilisation } VAR support (this is really a function of the interface inverter not the flywheel)

Beacon Energy 25kWh/ 100kW Flywheel The Smart Energy 25 flywheel system includes a rotating carbon-fiber composite rim, levitated on hybrid magnetic bearings operating in a near-frictionless vacuum-sealed environment. The rim itself is fabricated from lightweight fiber composites, including graphite and fiberglass combined with resins, which allow the flywheel to rotate at high speeds (16,000 rpm). To reach its operational speed, the system draws electricity from the grid to power a permanent magnet motor. As the rim spins faster, it stores energy kinetically. The flywheel can spin for very extended periods with great efficiency because friction and drag are reduced by the use of magnetic bearings in a vacuum-sealed environment. Because it incurs low friction, little power is required to maintain the flywheel's operating speed. http://www.beaconpower.com/products/smart-energy-25.asp

20MW Energy Matrix 20MW/5MWh from 200 flywheels <4 second to rated power 20 year design life Application is frequency stabilisation $53million http://www.beaconpower.com/products/smart-energy-25.asp

http://www.beaconpower.com/products/smart-energy-25.asp

SANDIA Report SAND 2013-5131, DOE/EPRI Storage Handbook in Collaboration with NECRA, July 2013

Thermal Storage } Heating and cooling are large energy users; } Off peak hot water might rival pumped hydro in Australia } Thermal storage is much easier than electrical storage: The storage medium might be cheap and non-toxic water or ice Some systems have very long cycle lives Solar thermal generation with graphite energy storage at Cargelligo NSW http://www.graphiteenergy.com/index.php

Ice Storage Air Conditioners Ice-Ready units are standard, high-efficiency commercial rooftop packaged air conditioning units from leading HVAC manufacturers, optimized to work with the Ice Bear energy storage system in a plug-and-play fashion. http://www.ice-energy.com/energy-storage-compatible-hvac

Ice Storage Utility Communications for DSP The smart grid capabilities Ice Energy's solution are enabled by a two-way communications network and a sophisticated, utility-compatible smart grid controller that controls the Ice Bear system, manages the connected rooftop packaged unit, and serves as an intelligent gateway for managing additional demand and consumption on installed buildings throughout a utility territory http://www.ice-energy.com/technology/ice-bear-energy-storage-system/

Ice Storage Utility Dashboard Application Utility Dashboard gives utility operators instant access to cumulative system and real-time performance data from aggregated and individual Ice Bear units gathered by the CoolData Controller. Utility operators can verify peak demand reduction and energy shift performance via a secure, real-time web portal and view results for days, weeks, months, or custom-defined time periods http://www.ice-energy.com/energy-storage-compatible-hvac

A useful resource http://www.energystorageexchange.org/

http://www.energystorageexchange.org/

ABC Catalyst Roof top solar and home battery systems 2 February 2016 http://www.abc.net.au/catalyst/stories/4398364.htm

Questions Voith Hydro - Upper and lower basin of Limberg II pumped storage plant, Austria