STUDY ON ENTREPRENEURIAL OPPORTUNITIES IN BIODIESEL PRODUCTION FROM WASTE COCONUT OIL AND ITS UTILIZATION IN DIESEL ENGINE Project Reference No.: 4S_B_BE_4 COLLEGE BRANCH GUIDE STUDENTS : KALPATARU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, TIPTUR : MECHANICAL ENGINEERING : ASST. PROF. MANJUNATH CHANNAPPAGOUDRA : MR. MAHAVEERA CHOUGALA MR. MALLESHA A.N. MR. NIKHIL T. MS. ASHA R. KEY WORDS: Waste Coconut Oil, Trans esterification, Biodiesel, Performance, Emission, Compression Ratio, By-products INTRODUCTION: Worldwide energy demand has been growing steadily during the past five decades and most experts believe that this trend will continue to rise. The present work deals with finding the better compression ratio for the fuelled C.I engine at variable load and constant speed operation. Although biodiesel has properties on par with conventional diesel fuel, there are several problems that need to be addressed such as its low calorific value, high flash point, high viscosity, low pour point, and poor oxidative stability. Use of alternative environment friendly fuels along with improvements in the engine design can result in better engine performance and lower exhaust emissions. Automobile vehicles with diesel engine usually are operating with compression ratio in the range of 15 18. Experimental work has been done (Sinha and Agarwal 27; Lin et al. 29; Saravanam et al. 21) to study the engine characteristics of a diesel engine at a single compression ratio fuelled with waste coconut oil methyl ester blends of biodiesel. An effort has been made in the present work to investigate the variation in engine performance and exhaust emission characteristics of a 4-stroke diesel engine fuelled with waste coconut oil methyl ester blends of biodiesel by varying compression ratio from 15 to 18. Biodiesel production Technology is a key factor to enhance both food and bio-energy production and increase the output without adverse economic and environmental implications. One of the main goals of developing the biofuels sector is sustainability. The sustainability driver is based on the three pillars of economic, social and environmental sustainability. In economic terms, biofuels production has to be cost-effective and competitive. In social terms, biofuels development can create a massive new demand in the agricultural economy. As biofuels production is an agricultural process, the same elements and inputs contribute to its overall efficiency as for existing agricultural production systems. Also during the extraction of biodiesel we get the 6% of oil, 3% cake and 1% glycerin. Then glycerin is used for making Biosoaps, Cake is used for Cattle Feed and also it is used for blending mixture with Vormy compost for the production of Bio Fertilizer. Oil is acts as Lubricant. OBJECTIVES: Reduction of exhaust emission and fuel consumption is one of the most important challenges in the engine communities. One of the methods to overcome the issue is improving fuel by modification or reformation of its composition. The amphiphilic properties that result from the fatty acid composition of vegetable oils contribute to a better lubricity and effectiveness as anti-wear compounds than mineral or synthetic lubricant oils. 1. Preparation of Waste Coconut Oil Biodiesel. 2. Preparation of by-products for commercial application such as soap, Bio-lubricant, Bio fertilizer etc. 3. To study the effect of Blends of Waste coconut oil Biodiesel (B1.B2, B3, B5, and B1) on engine Performance. 4. To study the Effect of Compression Ratio on performance, Combustion and emission characteristics of diesel engine operated with optimized fuel blend. 5. Specific objective and The overall objectives are to improve the living conditions of rural populations and to stimulate coconut activities which promote local value adding and also is to demonstrate in a pilot project the use of coconut products in the generation of power (energy) in rural communities in countries and territories to enable them to participate in value-adding economic activities through job creation in the non-formal sector as well as improving and sustaining their livelihoods.
METHODOLOGY: Recognition of Materials for the Particular tasks Waste Coconut Oil To Prevent any Precipitate or for Sedimentation to occur Fatty Acid Methyl Ester content Analysis Analyzing the Results and Biodiesel Properties a) Biodiesel Utilization in Engine b) Utilization of Byproducts First up all we are concentrating on availability of requirements of materials at a particular task as our project. After that extraction of coconut oil from waste coconut available at a certain quantity then move towards trans esterification process to convert the oil into esters. In the trans esterification process we are getting 6% of oil, 3% of cake and 1% glycerine. To avoid the precipitation or sedimentation of oil at bottom and analyze the content of fatty acid methyl ester present inside the biodiesel. Completion of biodiesel production to analyze the results and properties by using computerized set up i.e. 4 stroke, single cylinder, Kirloskar diesel engine setup. Results are obtained in the form of graphs like brake thermal efficiency v/s brake power, brake specific fuel consumption v/s brake power. Properties such as density, viscocity, calorific value of the waste coconut oil methyl ester blends and also flash point, fire point by using Cleveland s apparatus. Prepared Waste Coconut Oil Methyl Ester Blends are tested under some different brake power we are getting good results for B2 as compared to other blends such as B1, B3,B5 and B1.it is because of performance,combustion and exhaust emissions are very low also it is good quality of characteristics for the diesel engines so we are go for B2.B2 gives good efficiency and less emissions Some residues is obtained from the trans esterification process such as glycerine, cake. glycerine is used to preparation of Bio soaps and Cake is used to preparation for Cattle Feed and it s also blend with wormy compost production of Bio Fertilizer. Due to more viscosity of oil it is doesn t preparable for Lubricants. Fig: Waste Copra Fig: Oil Expeller
Fig: Extracted Oil Fig: Computerized test setup Fig: Exhaust gas analyzer Fig: Setting of Compression Ratio Fig: Cattle Feed Fig: Bio Fertilizer Fig: Bio Soap
BSFC (kg/kw.hr) Brake thermal efficiency (%) RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: RESULTS: EFFECT OF COMPRESSION RATIO ON DIESEL ENGINE OPERATED WITH WASTE COCONUT OIL BIODIESEL (WCOME B2) PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS BRAKE THERMAL EFFICIENCY (BTE): 35 3 25 2 15 1 5 Speed:15 rpm,inj.timing:23 Deg.Btdc,CR:17.5 IOP:21 bar for,22 bar for Biodiesel,CC:HCC,Nozzle;NH3 Variation of brake thermal efficiency with rake power Fig. represents the variation of brake thermal efficiency of the test fuels with respect to load. Brake thermal efficiency of all test fuels increased as the load increased. This could be explained as the load increases, suction pressure developed will be higher which might have resulted in efficient combustion. At full load, brake thermal efficiency of diesel, CR 16, CR 17, and CR 18 were respectively 31.32%, 25.5 %, 25.88% and 28.82%. From the graph it s shown BTE for CR 18 is greater that CR 16 and CR 17. BRAKE SPECIFIC FUEL CONSUMPTION (BSFC): Speed:15 rpm,inj.timing:23 Deg.Btdc,CR:17.5 IOP:21 bar for,22 bar for Biodiesel,CC:HCC,Nozzle;NH3.8.7.6.5.4.3.2.1 Variation of BSFC with Brake Power Fig. represents BSFC of test fuels at different loads BSFC and brake thermal efficiency are always opposite to each other. At full load, brake specific fuel consumption of diesel, CR 16, CR 17, and CR 18 were.29 kg/kw.hr,.32 kg/kw.hr,.31 kg/kw.hr,.3 kg/kw.hr. The result was noticed for B2 with higher compression ratio (CR 18) exhibited good BSFC compare to the compression ratio. Because of lower calorific value of biodiesel and its blends compared to diesel, more amount of biodiesel is required to produce the same power output.
Nox Emissions(ppm) CO Emissions(%) HC Emissions(ppm) HC EMISSIONS: EMISSION ANALYSIS Speed:15 rpm,inj.timing:23 Deg.Btdc,CR:17.5 IOP:21 bar for,22 bar for Biodiesel,CC:HCC,Nozzle;NH3 6 4 2 Variation of HC Emission with Brake Power Fig. shows the variation of hydro carbon emissions with load. The concentration of HC in diesel exhaust varies from few ppm to several thousand ppm depending upon the load on the engine and its speed. The hydrocarbons in diesel exhaust are composed of a mixture of many individual hydrocarbons in the fuel supplied to the engine as well as partly burned hydrocarbons produced during combustion process. From the graph the HC emissions levels for different compression ratio like diesel, CR 16, CR 17, and CR 18 were 45, 44, 42, and 42. The increased gas temperature and higher cetane number of biodiesel and their blends were responsible for this decrease. Hence there is decreased level of HC for CR 18. CO EMISSIONS: Speed:15 rpm,inj.timing:23 Deg.Btdc,CR:17.5 IOP:21 bar for,22 bar for Biodiesel,CC:HCC,Nozzle;NH3.1.5 Variation of CO Emission with Brake Power Fig. shows the variation of carbon monoxide emission for test fuels at different loads. CO is usually formed when there is no sufficient O2 to oxidize the fuel. engines are usually operated at excess air so, CO emission in diesel engines are lower than petrol engines. At full load condition CO emission for diesel, CR 16, CR 17, and CR 18 were.89%,.68%,.66%, and.65% lower than diesel fuel respectively. CO emission of biodiesel and their blends were lower than diesel because of oxygen content in the fuel. From literature, it was noted that the combustion of waste coconut oil resulted in higher CO emission while the esters of waste cooking oil produced lower CO emission than diesel. NOx EMISSIONS: Speed:15 rpm,inj.timing:23 Deg.Btdc,CR:17.5 IOP:21 bar for,22 bar for Biodiesel,CC:HCC,Nozzle;NH3 15 1 5
Variation of NOx Emission with Brake Power Fig. shows the NOx emission profile for the test fuels. As load increased NOx emission also increased. NOx emission of biodiesel blends was higher than diesel because of their higher exhaust gas temperature. Variation of exhaust gas temperature with load for different fuels is shown in Biodiesel has constituents of higher molecular weights, which would only burn during the late phase of combustion resulting in higher exhaust temperature. Higher temperature and oxygen content in the fuel resulted in the formation of NOx. Generally, combustion of biodiesel produces higher NOx than diesel this can be validated from the literatures. There is greater NOx emission levels for C16 18 it is because of oxygen content B2 and high combustion temperature compare to diesel. CONCLUSION Using a local resource to generate electricity can give higher energy independence, better returns on crops, greater local added.so it will helps to domestic informal-sector job creation, reduction in emission. From exhaustive experimentation, B2 showed better performance and produced the high peak cylinder pressure and greater in heat release rate hence blend B2 is selected for further study. The biodiesel blend 2% shows the greater BTE and reduction in HC and CO emissions compare to diesel. The effective utilization of waste that remains after extraction of oil for production of by-products. From the study it shown that we can get profit Rs 5/liter biodiesel. If we consider 3 liters waste coconut oil /day (as per our survey), so we can get Rs 15/day. From the study it shows that an entrepreneur can setup a biodiesel production plant using waste coconut oil in places like Tiptur, Tumkur, Arsikere etc. SCOPE OF FUTURE WORK: Consider progress was made towards understanding the effect of WCOME in Engine so still there is a lot scope to study the engine Performance operated with different Additive. It would be very beneficial to extend this experimental work to Numerical study for validation. In the present study effect of Compression Ratio was studied,it would refer to extend the work to study the effect of different engine parameters like IOP,IT etc. on diesel engine performance In the present context Bio Soaps are produced with limited Ingredients hence there is still a lot of scope to produce the Bio Soaps with different ingredients and it is beneficial to do the soap testing. ~`*`~`*`~