Cargo Securing Guidelines for Road Transport U.S. Steel Košice, s.r.o. Guidelines for loading staff and drivers Ing. Juraj Jagelčák, PhD. prof. Ing. Jozef Gnap, PhD. Department of Road and Urban Transport University of Zilina July 2012
LIST OF CONTENTS 1 GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR LOADING AND SECURING A CARGO... 2 1.1 Application of the guidelines... 2 1.2 Vehicle requirements... 2 1.3 Lashing straps... 6 1.4 Anti-slip mats... 7 1.5 Basic rules for cargo securing in USSK... 7 2 PRODUCT STRUCTURE OF USSK IN REGARD TO THESE GUIDILINES... 11 3 SHEETS IN BUNDLES... 12 3.1 Loading and securing... 12 3.2 Sheets bundles securing examples... 17 4 TIN PLATES ON WOODEN OR STEEL PALLETS WINDING AXIS VERTICAL UP TO 12 TONNES... 23 4.1 Loading... 23 4.2 Cargo securing examples of cold-rolled tin plates on pallets... 26 5 COILS AND COIL-STRIPS ON WOODEN BATTENS WINDING AXIS VERTICAL (EYE-TO-THE-SKY)... 27 5.1 Loading... 27 5.2 Cargo securing... 27 5.3 Securing examples of coils with winding vertical on wooden battens up to 10 tonnes... 30 5.4 Unstable coils... 33 6 COILS AND COIL-STRIPS ON WOODEN SLEDGES WITH WINDING AXIS PARALEL TO LONGITUDINAL VEHICLE AXIS UP TO 10 TONNES... 34 6.1 Loading... 34 6.2 Cargo securing... 34 6.3 Securing of coils in wooden sledges winding axis horizontal up to 10 tonnes... 36 6.4 Unstable coils... 38 7 COILS LOADED IN A COIL-WELL WITH WINDING AXIS PARALEL TO LONGITUDINAL VEHICLE AXIS UP TO 20 TONNES... 39 7.1 Loading and cargo securing... 39 7.2 Securing examples of coils in a coil-well... 41 7.3 Securing of unstable coils blocked by stanchions forwards against tilting rearwards... 43 8 SPIRAL-WELDED STEEL PIPES... 45 8.1 Loading... 45 8.2 Cargo securing... 45 8.3 Selected loading combinations of pipes in USSK (mass is valid for 12 meters pipes)... 48 8.4 Securing examples of selected loading combinations of pipes... 50 1
1 GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR LOADING AND SECURING A CARGO 1.1 APPLICATION OF THE GUIDELINES These guidelines apply for all road vehicles carrying the steel sheets (bundles, coils, coil strips) and pipes from U.S. Steel Kosice s.r.o. (USSK) to our customers. Given the diversity of cargo carried, guidelines contain cargo securing principles for individual types of load. Guidelines are based on current cargo securing standards and measured results of selected cargoes. Cargo securing instructions are based on the estimated parameters as e.g. cargo weight, dimensions, friction factors, lashing angles, tensioning forces, lashing forces, use of anti-slip mats and the like. These guidelines are minimum requirements to protect our goods. They do not indemnify the carrier from his responsibility to take additional measures as he may deem necessary mainly in case of difficult loadings, difficult weather conditions (ice, snow, icing...). 1.1.1 DRIVER BEHAVIOR Drivers must follow work safety regulations in USSK. Drivers must wear personal protective equipment (PPE) according instructions in way-bills! The driver is obliged to wear PPE during the whole loading or unloading of the vehicle. Vehicle must be weighted at the entrance gate into USSK! Furnishing of the vehicle on loading site, tarpaulins removal, manipulation with sideboards and cargo securing is performed by the driver. Driver checks stowage of load on a loading platform during the whole loading. 1.2 VEHICLE REQUIREMENTS 1.2.1 HEADBOARD The vehicle must be fitted with a headboard between the cabin and the loading platform to protect the vehicle personnel in case of load shifts forwards. Headboard has to be functional without cracks in bearing weld seams. Vehicle without lashing points with damaged headboard! 2
We recommend vehicle superstructures certified according to the standard EN 12642 Code XL for our goods! Vehicle body marking according to EN 12642 1.2.2 LOADING PLATFORM The surface of the loading platform should be even and closed (no missing or broken boards). The cargo should not become wet from below. In case of semi-trailer with a coil-well this must be without any missing or broken coil-well covers. The loading platform should be dry and clean before loading. 1.2.3 LASHING POINTS Loading platform must have anti-skid floor (not metal floor)! Lashing points should be an integral part of the vehicle construction. Usual semi-trailer must be equipped by minimum 12 pairs of lashing points (24 lashing points) with minimum safe working load of 2000. We recommend vehicles with lashing rails for our goods or at least 17 pairs of lashing points. 3
1.2.4 SEMI-TRAILERS FITTED WITH A COIL-WELL - Minimum angle of slopes shall be 35. - Minimum span between supporting surfaces shall be 0,6 D. - Vehicle must be equipped with stanchions plugged into the cases in a coil-well. Coil must be placed against the stanchions. If coil might be damaged by stanchions use protective material. - In case of metal surface of the coil-well the use of anti-slip mats between the coil and the coil-well is obligatory. - Coil might not be laying on the bottom of the coil-well (minimum clearance 20 mm), always must be laying on coil-well slopes. D coil diameter Depth of the coilmin. 0,6 D 35 Minimum clearance 20mm Width of the coil-well 4
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1.3 LASHING STRAPS Vehicle must be equipped with sufficient number of lashing straps! - Minimum 16 pcs for tractor + semi-trailer and vehicle + trailer combinations with a lashing capacity LC = min. 2000. Particular types of loading may require more straps. - Minimum 8 pcs for vehicle with a payload over 3,5 tonnes to 12 tonnes with a lashing capacity LC = min. 2000, Particular types of loading may require more straps. - Minimum 4 pcs for a vehicle with a payload not more than 3,5 tonnes with a lashing capacity LC = min. 2000, Particular types of loading may require more straps. - Sufficient number of straps protective equipment (corner protectors, sleeves etc.) against sharp edges. - Lashing straps must be certified according to the standard EN 12195-2. - Lashing capacity LC = min. 2000! (2500 recommended) and standard tension force STF = min. 400 - length of lashing straps must be sufficient for applied lashing method - lashing straps must be visually inspected before each use - lashing straps end fittings must be suitable for lashing points on a vehicle We recommend long handle ratchets STF = 500 for our goods! 1.3.1 CONDITIONS OF USAGE - Use only damage-free lashing straps with readable identification tag indicating lashing capacity (LC) and standard tension force (STF). - Identification tags should be protected from sharp edges or even the load itself if possible. - Lashing straps mustn t be knotted. - Lashing straps mustn t lead over sharp edges or rough surfaces without equivalent protection. - Lashing straps must never be used for lifting loads or for any other purpose for which they are not intended. - Lashing hooks must not be loaded at their tips unless the hooks are specially designed for this purpose. - To avoid stress on tensioning devices and fasteners, do not lay them across edges, otherwise they may fracture. - Lashing straps must not be used again after the fracture, deformation of connective elements or tensioning elements. - Driver is obligated to check the tension in lashings short after the start and, if he is aware of loosening, also during the carriage in necessary periods. - Change of temperature during the carriage can affect the tension forces in lashing straps therefore check the tension after entry to warm area. - Driver is responsible for functional lashing straps. 6
1.4 ANTI-SLIP MATS - material rubber granulate - minimum friction factor 0,5 - minimum thickness 10 mm 1.5 BASIC RULES FOR CARGO SECURING IN USSK 1. Never carry the unsecured load even for short distances! 24 tones of coil strips carried according driver for short distance unsecured! Semi-trailer was not equipped with lashing points!!! 2. Cargo must be always secured forwards! Bales of sheets of 12 tones unsecured forwards! 7
3. Never place steel products on metal floor this is also valid for coil-well! By contact surface steel metal platform always use anti-slip mats. By contact surface steel (wedge bed, steel pallet) wood/plywood floor always use anti-slip mats. 4. Use lashing straps of minimum lashing capacity LC = 2000, standard tension force STF = 500 (long ratchets) and sufficient number! 5. For cargo securing use lashing points designed for this purpose. If the load displacement doesn t allow doing that, lash the lashings to the vehicle or superstructure chassis! But watch out of sharp edges! Control officers in Germany do not allow lashing to vehicle/superstructure chassis. They can define the vehicle as inappropriate for carriage. They can order to load the cargo on another vehicle. We recommend vehicles with lashing rails or at least 17 pairs of lashing points for our goods. 8
6. It is necessary for vehicles carrying steel products to be equipped with lashing points of sufficient strength and number! Usual semi-trailer must be equipped with 12 pairs of lashing points with minimum safe working load of 2000. By vehicles without any lashing points it is not possible to secure the load safely and efficient! We recommend vehicles with lashing rails or at least 17 pairs of lashing points for our goods. 7. Be aware of sharp edges, loose steel products have sharp edges and can cut the lashing straps, use protective material (corner protectors, sleeves...)! 9
8. Never load the lashing point in the same direction! In one lashing point can be maximum 3 lashing straps but each in different direction of loading that is e.g. during braking is force transferred to lashing point by only one lashing straps. We recommend vehicles with lashing rails for our goods. 9. Anti-slip mats (ASM) decrease the number of additional securing equipment! Always use ASM correctly. When using ASM cargo must be placed in a way that there are no contact points with loading platform and the whole cargo mass is transferred to loading platform through ASM. 10
2 PRODUCT STRUCTURE OF USSK IN REGARD TO THESE GUIDILINES SHEETS PRODUCTS PIPE S bundles small bundles OV bundles DZ Tva, DZ Sva, DZ ZU, OV wood and steel pallets OV winding axis vertical coils DZ Tva, DZ Sva, DZ ZU coils-strips wooden supports winding axis horizontail/vertical in coil-well winding axis horizontal LASHING ANGLES x y...angle between lashing axis and horizontal plane x...angle in horizontal plane between vertical projection of lashing axis to horizontal plane and vehicle longitudinal axis y... angle in horizontal plane between vertical projection of lashing axis to horizontal plane and vehicle transverse axis 11
3 SHEETS IN BUNDLES 3.1 LOADING AND SECURING Placing of bundles in longitudinal direction without gaps, blocking to the headboard, if necessary (e.g. load distribution) use of e.g. pallets to fill the distance between headboard and the first bundle or spring lashing. It is reasonable (e.g. distance between lashing points or load displacement) to place the bundles in units and secure the whole unit forwards, rearwards and sideways. In case of gaps between units each unit must be secured individually forwards (practise: German authorities ordered to fill each gap!). If the bundles are loaded in layers and some layer is not secured forwards it must be secured by spring lashing. Never carry the cargo unsecured forwards! When loading bundles on semi-trailer with a coil well always consider possible blocking by the headboard and stanchions forwards and if it is not possible use lashing against forward movement! The same is valid if empty pallets are available on loading platform or in pallet basket to fill up gaps in forward direction. SHEETS BUNDLES UNSECURED FORWARDS PENETRATED HEADBOARD DURING HEAVY BREAKING! Top-over lashing never secures the load forwards by reasonable number of lashings! 12
3.1.1 SPRING LASHING FOR SECURING FORWARDS/REARWARDS VARIANT SL1 Bundles in several layers to prevent longitudinal movement FIX HOOKS MORE FURTHER! Variant SL1 Mass of secured cargo Securing forwards NO KNOTS! Securing rearwards SHARP EDGES! No. of lashing straps (2 lashing lines) Banded greased or oiled sheets Packed sheets Banded sheets without surface coating-clean, sheet/wood, wood/plywood Banded greased or oiled sheets Packed sheets Banded sheets without surface coating-clean, sheet/wood, wood/plywood 2,6 t 3,3 t 5,3 t 4,6 t 6,6 t 21,3 t 5,3 t 6,6 t 10,7 t 9,3 t 13,2 t 27 t 3 7,9 t 9,9 t 16 t 13,9 t 19,8 t 4 10,6 t 13,2 t 21,3 t 18,5 t 26,5 t 5 13,2 16,5 26,7 23,2 t 6 15,9 19,8 For other lashing angles see tables in TAB 1 TAB 3 TAB 5 TAB 2 TAB 4 TAB 6 annex Friction factor f = 0,1 f = 0,2 f = 0,4 f = 0,1 f = 0,2 f = 0,4 Lashing angles r = max. 50, x r = max. 45 l = max. 20, x l = max. 45 r...right line, l...left line of strap r = max. 50, x,y r = max. 45 l = max. 20, x,y l = max. 45 r...right line, l...left line of strap In case of bundles in more layers consider lashing of layers separately (not only the whole cargo) or lashing in combination with wooden blocks. 13
VARIANT SL2 One or two bundles in one layer in combination with top-over lashing to prevent spring lashing to slip off SPRING LASHING LEADS OVER TOP-OVER LASHING WITH SUITABLE ANGLE TO PREVENT FROM SLIPPING! Variant SL2 Mass of secured cargo Securing forwards Securing rearwards No. of lashing straps (2 lashing lines) Banded greased or oiled sheets Packed sheets Banded sheets without surface coating-clean, sheet/wood, wood/plywood Banded greased or oiled sheets Packed sheets Banded sheets without surface coating-clean, sheet/wood, wood/plywood 3,5 t 4,1 t 6,1 t 6,1 t 8,2 t 24,6 7 t 8,2 t 12,3 t 12,3 t 16,4 t 27 t 3 10,5 t 12,3 t 18,4 t 18,4 t 24,6 t 4 14 t 16,4 t 24,6 t 24,6 t 27 t 5 17,5 t 20,5 t 27 t 27 t 6 21 t 24,6 t For other lashing angles see tables in TAB 8 TAB 10 TAB 12 TAB 9 TAB 11 TAB 13 annex Friction factor f = 0,1 f = 0,2 f = 0,4 f = 0,1 f = 0,2 f = 0,4 Lashing angles r = max. 20, x r = max. 30 l = max. 20, x l = max. 30 r...right line, l...left line of strap 14 r = max. 20, x,y r = max. 30 l = max. 20, x,y l = max. 30 r...right line, l...left line of strap
3.1.2 TOP-OVER LASHING FOR SECURING SIDEWAYS/REARWARDS Use for short bundles 2 3 m, tin plates (about 1 m x 1 m) already secured forwards! Use mainly for compact packaging (sufficiently packed) without possibility of movement of individual sheets from bundles. Mass of secured cargo by 1 top-over lashing against sliding sideways/rearwards Ratchet type Standard tension force in lashing strap STF Banded greased or oiled sheets Packed sheets Banded sheets without surface coating-clean, sheet/wood, wood/plywood Rubber anti-slip mats between cargo and platform or between cargo layers For other lashing angles see tables in annex Friction factor 300 262 kg 1572 kg 350 305 kg 1834 kg 400 500 BLOCKING, SPRING OR LOOP LASHING 349 kg 436 kg 2096 kg 2621 kg 750 655 kg 3931 kg 1000 873 kg 5242 kg Lashing angles = 45-90 3.1.3 TAB 15 4000 kg = 0,1 = 0,2 = 0,4 > 0,5 15
LOOP LASHING FOR CARGO SECURING SIDEWAYS Loop lashing 2 variants use for long bundles over 3 m in length and also for shorter bundles where great number of top-over lashings is necessary. x x x Cargo mass secured by pairs of loop lashing sideways for two variants of loop lashing Variant LL1 LL1 Variant LL2 LL2 Number of pairs of lashing straps Banded greased or oiled sheets Packed sheets Banded sheets without surface coating-clean, sheet/wood, wood/plywood Banded greased or oiled sheets Packed sheets Banded sheets without surface coating-clean, sheet/wood, wood/plywood 1 3,8 t 5,7 t 20,2 2 t 3 t 10,6 t 2 7,7 t 11,5 t 27 t 4 t 6 t 21,1 t 3 11,5 t 17,2 t 6,1 t 9 t 27 t 4 15,3 t 22,9 t 8,1, t 12,1 t 5 19,2 t 28,6 t 10,1 t 15,1 t 6 23 t 12,1 t 18,1 t 7 26,8 t 14,1 t 21,1 t 8 16,2 t 24,1 t For other lashing angles see tables in annex TAB2 TAB4 TAB6 TAB 2 TAB4 TAB6 Friction factor f = 0,1 f = 0,2 f = 0,4 f = 0,1 f = 0,2 f = 0,4 Lashing angles 1=max.90, 2=max.20, y=0-20 1...top line over the cargo 2...bottom line under the cargo 1=max.90, 2=max.20, y=0, x=90 1...top line over the cargo 2...bottom line under the cargo 16
3.2 SHEETS BUNDLES SECURING EXAMPLES 3.2.1 SECURING EXAMPLES OF COLD-ROLLED SHEETS IN SMALL BUNDLES 17
1. Securing of group of bundles forwards by filling of empty space by pallets and top-over lashing sideways/ rearwards. 2. Securing of group of bundles forwards by stanchions and top-over lashing sideways/rearwards. 3. Securing of group of bundles forwards by 1 spring lashing (SL2 red strap) and top-over lashing sideways/rearwards (red strap over yellow strap against slipping). 4. Securing of group of bundles forwards by 1 spring lashing (SL2) and top-over lashing sideways/rearwards alternative solution to prevent spring lashing slipping. 5. Possible use of anti-slip mats for heavier cargo for all cargo loadings or in case of low top-over lashing angles 1 top-over lashing for 4 tonnes of cargo in case of use of anti-slip mats and compact packaging. 6. Securing of group of bundles forwards by 2 spring lashings (SL1-blue and red strap) and top-over lashing sideways/rearwards. For heavier cargo consider use of anti-slip mats. 7. Securing of group of bundles forwards by filling of empty space by pallets and top-over lashing sideways/rearwards. 8. In case of doubts about the strength of the stanchions strengthen the stanchions by 1 / 2 spring lashings. 9. A combination of spring lashings (SL2 - red and green strap) for securing of group of bundles forwards/rearwards and top-over lashing (yellow straps) sideways. 3.2.2 18
SECURING EXAMPLES OF HOT/COLD-ROLLED SHEETS IN BUNDLES 1. Cargo blocked by the headboard of sufficient strength (EN 12642 XL), top-over lashing sideways/rearwards. 2. Securing of incomplete upper layer against movement forwards/rearwards by 1 spring lashing (Variant SL2 red straps) and loop lashing (LL2-green and blue straps) of both layers sideways (in case of low friction between layers). 3. Cargo section blocked by stanchions forwards and top-over lashing sideways/rearwards. 4. Cargo section secured by 2 spring lashings (SL2-red and blue strap) in combination with a pallet (two wooden blocks 100x100 mm placed in a pallet vertically for more cargo layers), and top-over lashing sideways/rearwards. 5. Cargo section secured by 2 crossed spring lashings (SL1-red and blue strap), and top-over lashing sideways/rearwards. 19
1. Cargo blocked by headboard of sufficient strength (EN 12642 XL), top-over lashing sideways/rearwards. 3. Cargo section blocked by stanchions forwards, and top-over lashing sideways/rearwards. In case of doubts about the strength of the stanchions strengthen the stanchions by 1 or 2 spring lashings SL2. 6. Filling of empty space by pallets as blocking aid forwards and securing of pallets by top-over lashing sideways/rearwards, headboard of sufficient strength (EN 12642 XL). 7. Smaller bundles than half of the platform width can be stowed next to each other for better top-over lashing angle. 20
8. Cargo securing sideways by loop lashings (LL1 resp. LL2 light blue and green straps). 9. Filling of empty space by pallets as blocking aid forwards and securing of pallets by top-over lashing sideways/rearwards, headboard of sufficient strength (EN 12642 XL). 10. Cargo securing rearwards by 2 crossed spring lashings (SL1 red and dark-blue strap). 11. Cargo blocked forwards by stanchions. In case of doubts about the strength of the stanchions strengthen the stanchions by 1 or 2 spring lashings SL2. 21
12. Cargo securing of unblocked cargo forwards by spring lashings in combination with a pallet and wooden blocks 100 x 100 mm (SL2). 13. Cargo securing of unblocked cargo forwards by spring lashings (SL1). 22
4 TIN PLATES ON WOODEN OR STEEL PALLETS WINDING AXIS VERTICAL UP TO 12 TONNES 4.1 LOADING Place coils on a loading platform in a way to achieve correct load distribution. In case of semi-trailer with a coil-well consider use of stanchions to block the cargo forwards especially coils on steel pallets. Always use anti-slip mats with minimum thickness of 10 mm under the pallets. WRONG SECURING OF COIL, COIL NOT SECURED FORWARDS AT ALL! 23
STEEL PALLETS Always use anti-slip mats under the steel pallets! anti-slip mats anti-slip mats COIL SHIFT DURING BRAKEING, NOT PROPERLY SECURED! COIL FALLEN OUT FROM SEMI-TRAILER, NOT PROPERLY SECURED! Variant SL2 Mass of secured cargo by spring lashing No. of lashing straps Securing forwards Securing rearwards Securing sideways 24
Wood/plywood Anti-slip mats under the pallets Wood/plywood clean Wood/plywood clean 4,7 t 6,3 t 12,3 t 12,3 t 9,5 t 12,6 t 24,7 t 24,7 t For other lashing angles see tables in annex 3 14,2 t Friction factor f = 0,4 Lashing angles = max. 35, x = max. 40 TAB12 TAB 14 TAB 13 TAB 13 f = 0,5 f = 0,4 f = 0,4 = max. 35, x = max. 60 Mass of secured cargo by 1 top-over lashing against sliding sideways/rearwards = max. 35, y = max. 60 Ratchet type Standard tension force in lashing strap STF Wood/plywood clean Anti-slip mats under the pallets 300 1926 kg 350 2247 kg 400 2568 kg 500 3210 kg 750 4815 kg 1000 6420 kg 4000 kg For other lashing angles see tables in annex TAB 15 Friction factor = 0,4 > 0,5 Lashing angles = 60-90 4.2 25
CARGO SECURING EXAMPLES OF COLD-ROLLED TIN PLATES ON PALLETS Lashing angles = max. 35, x for lashings forwards = max. 40, x,y for lashing rearwards/sideways = max. 60 1. Cargo securing of unblocked coil up to 12 tonnes placed on rubber anti-slip mats by 3 round spring lashings SL2 against forward movement (red, ligh blue and dark blue strap), 2 round spring lashings SL2 against rearward movement (green and pink strap) and 1 holding strap to hold securing straps (orange strap). The combination of lashings forwards/rearwards also secure a cargo sideways. 2. Cargo securing of unblocked coil up to 12 tonnes placed on rubber anti-slip mats by 2 crossed round spring lashings SL2 against forward movement and 3 crossed top-over lashings sideways/rearwards. Blue and red strap leads on one side over one yellow strap against falling down. 3. Blocking of coil on a steel pallet and on rubber anti-slip mats by stanchions against forward movement and 3 crossed top-over lashings sideways/rearwards. 26
5 COILS AND COIL-STRIPS ON WOODEN BATTENS WINDING AXIS VERTICAL (EYE-TO-THE-SKY) 5.1 LOADING Loading in one row without gaps between units or create groups from more units. Smaller coils than half of the platform width can be stowed next to each other. 5.2 CARGO SECURING All coils/coil-strips are placed on wooden battens winding axis vertical. Always if possible use spring lashing through the coil eye or round spring lashing against forward movement. When lashing is done through the coil eye be aware of limited movement of the cargo which can pinch lashing strap on wooden battens and would not be possible to remove straps. When using round spring lashings (SL2) be aware of falling of straps down. Lighter coils can be grouped together without gaps secured sideways/rearwards by top-over lashing but forwards always by spring lashings if coil group is not blocked by headboard, stanchions, pallets. If load is not placed against headboard use always blocking or spring lashing. For securing sideways a top-over lashing and spring lashing through the coil eye or loop lashing for heavier coils can be used. Group of coils can be secured together by lashing. For securing rearwards spring/top-over lashing can be used. Unstable coils on wooden battens must be secured against tilting by spring/top-over lashing or blocking. Securing of coil-strips sideways by top-over lashing, loop lashing or two coils spring lashed together through their coil eyes 27
Mass of secured cargo by 1 top-over lashing against sliding sideways/rearwards Ratchet type Standard tension force in lashing strap STF Banded greased or oiled sheets Packed sheets Banded sheets without surface coating-clean, sheet/wood, wood/plywood Rubber anti-slip mats between cargo and platform or between cargo layers For other lashing angles see tables in annex Friction factor 300 262 kg 1572 kg 350 305 kg 1834 kg 400 500 BLOCKING, SPRING OR LOOP LASHING 349 kg 436 kg 2096 kg 2621 kg 750 655 kg 3931 kg 1000 873 kg 5242 kg Lashing angles = 45-90 TAB 15 4000 kg = 0,1 = 0,2 = 0,4 > 0,5 Spring lashing through the coil eye SL1 Mass of secured cargo Securing forwards Securing rearwards/sideways No. of lashing straps (2 lines) Banded greased or oiled sheets Packed sheets Banded sheets without surface coating-clean, sheet/wood, wood/plywood Banded greased or oiled sheets Packed sheets Banded sheets without surface coating-clean, sheet/wood, wood/plywood 2,6 t 3,3 t 5,3 t 4,6 t 6,6 t 21,3 t 5,3 t 6,6 t 10,7 t 9,3 t 13,2 t 27 t 3 7,9 t 9,9 t 16 t 13,9 t 19,8 t 4 10,6 t 13,2 t 21,3 t 18,5 t 26,5 t 5 13,2 16,5 26,7 23,2 t 6 15,9 19,8 For other lashing angles see tables in TAB 1 TAB 3 TAB 5 TAB 2 TAB 4 TAB 6 annex Friction factor f = 0,1 f = 0,2 f = 0,4 f = 0,1 f = 0,2 f = 0,4 Lashing angles 1 = max. 50, x 1 = max. 45 2 = max. 20, x 2 = max. 45 r...first line, l...second strap line 1 = max. 50, x 1 = max. 45 2 = max. 20, x 2 = max. 45 r...first line, l...second strap line 28
Round spring lashing variant SL2 Mass of secured cargo Securing forwards Securing rearwards No. of lashing straps (2 lines) Banded greased or oiled sheets Packed sheets Banded sheets without surface coating-clean, sheet/wood, wood/plywood Banded greased or oiled sheets Packed sheets Banded sheets without surface coating-clean, sheet/wood, wood/plywood 3,5 t 4,1 t 6,1 t 6,1 t 8,2 t 24,6 7 t 8,2 t 12,3 t 12,3 t 16,4 t 27 t 3 10,5 t 12,3 t 18,4 t 18,4 t 24,6 t 4 14 t 16,4 t 24,6 t 24,6 t 27 t 5 17,5 t 20,5 t 27 t 27 t 6 21 t 24,6 t For other lashing angles see tables in annex TAB 8 TAB 10 TAB 12 TAB 9 TAB 11 TAB 13 Friction factor f = 0,1 f = 0,2 f = 0,4 f = 0,1 f = 0,2 f = 0,4 Lashing angles r = max. 20, x r = max. 30 l = max. 20, x l = max. 30 r...right line, l...left line of strap r = max. 20, x,y r = max. 30 l = max. 20, x,y l = max. 30 r...right line, l...left line of strap 29
5.3 SECURING EXAMPLES OF COILS WITH WINDING AXIS VERTICAL ON WOODEN BATTENS UP TO 10 TONNES 30
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5.4 1. Coils secured forwards are placed against headboard with headboard pressure distribution by wooden blocks 100 x 100 x 2450 mm (see 9). First coil is secured sideways by top-over lashing (yellow strap) and whole group of coils is secured rearwards by spring lashing SL1 (light blue strap) through last coil eye, which is simultaneously secured sideways. 2. Group of coils secured forwards by spring lashing SL2 (red strap) and by top-over lashings rearwards/sideways (yellow straps). In case of more layers of coil-strips on wooden battens pallet/wooden blocks must be used to block all layers and spring lashing must be applied in a way to prevent falling down. 3. Coils securing in each direction by loop/spring lashing SL1/LL1 through the coil eye. 4. Two coils loaded next to each other and secured forwards by spring lashing SL2 (red strap) and sideways/rearwards by top-over lashings (yellow strap). In case of more layers of coil-strips on wooden battens pallet/wooden blocks must be used to block all layers. In case of heavier coils more spring lashings forwards. 5. Group of coil secured by 2 round spring lashings SL2 of equal length (green and red strap) and do sideways/rearwards by crossed top-over lashings (yellow straps). 6. Coil secured forwards by placing empty pallets between the headboard and the coil to distribute also the pressure on the headboard from coil. Coil secured sideways/rearwards by spring lashing SL1 (dark blue straps) through the coil eye. 7. Coil secured in each direction by 4 spring lashings SL1/LL1 through the coil eye, each strap line is fixed to separate lashing point. 8. Coil blocked by coil-well stanchions, pallet and horizontal stanchions/wooden blocks forwards. Coil secured sideways/rearwards by spring lashing SL1 (green straps) through the coil eye. 9. Example of headboard pressure distribution from coils by 4 wooden blocks from soft wood 100x100x2450 mm. 10. Load is divided to two groups. One is blocked forward by the headboard and second one by coil-well stanchions. In case of doubts about stanchions strength strengthen the stanchions with spring lashings. First two coils of each group are secured sideways by spring lashings through their coil eyes (ping and green strap). 11. Load is divided to two groups. One is blocked forward by the headboard and second one lashed forwards by spring lashings SL1 through first coil eye (red straps). In case of heavier coils more spring lashings forwards. 12. Load is divided to two groups. One is blocked forward by the headboard and second one lashed forwards by round spring lashings SL2 in combination with wooden blocks 100x100 mm (red and dark blue strap). In case of heavier coils more spring lashings forwards. Prevent spring lashings from falling down. 32
UNSTABLE COILS Unstable coils must be secured against sliding and tilting! TOP-OVER LASHING AGAINST TILTING IN REQUIRED DIRECTION CARGO MASS SECURED BY 1 LASHING Lashings must be symmetrically positioned relative to the centre of the coil- = 60 90 Tension force in lashing line Lashings must be symmetrically positioned relative to the centre of the coil- = 60 90 Tension force in lashing line d / b 300 350 400 500 750 1000 d / b 300 350 400 500 750 1000 kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg 1,33 6356 7416 8475 10594 15890 21187 1,82 5297 6180 7062 8828 13242 17656 1,43 2966 3461 3955 4944 7416 9887 2,00 2408 2809 3210 4013 6019 8025 1,54 1836 2142 2448 3060 4591 6121 2,22 1445 1685 1926 2408 3611 4815 1,67 1271 1483 1695 2119 3178 4237 2,50 963 1124 1284 1605 2408 3210 1,82 932 1088 1243 1554 2331 3107 2,86 674 786 899 1124 1685 2247 2,00 706 824 942 1177 1766 2354 3,33 482 562 642 803 1204 1605 2,22 545 636 726 908 1362 1816 4,00 344 401 459 573 860 1146 2,50 424 494 565 706 1059 1412 5,00 241 281 321 401 602 803 2,86 330 385 439 549 824 1099 6,67 161 187 214 268 401 535 3,33 254 297 339 424 636 847 10,00 96 112 128 161 241 321 4,00 193 225 257 321 482 642 5,00 141 165 188 235 353 471 6,67 98 114 130 163 244 326 10,00 61 71 81 101 151 202 Lashings must be symmetrically positioned relative to the centre of the coil- = 60 90 Tension force in lashing line In case that ratio d/b is higher than defined boundary coil is unstable and must be secured against tilting. 33 d / b 2,22 300 kg 4334 350 kg 5056 400 kg 5778 500 kg 7223 750 kg 10834 1000 kg 14446 2,50 1926 2247 2568 3210 4815 6420 2,86 1124 1311 1498 1873 2809 3745 3,33 722 843 963 1204 1806 2408 4,00 482 562 642 803 1204 1605 5,00 321 375 428 535 803 1070 6,67 206 241 275 344 516 688 10,00 120 140 161 201 301 401 Other lashing angles are given in TAB 16, TAB 17 and TAB 18 in annex.
6 COILS AND COIL-STRIPS ON WOODEN SLEDGES WITH WINDING AXIS PARALEL TO LONGITUDINAL VEHICLE AXIS UP TO 10 TONNES 6.1 LOADING Loading must be with rolling direction perpendicular to driving direction. If it is possible create groups. If it is not possible secure each unit separately. Coils on short sledges can be unstable and edge cut creates even higher instability. Never load with rolling direction in driving direction! 6.2 CARGO SECURING Securing of coils on wooden sledges depends on stowage of coils on loading platform. Spring lashing through the coil eye is suitable for securing of coils. Stanchions can be used to block the coils forwards if the load distribution is correct in case of semitrailers fitted with coil-well. NOT PROPERLY SECURED COILS (8363 KG FRONT ONE AND 5328 KG REAR ONE) BY ONLY TOP-OVER LASHINGS, NOT PROPERLY SECURED FORWARDS BUT LOADED ON SEMI-TRAILER FITTED WITH COIL-WELL WHERE STANCHIONS COULD BE USED FOR BLOCKING THE CARGO FORWARDS. 34
Cargo mass secured by 1 top-over lashing against sliding sideways/rearwards Ratchet type Standard tension force in lashing strap STF Coils in wooden sledges loaded on plywood floor Coils in wooden sledges loaded on rubber anti-slip mats 300 1572 kg 350 1834 kg 400 2096 kg 500 2621 kg 750 3931 kg 1000 5242 kg 4000 kg For other lashing angles see tables in annex TAB 15 Friction factor = 0,4 > 0,5 Lashing angles = 45-90 Cargo mass secured by spring lashing forwards Spring lashing around coil/coils SL2 Spring lashing through coil/coils eye SL1 No. of lashing straps/strap lines Coils in wooden sledges loaded on plywood floor Coils in wooden sledges loaded on rubber anti-slip mats Coils in wooden sledges loaded on plywood floor Coils in wooden sledges loaded on rubber anti-slip mats 1/2 6 t 8 t 2/4 12 t 16 t 11 t 16 t Cargo mass secured by 1 strap/2lines rearwards For other lashing angles see tables in annex Friction factor 16 t 16 t TAB 12 TAB 14 TAB 5 TAB 7 f = 0,4 f = 0,5 f = 0,4 f = 0,5 Lashing angles = max. 20, x = max. 30 = 5-60, x = max. 40 35
6.3 SECURING OF COILS IN WOODEN SLEDGES WINDING AXIS HORIZONTAL UP TO 10 TONNES 1. Securing of coil placed on rubber anti-slip mats not blocked forwards by 1 spring lashing SL2 (red strap) forwards and 2 top-over lashings rearwards/sideways up to 8 tons (3 top-over lashings up to 10 tonnes yellow straps). 2. Stanchions blocking forwards of coil on rubber anti-slip mats and 2 top-over lashings rearwards/sideways (yellow straps) up to 8 tonnes. 3. Stanchions blocking forwards of coil on rubber anti-slip mats and 3 top-over lashings rearwards/sideways (yellow straps) up to 12 tonnes. 4. Coil not placed on rubber anti-slip mats is secured by 4 spring lashings through the coil eye SL1 up to 10 tonnes. 5. Stanchions blocking forwards of coil placed on rubber anti-slip mats with a diameter smaller than transverse distance of stanchions (use 1-2 horizontal stanchions/wooden blocks of sufficient strength) and 2 top-over lashings rearwards/sideways (yellow straps) up to 8 tonnes. 6. Coil not placed on rubber anti-slip mats is secured by stanchions blocking forwards, by spring lashing SL2 rearwards up to 10 tonnes and by several top-over lashing sideways according to the coil mass. 36
7. Two coils placed on anti-slip mats are secured together forwards by spring lashing SL2 (red strap) and by 2 top-over lashings sideways/rearwards (yellow straps) up to 8 tonnes. 8. Two coils placed on anti-slip mats are secured together forwards by 2 crossed spring lashings SL1 (green and pink strap) and by 3 top-over lashings sideways/rearwards (yellow straps) up to 12 tonnes. 9. Coil placed on anti-slip mats is secured by 1 round spring lashing SL2 (red strap) forwards and by 1 top-over lashing sideways/rearwards (yellow strap) up to 4 tonnes. 10. Coil placed on anti-slip mats is secured by 2 round spring lashings SL2 (red and blue strap) forwards and by 3 topover lashings sideways/rearwards (yellow straps) up to 12 tonnes. 37
6.4 UNSTABLE COILS Unstable coils must be secured against sliding and tilting! TOP-OVER LASHING AGAINST TILTING IN REQUIRED DIRECTION CARGO MASS SECURED BY 1 LASHING Lashings must be symmetrically positioned relative to the centre of the coil - = 60 90 Tension force in lashing line Lashings must be symmetrically positioned relative to the centre of the coil - = 60 90 Tension force in lashing line d / b 300 350 400 500 750 1000 d / b 300 350 400 500 750 1000 kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg 1,33 6356 7416 8475 10594 15890 21187 1,82 5297 6180 7062 8828 13242 17656 1,43 2966 3461 3955 4944 7416 9887 2,00 2408 2809 3210 4013 6019 8025 1,54 1836 2142 2448 3060 4591 6121 2,22 1445 1685 1926 2408 3611 4815 1,67 1271 1483 1695 2119 3178 4237 2,50 963 1124 1284 1605 2408 3210 1,82 932 1088 1243 1554 2331 3107 2,86 674 786 899 1124 1685 2247 2,00 706 824 942 1177 1766 2354 3,33 482 562 642 803 1204 1605 2,22 545 636 726 908 1362 1816 4,00 344 401 459 573 860 1146 2,50 424 494 565 706 1059 1412 5,00 241 281 321 401 602 803 2,86 330 385 439 549 824 1099 6,67 161 187 214 268 401 535 3,33 254 297 339 424 636 847 10,00 96 112 128 161 241 321 4,00 193 225 257 321 482 642 5,00 141 165 188 235 353 471 6,67 98 114 130 163 244 326 10,00 61 71 81 101 151 202 Lashings must be symmetrically positioned relative to the centre of the coil - = 60 90 Tension force in lashing line In case that ratio d/b is higher than defined boundary coil is unstable and must be secured against tilting. 38 d / b 300 350 400 500 750 1000 kg kg kg kg kg kg 2,22 4334 5056 5778 7223 10834 14446 2,50 1926 2247 2568 3210 4815 6420 2,86 1124 1311 1498 1873 2809 3745 3,33 722 843 963 1204 1806 2408 4,00 482 562 642 803 1204 1605 5,00 321 375 428 535 803 1070 6,67 206 241 275 344 516 688 10,00 120 140 161 201 301 401 Other lashing angles are given in TAB 16, TAB 17 and TAB 18 in annex.
7 COILS LOADED IN A COIL-WELL WITH WINDING AXIS PARALEL TO LONGITUDINAL VEHICLE AXIS UP TO 20 TONNES 7.1 LOADING AND CARGO SECURING Coils are loaded by a crane into a coil-well. Coil-well is fitted with stanchion pockets for stanchions to block coils in forward direction wherever possible. Coil-well covers can be used to block other coils. In case that covers are of sufficient strength no lashing is necessary forwards. We do not recommend using more than one cover between two coils because they can tilt up during coil movement and blocking is inefficient. Always block coils with stanchions where possible! Unstable coils always block forwards with stanchions and secure against tilting rearwards! Load coils in one row and fill up the gaps with covers. Coils must be placed on rubber anti-slip mats! If the vehicle is fitted with stronger lashing points as 2000, we recommend using them. Not proper use of coil-well covers between neighbouring coils covers can tilt up during coil movement (left) and stable coil blocked by stanchions forwards and lashed by spring lashing through coil eye rearwards where straps are connected to stronger lashing points (right) 39
Cargo mass secured by 1 top-over lashing rearwards Ratchet type Standard tension force in lashing strap STF Banded greased or oiled sheets Packed sheets Banded sheets without surface coating-clean, sheet/wood, wood/plywood Banded sheets without surface coating or packed sheets with outer steel corners placed on rubber anti-slip mats For other lashing angles see tables in annex v tabuľkách Friction factor 300 262 kg 1572 kg 350 305 kg 1834 kg 400 500 BLOCKING, SPRING OR LOOP LASHING 349 kg 436 kg 2096 kg 2621 kg 750 655 kg 3931 kg 1000 873 kg 5242 kg TAB 15 4000 kg = 0,1 = 0,2 = 0,4 > 0,5 Lashing angles = 45-90 Cargo mass secured by spring lashing through the coil eye in longitudinal direction SL1 Securing forwards Securing rearwards No. of lashing straps Banded greased or oiled sheets Packed sheets Banded sheets without surface coatingclean Banded sheets without surface coating or packed sheets with outer steel corners placed on rubber antislip mats Banded greased or oiled sheets Packed sheets Banded sheets without surface coating (or packed sheets with outer steel corners placed on rubber antislip mats) 1 3 t 3,8 t 5,7 t 7,7 t 5,4 t 7,7 t 23,1 t 2 6,1 t 7,7 t 11,5 t 15,4 t 10,8 t 15,3 t 28 t 3 9,2 t 11,5 t 17,3 t 23,1 t 16,1 t 23 t 4 12,3 t 15,3 t 23,1 t 28 t 21,5 t 28 t 5 15,4 t 19,2 t 28,9 26,9 t 6 18,4 t 23 t For other lashing angles see tables in annex TAB 1 TAB 3 TAB 5 TAB 7 TAB 2 TAB 4 TAB 6 Friction factor f = 0,1 f = 0,2 f = 0,4 f > 0,5 Lashing angles = max. 30, = max. 40 = max. 30, = max. 40 f = 0,1 f = 0,2 f = 0,4 40
7.2 SECURING EXAMPLES OF COILS IN A COIL-WELL 41
1. Stable coil of diameter smaller than transverse distance of stanchions loaded in a coil-well. Because of load distribution coil is moved rearwards and gap is filled by coil-well cover of sufficient strength to block the coil forwards. Coil is placed on rubber anti-slip mats and secured rearwards by spring lashing through the coil eye SL1 (light blue straps) or top-over lashings could be used for certain weights and contact surfaces. 2. Unstable coil in a coil-well placed on rubber anti-slip mats blocked against forward movement by stanchions. Spring lashings through coil eye SL1 (dark blue straps) are used against sliding rearwards and top-over lashings (yellow straps) are used against tilting rearwards. 3. Stable coil in a coil-well placed on rubber anti-slip mats blocked against forward movement by stanchions. Spring lashings through the coil eye SL1 (red straps) are used against rearwards sliding or top-over lashings could be used for certain weights and contact surfaces. 4. Stable coil of diameter smaller than transverse distance of stanchions is placed on anti-slip mats in a coil-well. Coil is blocked forwards by horizontal stanchions of sufficient strength secured against release and rearwards by spring lashings through the coil eye SL1 (light blue straps or top-over lashings could be used for certain weights and contact surfaces. 5. Stable coil not blocked by stanchions forwards secured forwards/rearwards by 4 spring lashings through the coil eye SL1 (red and dark blue straps) where each strap line is connected to separate lashing point on a vehicle platform. In case of heavier coils more lashings are necessary forwards and rearwards or stanchions blocking must be used. 6. Two coils placed on rubber anti-slip mats are blocked forwards by stanchions and coil-well cover of sufficient strength and between each other with a cover of sufficient strength. The whole group is secured rearwards by spring lashings through the last coil eye SL1 or top-over lashings could be used for certain weights and contact surfaces on both coils. 7. In case of doubts about cover strength it is possible to place more cover on each other and secured them by top-over lashing against sideways sliding. This is also suitable for blocking of unstable coils where covers are placed on each other between two coils. 42
7.3 SECURING OF UNSTABLE COILS BLOCKED BY STANCHIONS FORWARDS AGAINST TILTING REARWARDS Unstable coils must be secured against sliding and tilting! TOP-OVER LASHING AGAINST TILTING REARWARDS/FORWARDS CARGO MASS SECURED BY 1 LASHING Lashings must be symmetrically positioned relative to the centre of the coil - = 60 90 Tension force in lashing line Lashings must be symmetrically positioned relative to the centre of the coil - = 60 90 Tension force in lashing line d / b 300 350 400 500 750 1000 d / b 300 350 400 500 750 1000 kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg 1,33 6356 7416 8475 10594 15890 21187 2,22 4334 5056 5778 7223 10834 14446 1,43 2966 3461 3955 4944 7416 9887 2,50 1926 2247 2568 3210 4815 6420 1,54 1836 2142 2448 3060 4591 6121 2,86 1124 1311 1498 1873 2809 3745 1,67 1271 1483 1695 2119 3178 4237 3,33 722 843 963 1204 1806 2408 1,82 932 1088 1243 1554 2331 3107 4,00 482 562 642 803 1204 1605 2,00 706 824 942 1177 1766 2354 5,00 321 375 428 535 803 1070 2,22 545 636 726 908 1362 1816 6,67 206 241 275 344 516 688 2,50 424 494 565 706 1059 1412 10,00 120 140 161 201 301 401 2,86 330 385 439 549 824 1099 3,33 254 297 339 424 636 847 4,00 193 225 257 321 482 642 5,00 141 165 188 235 353 471 6,67 98 114 130 163 244 326 10,00 61 71 81 101 151 202 Other lashing angles are given in TAB 16, TAB 17 and TAB 18 in annex. 43
SPRING LASHING AGAINST TILTING REARWARDS/FORWARDS In case of doubts about the strength of the stanchions also consider the forward direction (darkblue strap). Coil mass with ratio d/b secured against tilting rearwards by 1 spring lashing/2lines according to the figure above d/b = max. 80, x = max. 60 2,22 32 t 4,00 4 t 2,50 14,5 t 5,00 2,8 t d/b 2,86 8,7 t 6,67 2 t 3,33 5,7 t 10,00 1,4 t Coil mass with ratio d/b secured against tilting forwards by 1 spring lashing/2lines according to the figure above d/b = max. 80, x = max. 60 1,33 27 t 2,50 3,6 t 1,43 23,4 t 2,86 2,9 t 1,54 14,6 t 3,33 2,3 t 1,67 10,2 t d/b 4,00 1,8 t 1,82 7,6 t 5,00 1,4 t 2,00 5,8 t 6,67 1,1 t 2,22 4,6 t 10,00 0,8 t 44
8 SPIRAL-WELDED STEEL PIPES 8.1 LOADING Pipes are loaded on wooden battens. At the beginning and at the end of the loading platform two battens are placed with pipes overhang about 350-400 mm. Besides it is necessary to place another 2 battens between them of equal distance. Battens are fitted with nailed wedges. Battens between layers have wedges nailed from both sides. If there are no gaps between the pipes in one layer the outer pipes are secured by wedges only. If there are gaps between the pipes in one layer each pipe must be secured by wedges from both sides. Place the first layer of pipes on wooden battens. After the loading of the first layer place the battens with nailed wedges from both sides in such a way that they secure the pipes in upper and lower layer. Place next layer of pipes on this battens. This procedure repeats in regard to number of pipes to be loaded. By loading secure the pipes against rolling by wedges. Pipes must be loaded firstly against the headboard but if load distribution doesn t allow this it is necessary to use protective wooden grid! 8.2 CARGO SECURING It is difficult to achieve proper and efficient securing of pipes. It is important that well secured wedges prevent pipes from rolling also during unloading when lashings holding the pipes during carriage are loosened. It is important to use sufficiently strong wooden battens to prevent breaking and loosening of the stability of the whole stack of pipes. Mass of secured cargo by 1 top-over lashing against sliding sideways/rearwards Ratchet type Standard tension force in lashing strap STF Steel/wood, wood/plywood clean Rubber anti-slip mats between cargo and platform 300 1926 kg 350 2247 kg 400 2568 kg 500 3210 kg 750 4815 kg 1000 6420 kg For other lashing angles see tables in annex TAB 15 45 4000 kg Friction factor = 0,4 > 0,5 Lashing angles = 60-90 In case of cargo mass of 26 tonnes 26/3,21 = 9 lashing straps with long handle ratchets with tension force of 500 are necessary to secure the whole cargo against sliding sideways. It is necessary to consider additional pressure from lashings on outer pipes. By 9 lashings and force 500 additional pressure on outer pipes is 4,5 tonnes. If drivers use extension bars for ratchets then force
above 1000 is possible and additional pressure of 9 tonnes (+ pipes mass) on outer pipes which can damage wooden battens if the pipes in layers are not placed exactly on each other. Mass of secured cargo by round spring lashing SL2 Securing forwards Securing rearwards No. of lashing straps steel/wood, wood/plywood clean rubber anti-slip mats in each sliding layer steel/wood, wood/plywood clean 6,5 t 8,6 t - 13 t 17,3 t 26 t 3 19,5 t 26 t 4 26 t For other lashing angles see tables in annex TAB12 TAB 14 TAB 13 Friction factor f = 0,4 f = 0,5 f = 0,4 Lashing angles = max. 30, x = max. 5 Cargo mass secured by pairs of loop lashing sideways for two variants of loop lashing but always a minimum of 3 pairs of loop lashings Variant LL1 Variant LL2 No. of pairs of loop lashings steel/wood, wood/plywood clean steel/wood, wood/plywood clean 2 27 t 21,1 t 3 27 t 27 t For other lashing angles see tables in annex TAB6 TAB6 f = 0,4 f = 0,4 1=max.90, 2=max.20, y=0-20 1...top line over the cargo 2...bottom line under the cargo 1=max. 90, 2=max.20, y=0, x=90 1...top line over the cargo 2...bottom line under the cargo Use of front protective grid is necessary when: - Pipes are not directly placed against headboard and mainly pipes loaded in each other. - Protective grid can be substituted by cargo securing net of sufficient strength. - For certain loadings spring lashing with pallets can be used occasionally. For loadings where it is not possible to loop lash the layers of the cargo use loop lashing of the whole cargo by minimum 6 lashing straps for securing sideways. 46
47
8.3 SELECTED LOADING COMBINATIONS OF PIPES IN USSK (MASS IS VALID FOR 12 METERS PIPES) 48
Eccentrically loading (stowage 14, 15) Eccentrically loading of pipes is always secured by loop lashings sideways. Minimum 3 pairs of loop lashings shall be used for the whole cargo and 3 loops for top pipe against movement to one side. Loading of pipes of diameter 864/914 mm (stowage 11) Cargo securing sideways shall be done by 3 pairs of loop lashings for bottom layer and 3 pairs of loop lashings for top layer of pipes. Pipes loaded in pipes bed (stowage 9, 10, 12, 13) Pipes loaded in pipes bed shall be secured by 4 round turn lashings with bottom layer close to wooden battens to release the pressure on outer wedges which is increasing with the application of top-over lashings. For loading combination 13 the gap between two pipes must be filled. In case that pipes are loaded in pipes bed then contact surface is steel-steel therefore use of rubber anti-slip mats is necessary on such surface. Pipes loaded broader and top pipe loaded in pipes bed (stowage 16, 17) Pipes loaded in upper layer are loaded on 6 wooden battens and pipes in bottom layer on 4 wooden battens. Top 3 pipes must be lashed by 2 round turn lashings with min. 8 mm chains (LC=4000) (stowage 16) or 4 lashing straps and wooden support of top middle layer by 2 vertical wooden blocks 100x100 mm nailed to outer horizontal wooden battens. These two wooden blocks must be of accurate length to exactly fill the gap between the platform and top middle pipe. Without such securing top middle pipe can fall down and push out the vehicle sides. 8.4 49
SECURING EXAMPLES OF SELECTED LOADING COMBINATIONS OF PIPES 1. Pipes blocked by headboard of sufficient strength (EN 12642 XL) forwards and secured sideways by top-over lashings (yellow straps). 2. Pipes of different length not blocked forwards secured by round spring lashings with pallets where wooden blocks can be inserted under straps. No. of spring lashings is according individual mass of the layers. Cargo is secured sideways by top-over lashings. 50
3. Cargo securing of pipes loaded into each other by 4 spring lashings SL2 (8 lines) with wooden grid. Two spring lashings of bottom/top layer have the same length. Cargo is secured sideways by top-over lashings. Pipes inside each other are always placed on rubber anti-slip mats and wedged against transverse rolling. 4. Securing of eccentrically loading of pipes by spring lashings SL2 (8-10 lines) in combination with wooden grid forwards. Securing sideways is done by 3 pairs of loop lashings LL1/LL2 for the whole cargo and by 3 loops of top pipes against movement to one side. Rubber anti-slip mats are used between steel/steel surface. 51
52