UK Department for Transport Defeat Device Investigation 1 Vehicle Emissions Test Programme October 2015 April 2016
Background Revelations in September 2015 that VW Group used software to distort emissions tests UK Government took swift action to protect consumer interests and the environment: Contacted all manufacturers with UK-approved vehicles Launched Vehicle Emissions Testing Programme Lobbied successfully for the early introduction of Real Driving Emissions (RDE) testing 2
Objectives Secretary of State informed Parliament of UK s Vehicle Emissions Test Programme on 10 November 2015, to: Establish whether the use of strategies to defeat emissions tests goes wider than the VW Group Gather much-needed evidence to restore public confidence and improve our understanding of the real world emissions performance of vehicles 3
How vehicles selected Produced list of 100 top selling diesels (based on study of buying preferences 2010-2015) Aimed to capture 75% of sales of top 70 vehicles, representing >50% of all diesels on UK roads All major manufacturers Engine sharing effectively increases the size of our sample Even split of Euro 5 and Euro 6 Snapshot in time of a single example of each model s NOx performance 4
Methodology set up Vehicles Sourced from car hire fleets Unmodified and no defects <30,000 miles Typical winter grade diesel Tests Lab: Full lab-grade analysers (plus PEMS to confirm calibration) Track and road: Portable Emissions Measurement Systems (PEMS) 5
Methodology tests Laboratory 1. Official NEDC test with cold engine at 20-30 C ambient 2. Official NEDC test with fully warmed up engine (repeated) 3. Reversed NEDC test with fully warmed up engine Track Replicate official NEDC test plus laboratory variations (as above) plus a further NEDC test with fully warmed up engine but driving speed increased by 10% On road Approximation of RDE test (pending confirmation of final requirements) 1.5 hours on public roads including urban, rural and motorway 6
Emissions (mg/s) Speed (km/h) April 16 Comparison of NOx emissions on NEDC tests showing impact of VW Group cycle recognition software 250 140 200 L-NEDC (Hot) L-NEDC Reverse Speed 120 100 150 80 100 60 40 50 20 0 0 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 Time (s) 7
Emissions (mg/s) Speed (km/h) April 16 Comparison of NOx emissions on NEDC tests showing vehicle which does not appear to vary emissions behaviour 250 140 200 L-NEDC (Hot) L-NEDC Reverse Speed 120 100 150 80 100 60 50 40 20 0 0 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 Time (s) 8
Independent assessment Professor Ricardo Martinez-Botas, Head of Thermofluids Division, Mechanical Engineering Department, Imperial College London Independent oversight of programme to confirm integrity of processes Involved in vehicle selection Full access to tests across all laboratories and test tracks Witnessed tests and processing of results Tests undertaken at independent laboratories 9
Results 10
NO x emissions (mg/km) April 16 'Cold' versus 'hot' NEDC NOx emissions - lab results 500 450 400 Average Laboratory NEDC Cold Average Laboratory NEDC Hot 350 300 250 Euro 5 limit = 180 200 150 100 Euro 6 limit = 80 50 0 Euro 5 Euro 6 11
NO x emissions (mg/km) April 16 Comparison of 'hot' NEDC in lab and on the track 2400 2200 2000 Average Laboratory NEDC Hot Average Track NEDC Hot 1800 1600 1400 1200 Euro 5 limit = 180 1000 800 600 400 Euro 6 limit = 80 200 0 Euro 5 Euro 6 12
NOx Emissions (mg/km) Citroen C4 Ford Mondeo Honda CRV Hyundai i30 Hyundai ix35 Hyundai Santa Fe Kia Sportage Land Rover Freelander Mercedes E250 Nissan Qashqai 1.5 Nissan Qashqai 1.6 Peugeot 208 Range Rover Sport Range Rover Sport Skoda Octavia Vauxhall Astra Vauxhall Corsa Vauxhall Insignia Volvo V40 April 16 Real driving NOx emissions - Euro 5 vehicles (note: direct comparisons should not be made between vehicles as test conditions varied) 2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 13
NOx Emissions (mg/km) Audi A3 BMW 320d BMW X5 Ford Focus Ford Mondeo Honda CRV Hyundai i30 Jaguar XE Kia Sportage Mazda 6 Mercedes A180 Mini Countryman Peugeot 3008 Renault Megane Skoda Octavia Toyota Avensis Vauxhall Insignia Vauxhall Mokka VW Golf April 16 Real driving NOx emissions - Euro 6 vehicles (note: direct comparisons should not be made between vehicles as test conditions varied) 2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 14
Track test results plotted in ambient temperature order 15
Observations Observable cycle recognition strategy on Skoda No evidence other manufacturers have acted in the same way as VW Group Large difference between laboratory and track/road results Emission controls are often significantly temperature dependent but manufacturers say this change with ambient temperature is necessary to protect the engine from damage Incoming WLTP and RDE testing will overcome these issues and remove the ability to manipulate tests Third parties will be able to conduct their own RDE tests 16
Thank you 17