The damaging effect of super single tyres on pavements Hudson, K and Wanty, D Page 1 THE DAMAGING EFFECT OF SUPER SINGLES ON PAVEMENTS Presenter and author Ken Hudson, Principal Pavements Engineer BE, Civil Engineering, University of Canterbury CPEng, IntPE(NZ),MIPENZ MWH Global, P O 9624, Wellington, New Zealand ken.c.hudson@nz.mwhglobal.com 04-381 5706 Co-author David Wanty, BE/ME (Civil), MSc (Transport Planning & Eng.) CPEng, MIPENZ, MITE Principal Transportation Engineer, 48 McLintoch Street, Wellington 6037, NZ davidwanty@clear.net.nz 022-643 1065 ABSTRACT This papers outlines the analysis of the NZ Transport Agency (NZTA) weigh-in-motion (WiM) 2012 data comparing the calculated values of the Equivalent Standard Axle (ESA), based on the NZTA assumption of all non-steer axles being dual tyred, and for differing assumptions of the proportion being single tyred (0 to 100%). The paper tabulates the calculated ESAn values (standard n=4, 5, 7 and 12) for some of the most common heavy vehicle types with 6 or more axles (the NZTA annual WiM reports do not provide any ESA statistics). The paper discusses the circumstances when the current assumption of 0% single tyred could lead to significant under estimation of traffic loadings for pavement design. It concludes with the recommendation that the NZTA should investigate the proportion of super single tyres, and if this is significant to establish ways of monitoring heavy vehicles to distinguish between super single and dual tyred axles.
The damaging effect of super single tyres on pavements Hudson, K and Wanty, D Page 2 INTRODUCTION Currently design for New Zealand state highways is to the Austroads Pavement Design Guide (2004). The Austroads guide offers two types of design, empirical and mechanistic. For both methods the damaging effect of axle loads on pavements is calculated in terms of a power law. Empirical design only applies to granular pavements with thin bituminous surfacings. Mechanistic design can be applied to a broad range of pavement types. For empirical design, the 4 th power law is used. For mechanistic design the 5 th, 7 th and 12 th power laws are used; the 5 th power is for fatigue of asphalt (cracking), the 7 th power is for rutting and shape loss, while the 12 th power law is for fatigue of cemented materials. In the calculation of the damaging effect of axle loads, inherent in both empirical and mechanistic is comparison of actual axle loads with reference axle loads. The reference axle loads are dependent on the size of tyres, and the number of tyres per axle and axles in an axle group. REFERENCES AXLE LOADS Austroads (2012) includes reference axle loads axle loads which cause the same damage as a Standard Axle. The reference loads may be summarised as reproduced in Table 1: Table 1: Axle loads which can cause the same damage as a Standard Axle. Axle and Tyre Type Reference Load Reference Load kn tonnes Single axle with dual tyres Single axle with super single tyres* 80 71 8.2 7.2 Tandem axle with dual tyres Tandem axle with super single tyres* Triaxle with dual tyres Triaxle with super single tyres ** Quad axle with dual tyres Quad axle with super single tyres** 135 120 181 132 221 164 13.8 12.2 18.5 13.5 22.5 16.7 Note: *Super single tyres taken as 450mm wide. **Super single tyres taken as at least 375mm wide but less than 450mm wide. From Table 1, it is clear that Austroads assigns a lower reference axle load to axles with super single tyres than to axles with dual tyres. That is, Austroads recognises that super single tyres cause more pavement wear than dual tyres, for the same axle load. This is for single, tandem, tri or quad axle groups. LEGAL AXLE LOADS In New Zealand the maximum axle load on an axle group is defined in law (refer NZTA (1995)). Table 2 below summarises the legal maximum axle loads for various axle groups and tyres. Table 2: Legal Maximum Axle Loads. Type of Axle Group Tyre Type Maximum Mass (kg) Single axle Tandem axle Tri axle Quad axle Twin (dual) standard tyres 8,200 7,200 14,500 to 15,500 13,000 15,500 to 18,000 Same as twin tyres 20,000 Same as twin tyres
The damaging effect of super single tyres on pavements Hudson, K and Wanty, D Page 3 From Table 2 for single axles and tandem axles, super single tyred axles have a lower maximum axle load than dual tyres axles. This accords with the Austroads concept of Table 1 where super singles cause more wear than dual tyres for any given axle or axle group load. However, from Table 2 for tri-axle and quad axle configurations, super single tyred axles have the same maximum axle loads as dual tyres axles. This is contrary to the Austroads concept. ROAD USER CHARGES For trailers with tandem axle sets, the Road User Charges (NZTA (2013)) are the same for twin (dual) tyred axles as for large tyred (super singles) axles, for the same axle load. For trailers with tri-axle sets, the road user charges are the same for dual tyred axles as for super single tyred axles. Similarly for quad axles. If we accept the Austroads concept of super singles causing more pavement damage than dual tyres for any given axle load, then these Road Users Charges are not equitable. Super singles cause more pavement damage than dual tyred axles, for any given axle load, yet pay no more for Road User Charges. WEIGH IN MOTION DATA The New Zealand Transport Agency (NZTA) has Weigh in Motion (WiM) data in their Traffic Monitoring System (TMS), and produces annual WiM reports. The authors have analysed the raw WiM data as exported from TMS, for the Drury site on the Auckland southern motorway. It is important to note that the WiM sites do not capture tyre configurations. The WiM data does not currently differentiate between dual tyres and super single tyres. HEAVY VEHICLES TYPES AND FREQUENCY For this analysis MWH developed an Excel based tool which used the raw Weigh in Motion (WiM) data as exported from TMS. With all the WiM sites using the PAT DAW equipment, the NZTA heavy vehicles are categorised according to the PAT class type as shown in the example figure below. PAT type 751 Can be either a Truck & Trailer (T&T) as shown, or B-train like the 8 axle one (PAT type 851) Figure 1: Three of the most common longer truck types (PAT type 891 is an 8 axle T & T) Analysis of the WiM data reveals that the Drury site accounts for almost half of the total number of heavy vehicles recorded at all the six WiM sites (the Auckland Harbour Bridge site is not in TMS). Approximately 55% of all heavy vehicles (> 3.5 tonnes gross) have 6 or more axles, and just under half have 7 or more axles. Table 2 of the NZTA (2012) annual WiM report gives the frequency and percentage of each PAT type including the proportion of overweight heavy vehicles (HV), which for interest was as follows: 2½ % of rigid HV; 17½ % of truck & trailers; 6 % of artics and 11 % of A and B trains combined.
The damaging effect of super single tyres on pavements Hudson, K and Wanty, D Page 4 OUTPUT RESULTS Our results for analysis of approximately 17,400 data records during February 2012 for the Drury site are summarised in Figure 2 below (similar tables have been produced by MWH by the number of axles and by the NZTA 2011 vehicle class, as well as load distribution tables). In Figure 2 below the values in green relate to dual tyred axle sets and the red values relate to super single trailer axle sets. The blue values (second column) apply to their rows and are for an assumed percent of those truck types with super single tyres. As aforementioned, as WiM sites cannot distinguish between single and dual tyred axles, the NZTA raw WiM report assumes that there are 0% super singles, although they acknowledge in their 2012 WiM report that 80-90% of Quad Axles are single tyred. The small differences in gross vehicle tonnage (GWT) between dual and super single vehicles in Figure 2 relates to sampling, as based on actual truck data. PAT type %super dual single dual single dual single all dual single all dual single all dual single all (adjusted) single heavy veh freq average GWT (kg) ESA4 ESA4 ESA4 ESA5 ESA5 ESA5 ESA7 ESA7 ESA7 ESA12 ESA12 ESA12 690 0/100 1195 26,857 1.74 2.73 1.71 3.18 1.77 5.05 2.62 39.80 Artic 690 20 977 218 26948 26448 1.75 2.71 1.92 1.72 3.22 1.99 1.77 5.56 2.46 2.54 68.49 14.57 A123 690 40 748 447 27174 26326 1.78 2.63 2.10 1.75 3.06 2.24 1.81 4.91 2.97 2.67 43.78 18.05 690 60 478 717 27010 26755 1.76 2.71 2.33 1.73 3.14 2.58 1.80 4.94 3.68 2.80 36.66 23.12 6 axles 690 80 247 948 27211 26765 1.76 2.71 2.52 1.74 3.14 2.85 1.83 4.87 4.24 3.30 32.83 26.73 751 0/100 660 32,810 2.43 2.43 2.46 2.46 2.69 2.69 4.88 4.88 T&T 751 20 524 136 32984 32137 2.47 2.30 2.43 2.50 2.29 2.46 2.77 2.42 2.69 5.22 3.58 4.88 T1222 751 40 366 294 32191 33579 2.36 2.52 2.43 2.39 2.55 2.46 2.63 2.78 2.69 4.77 5.02 4.88 751 60 251 409 33093 32636 2.45 2.42 2.43 2.49 2.45 2.46 2.73 2.67 2.69 4.87 4.88 4.88 7 axles 751 80 130 530 33355 32676 2.45 2.43 2.43 2.46 2.46 2.46 2.63 2.71 2.69 3.99 5.10 4.88 752 0/100 527 32,718 2.55 2.55 2.64 2.64 3.00 3.00 5.67 5.67 Btrain 752 20 423 104 32278 34510 2.50 2.76 2.55 2.58 2.85 2.64 2.94 3.25 3.00 5.56 6.13 5.67 B1222 752 40 328 199 32286 33431 2.52 2.62 2.55 2.60 2.69 2.64 3.00 3.01 3.00 5.84 5.39 5.67 752 60 206 321 32134 33093 2.48 2.60 2.55 2.57 2.68 2.64 2.96 3.03 3.00 5.76 5.61 5.67 7 axles 752 80 102 425 32906 32673 2.63 2.54 2.55 2.74 2.61 2.64 3.19 2.96 3.00 6.34 5.51 5.67 791 0/100 543 29,644 1.95 2.45 1.97 2.59 2.14 3.09 3.41 7.01 Artic 791 20 437 106 29353 30845 1.90 2.70 2.06 1.91 2.89 2.10 2.07 3.49 2.35 3.25 7.09 4.00 A124 791 40 327 216 29532 29815 1.94 2.47 2.15 1.96 2.60 2.22 2.15 3.08 2.52 3.51 6.34 4.64 791 60 213 330 29016 30049 1.86 2.51 2.26 1.87 2.66 2.35 2.02 3.17 2.72 3.16 6.72 5.32 7 axles 791 80 98 445 28915 29805 1.88 2.48 2.37 1.90 2.63 2.49 2.08 3.16 2.96 3.40 7.38 6.66 826 0/100 621 32,570 1.62 2.28 1.55 2.39 1.50 2.81 1.71 5.63 Artic 826 20 501 120 32509 32824 1.62 2.33 1.76 1.55 2.46 1.73 1.50 2.98 1.79 1.73 6.77 2.70 A224 826 40 373 248 32618 32498 1.63 2.26 1.88 1.56 2.38 1.89 1.51 2.83 2.03 1.71 5.94 3.40 826 60 244 377 33507 31964 1.73 2.18 2.00 1.66 2.28 2.04 1.63 2.70 2.28 1.91 5.57 4.13 8 axles 826 80 114 507 32899 32496 1.62 2.28 2.16 1.54 2.40 2.24 1.47 2.84 2.59 1.60 5.73 4.98 851 0/100 866 34,007 1.66 2.51 1.52 2.65 1.38 3.33 1.41 10.13 Btrain 851 20 691 175 33708 35186 1.64 2.69 1.85 1.50 2.88 1.78 1.36 3.71 1.84 1.40 12.10 3.56 B1232 851 40 522 344 33771 34365 1.64 2.57 2.01 1.50 2.72 1.99 1.35 3.46 2.19 1.35 10.83 5.12 851 60 345 521 33828 34125 1.64 2.54 2.18 1.50 2.69 2.21 1.35 3.40 2.58 1.32 10.41 6.79 8 axles 851 80 174 692 33633 34101 1.64 2.52 2.34 1.51 2.66 2.43 1.35 3.35 2.95 1.29 10.19 8.40 891 0/100 2682 33,184 1.78 1.78 1.72 1.72 1.78 1.78 2.83 2.83 T&T 891 20 2151 531 33140 33363 1.77 1.80 1.78 1.71 1.76 1.72 1.77 1.84 1.78 2.77 3.07 2.83 T2222 891 40 1651 1031 33200 33158 1.77 1.78 1.78 1.71 1.74 1.72 1.76 1.82 1.78 2.71 3.03 2.83 891 60 1111 1571 33045 33282 1.76 1.79 1.78 1.70 1.74 1.72 1.75 1.81 1.78 2.69 2.93 2.83 8 axles 891 80 517 2165 33103 33203 1.76 1.78 1.78 1.70 1.73 1.72 1.74 1.79 1.78 2.64 2.88 2.83 951 0/100 340 36,107 1.76 2.76 1.67 2.88 1.64 3.45 2.18 8.25 Btrain 951 20 276 64 36197 35722 1.76 2.74 1.94 1.66 2.85 1.88 1.62 3.35 1.94 2.16 7.25 3.12 B1233 951 40 209 131 36212 35940 1.73 2.80 2.14 1.63 2.93 2.13 1.57 3.52 2.32 2.04 8.20 4.41 951 60 146 194 36862 35540 1.77 2.72 2.31 1.66 2.84 2.33 1.59 3.43 2.64 1.98 8.38 5.63 9 axles 951 80 68 272 36188 36087 1.73 2.78 2.57 1.62 2.90 2.65 1.58 3.52 3.13 2.06 8.74 7.40 Figure 2: Effect on average ESA by PAT type (most common HVs with 6 or more axles) DISCUSSION As an example from Figure 2 above, for truck type PAT690 (adjusted 690, six axle artic A123), our analysis of the almost 1200 vehicle records reveals: Empirical design ESA 4 th power
The damaging effect of super single tyres on pavements Hudson, K and Wanty, D Page 5 0% super singles, damage 1.74 ESA per truck. 100% super singles, damage 2.73 ESA per truck. Mechanistic design ESA 7 th (really SAR 7 ) power 0% super singles, damage 1.77 SAR 7 per truck. 100% super singles, damage 5.05 SAR 7 per truck. From Figure 2 above, if there are a significant number of super single tyres on trucks with more than 6 axles, then the pavement will be subjected to more damage than currently indicated in the ESA values in RAMM. Again it is noted that the WiM data currently does not differentiate between super single and dual tyred axles, and the TMS raw WiM data only gives the ESA 4 th power values (furthermore no ESA values are currently provided in the annual WiM report). Based on the above values, it would also be possible to derive the factors by which the average ESA 4 th power value is multiplied to get the equivalent average ESA 5 th, 7 th and 12 th power values. CONCLUSIONS Austroads (2012) assigns greater pavement wear to super single tyres than dual tyres for the same axle configuration and axle load. Yet legal maximum axle loads and Road User Charges do not differentiate, at least for tri axles and quad axles. Analysis of the WiM data and application of the Austroads power laws show that trucks with 6 or more axles may be causing significantly more pavement wear if they have super single tyres than the current assumption of all dual tyres. Accordingly, it is recommended that research and data capture is needed to determine what percentage of the New Zealand truck fleet includes super single tyres. If the percentage is significant then, if only for the purposes of pavement design, the Weigh in Motion facilities at least should be modified to include the ability to differentiate between super singles and dual tyres. It is furthermore recommended that the NZTA could add to their annual WiM reports (which commendingly have been continually improved), various ESA and SAR n statistics for the different power exponents (as well as the generalised factor to convert the standard ESA 4 values to the higher powers). REFERENCES Austroads. 2004 Pavement Design. A Guide to the Structural Design of Road Pavements. Austroads. Sydney. 2004. Austroads. 2012 Guide to Pavement Technology. Part 2: Pavement Structural Design. Austroads. Sydney. February 2012. NZTA 1995 Overweight Permit Manual. New Zealand Transport Authority. 1995 with Amendments including Amendment No.11 of 11 August 2012. NZTA 2012 Annual Weigh-In-Motion (WiM) Report 2012. New Zealand Transport Agency. March 2013. NZTA 2013 Road User Charges. New Zealand Transport Agency. July 2013. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT AND DISCLAIMER The authors acknowledge MWH for their support and permission to produce and present this paper. The views expressed in this paper are the personal views of the authors and should not be taken to represent the views or policy of MWH or any related entity.