The 7th Asian Petroleum Technology Symposium, February 18-20, 2009 in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Ensuring Sustainable Biofuel Development Presented by Dr Rong YAN Centre Director, Senior Scientist (Email: ryan@ntu.edu.sg) Institute of Environmental Science and Engineering (IESE) Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
Outline of Presentation Biofuel sustainability issue Biodiesel quality evaluation from new developed feedstock (such as jatropha and algae) Latest development in Singapore in developing national bioenergy standards, policies, and implementation plan IESE s activity for ensuring sustainable biofuel development
Sustainability of Biofuel
Quality of Biofuel from Different Feedstock iese
Introduction of BDF in East Asian Countries Source: ERIA WG report 2008
Quality of FAME Effects of Raw Materials and Refinery SME (Soya Methyl Ester) is easy to be oxidized; FAME from fish oil produce sludge easily; PME and TME are easy to form wax. iese Source: ERIA WG report 2008
FAME Properties vs Engine Performance iese Source: ERIA WG report 2008
Fatty Acid Components Fatty Acid Profiles Oil Algal (1) Palm (2) Rapeseed (2) Jatropha (2) Soybean (2) 1. Saturated fatty acids - Lauric acid (C12:0) Yes - - - - - Myristic acid (C14:0) Yes 1.0 - - - - Palmitic acid (C16:0) 12-21 21 44.2 4.0 14.0 10.3 - Stearic acid (C18:0) 1-2 4.5 1.7 8.0 3.8 2. Monounsaturated fatty acids - Palmitoleic acid (C16:1) 55-57 57 - - - - - Oleic acid (C18:1) 58-60 39.3 58.6 34.0 24.3 3. Polyunsaturated fatty acids - Linoleic acid (C18:2) 4-20 9.6 21.8 43.0 52.7 - Linolenic acid (C18:3) 14-30 0.3 10.8-7.9-4 double bonds Yes No No No No iese Algal oil differs from most vegetable oils in existing of polyunsaturated fatty acids with four or more double bonds. (1) Meng et al. (2009), Biodiesel production from oleaginous microorganisms, Renewable Energy, V. 34, pp 1-5. (2) Goto and Shinotani (2007), Biodiesel standard in Japan.
Biodiesel Quality Biodiesel Quality: depends mainly on fatty acid component of oil Cxx:y Carbon numbers Numbers of double bonds Influence of double bond: LOW Number of double bonds HIGH GOOD POOR Oxidative stability POOR Low temperature performance GOOD Fatty acids containing more than one double bond (y > 1) : Polyunsaturated fatty acids: Risk of sludge formation leading to operation trouble of fuel supply pump and filter clogging iese
Quality of Biodiesel from different feedstock Properties Biodiesel Standard Biodiesel ASTM European Algae (1) Palm Rapeseed Jatropha Soybean 1. Viscosity (mm 2 /s @ 40 C) 1.9-6 3.5-5 5.2 4.5 4.4 4.4 4.0 2. Density (kg/m 3 ) Undefined 0.86-0.9 0.864 0.878 0.883 0.875 0.885 3. Flash point ( C)( 130 120 115 160 150 163 160 4. Cold filter plugging point ( C)( Undefined Listed -11 7-5 -1-2 5. Acid value (mgkoh/g) 0.5 0.5 O O O O O 6. Heating value (MJ/kg) Undefined 35 (Heating use) 41 O O O O 7. Oxidative stability (hours) 3 6 (Vehicle use) x O x x x 8. Cetane number 47 47 O O O O Δ 9. Content of FAME with 4 double bonds (%mol/mol) Undefined 1 x O O O O iese O Good Δ Fair x Poor (1) Miao and Wu (2006), Biodiesel production from heterotropic microalgal oil, Bioresource Technology, V. 97, pp 841-846.
Oil Property vs Biodiesel Quality vs Engine Performance Different feedstock: Palm, coconut, soyabean, rapseed, Jatropha, algae, waste oil, etc. Developing process: Different catalysts, enhanced separation/purification Various oil properties Quality guided production process Biodiesel quality control Engine performance and emission iese There exists a link between feedstock and engine performance, any important but clearer indicator?
Latest development in Singapore in developing national bioenergy standards, policies, and implementation plan
Fuel/Biodiesel Standards in Singapore Singapore does not have any National Standards for biofuel. There is limited market in Singapore. Most of biodiesel currently produced in Singapore are exported. International standards are followed by biodiesel producers: European EN14214 and/or ASTM 6751 specifications, depending on the buyer. The National Environment Agency (NEA) of Singapore is in charge of promoting clean air and setting vehicular emissions standards. NEA allows the use of bio-diesel for vehicles so long as the vehicle operators can demonstrate via certification by reputable independent testing bodies that vehicles using such fuel will be able to meet the prevailing vehicle emission standards. There is no government mandate to regulate the use of biofuel in Singapore and therefore the adoption of bio-diesel is highly dependent on free market forces.
Latest development: In the coming 6 months, the energy market authority (EMA) of Singapore is supporting a study to develop bioenergy standard, policies, and implantation plans in Singapore: - Establishing national standards for the potential implementation of liquid biofuels in the transport and industry sector; - Identifying the strategic implications of the implementation of bioenergy in Singapore; -Determining the potential of 1 st, 2 nd, and 3 rd generation biofuels in Singapore in the near, middle and long term. Hart Energy and IESE will work together on this study.
IESE s activity for ensuring sustainable biofuel development iese
Clean Energy Development at IESE Biodiesel Technology Work to date: Production process enzymatic and alkaline Value adding to glycerin Jatropha feedstock development Marine algae and alternative feedstock (waste oil/fats) Biodiesel quality control and standardization Achievements: Two joint-venture companies established in Jatropha plantation and biodiesel from Jatropha oils Collaborative program developed with Dionex to establish new biodiesel analysis and quality control method Sitting in Working Group meeting for standardization of biodiesel fuel for vehicles in East Asia Invited APEC sponsored workshop for biodiesel guideline development in APEC region Staff overseas training in AIST (Japan) on biodiesel analysis following international standards (sponsored by Japan) Consultancy study for EMA (Singapore) for establishing national standard Industry sponsored research on algae under development Status: demonstration and commercialization iese
Clean Energy Development at IESE Bioethanol (2 nd Gen.) Technology Work to date: Ligno-cellulose pretreatment/hydrolysis Cellulasic ethanol process Dehydration membranes for ethanol purification New feedstock development Achievements: Developing R&D program with National Park One patent filed and several papers published One PhD student working on the project Collaboration with UC Berkeley Status: early R&D iese
Clean Energy Development at IESE Biomass Gasification/Pyrolysis/Combustion Work to date: Gasification to bio-singas and GTL for biofuel Process kinetics and modeling Catalyst development and reactor/process optimization Biomass wastes to RDF (fuel pellets) via torrefaction Pyrolysis for bio-crude production and oil upgrading Biomass to Power systems (diesel gen, co-firing) Achievements: Collaborative R&D developed with Wilmar Consultancy service to Keppel Developing collaborative R&D with SembCorp 2 patents filed and over 30 papers published 3 PhD students trained in the area Status: Development/demonstration iese
Clean Energy Development at IESE Anaerobic Digestion Work to date: Pretreatment and hydrolysis Enhanced biogas and bio-h2 production Biogas purification and upgrading by biofiltration and membrane Achievements: One patent filed and over 10 papers published One PhD student trained in the area Consultancies to industries Status: Development/demonstration iese
Clean Energy Development at IESE Clean Fuels Technologies Work to date: Bio-desulphurization of Bunker Oil (development) Bio-cracking of heavy residue (R&D) Oil Sludge/Tanker Bottoms Upgrading (demonstration) Achievements: R&D program developed with MPA Consultancy to industry (KOM) Two patents filed and several papers published Consultancies to industries Status: Research/Development/demonstration iese
Clean Energy Development at IESE Clean Air Technologies Work to date: CO 2 Separation and Sequestration (development) Shipboard Emission Abatement (R&D, consultancy) Odor and VOC Emission Abatement (demonstration) Combustion flue gas cleaning technology Achievements: Research program awarded from Astar on chemical looping combustion Consultancy service to KOMTech 2 patents filed and over 20 papers published 4 PhD students trained Status: Research/Development, demonstration iese
Thank you!!