Airbus Symposium: Future perspectives on fuel cell technologies Takuya Hasegawa Senior Innovation Researcher NISSAN RESEARCH CENTER Mar 27 th, 2015 1
Introduction 2
4 Issues for Sustainability Congestion Traffic Accidents Energy Global Warming 出典 ( ) 3
New Vehicle CO2 Emission (%) 90% reduction CO2 Reduction Target 90% by 2050 (Nissan Green Program 2016) 100 80 60 40 20 0 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 450ppm 4
New Vehicle CO2 Emission (%) 90% 削減 CO2 Reduction Target To this end, Vehicle Electrification is indispensable 100 80 60 40 ICE limit HEV limit 20 BEV, FCEV 0 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 450ppm 5
Nissan FCEV Development Started in 2001, aiming for commercialization in 2017 2005 X-trail FCEVs in CaFCP (California Fuel Cell Partnership ) Durability: 1.2M km total driving, 200k km without replacing FCS 6
Problems and Motivations Delay of FCEV deployment caused by its high Break Even Point 1) Social Science = Innovation of Diffusion How to start selling under high BEP? 2) Natural Science = Technological Innovation How to reduce the weight and the price? 7
Fuel Cell Technologies How to reduce the weight and the price? 8
A Direction: Volume Power Density (kw/l) Volume Reduction Productivity Improvement BEP Improvement 9
Power Generation site and Energy Storage site LIB FC + Al + SUS, Ti Air LiMn2O4/LiNiO2 PE Membrane Graphite PFSA Membrane - Cu - SUS, Ti H2 Tank 1.6kWh/100kg 8.3kWh/100kg 10
R&D Directions for Fuel Cells An FC unique strategy; Cell Pitch Reduction ICEV BEV FCEV Energy (kwh) Volume (Tank) Volume (Batt) Volume (Tank) NG OK Power (kw) Volume (Engine) Area (Batt) Area (FC) R&D Directions for Power Density 1.Volume Density 1. Area Density 2. Cell Pitch 1. Area Density 2. Cell Pitch Cell Pitch Reduction 11
Definition Volume Power Density (W/cm 3 = kw/l) = Area Power Density (W/cm 2 ) Cell Pitch (mm) Volume Utility (%) 12
Perpendicular Water Flux (mg/min cm 2 ) Cell Voltage (V) Area Power Density Improvement (1) Thin PEMs Thin PEMs Thick PEMs Thick PEMs 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 Current Density (A/cm 2 ) Current Density (A/cm 2 ) Source:Mitsutaka Abe, et.al., Low-cost FC Stack Concept with Increased Power Density and Simplified Configuration Utilizing an Advanced MEA, SAE 2011-01-1344, April 2011 13
Cell Voltage (V) Area Power Density Improvement (2) Separator Wide Narrow MEA Water O2 High Low High Low Narrow Ribs Wide Ribs 0 1 2 3 Current Density (A/cm 2 ) Source:Mitsutaka Abe, et.al., Low-cost FC Stack Concept with Increased Power Density and Simplified Configuration Utilizing an Advanced MEA, SAE 2011-01-1344, April 2011 14
Future Perspectives 15
Requirements for the Aircraft Fuel Cell (PEM) Key performance Indicators: Short term (5-10 years) Mid Term (10 to 15 years) Long Term ( >>15 years) Power / mass ratio lifetime** startup time 2-5 kw/kg 20,000 h 120 sec 4-6 kw/kg 40,000 h 60 sec >> 7 kw/kg 50,000 h 10 sec on stack* level on stack* level on stack* level * Currently, additional BOP weight is 100-300% of FC weight **Lifetime depends on operation: constant load > load fluctuation 16
Future Projections (Power Density) Fuel Cell (PEM) Key performance Indicators: Power / mass ratio lifetime startup time Near term (0-5 years) - 1.9-2.8 kw/kg (@2.0A/cm 2 ) N/A 30 sec Short term (5-10 years) 2-5 kw/kg 4.8-6.9 kw/kg (@2.0A/cm 2 ) N/A 30 sec Mid Term (10 to 15 years) 4-6 kw/kg 7.2-10.3kW/kg (@3.0A/cm 2 ) - - Long Term ( >>15 years) >> 7 kw/kg - - - 17
Future Projections (Energy Density) Weight Energy Density (Wh/kg) Energy (Wh) Weight (kg) LIB 157 Driving Laminate Cell H 2 1,667 Molecule Molecule + H 2 Tank* 33,330 Molecule Molecule 833 Driving Molecule + H 2 Tank* *5wt%-H2 (in 70MPa Carbon Composite Tank) 18
Total Weight (kg) / Power (kw) Total Weight vs. Energy Storage 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 1,000 500 0 LIB power: kwhx10c FC power: 1000kW 0 200 400 600 800 1,000 Energy Storage (kwh) LIB (kw) LIB (kg) FC (kw) 1.9 2.8 4.8 6.9 7.2 10.3 H2 Tank (kg) Energy Storage + Base Load Generation Energy Recovery + High Power Generation H 2 + FC LIB 19
Latest Fuel Cells by Honda and Toyota Cell Pitch HONDA TOYOTA (MIRAI) Volume Power Density HONDA TOYOTA (MIRAI) Weight Power Density HONDA TOYOTA (MIRAI) 1.00 mm 1.34 mm 3.1 kw/l 3.1 kw/l 2.0 kw/kg 2.0 kw/kg 20
Next Technologies under Development 21
1. Flow Field Manufacturing Cell Pitch Typical Length 10-100 Target Cost $10/m 2 2. Flow Distribution Dynamics V. Utility Typical Length 0.1-50mm Target Cost $100/Stack 3. Roll-to-Roll Production BEP Area Speed 10m 2 /min(@$1m) Stack Speed 1Stack/min(@$10M) 22
takuya-hasegawa@mail.nissan.co.jp Thank you for your attention 23
Fuel Cell Stack Aspects for Fuel Cell Systems Hydrogen but as well carbon based fuel solutions are under evaluation to be used in aircraft as replacement for the Ram Air Turbine, in a next step replacement of the APU but as well as an integrated solution within the primary power train. Similar to batteries, highest power to mass ratio (competing with turbine typical values), combined with long life time, short starting times / reaction times to switched power levels and reliability are requested. 24