Smoothing Traffic for Urban Environment 1. The Current State of Road Improvement in Japan 2. The Current State of Road Traffic in Metropolitan Areas 3. Systematic Measures to Enhance Road Traffic Flow in Metropolitan Areas
1. The Current State of Road Improvement in Japan
(1) Current State of Road Improvement 1. The Current State of Road Improvement in Japan Road Management Entity and Share of Traffic Volume by Road Types Nati onal government(operati on i s del i gated to the Japanese Hi ghway Publ ic Corporati on) Nati onal government ( di rect management) Nati onal government ( prefectural governors, etc. ) 21, 481km 32, 147km 6, 402km Nati onal Expressways 0. 6% Nati onal Hi ghways desi gnated secti ons 1. 9% Nati onal Hi ghways other than desi gnated secti ons 2. 8% Pref ectural governments 127, 911km Pref ectural Roads 11. 1% Muni ci pal governments 968, 430km Muni ci pal Road 83. 7%? Pref ectur al roads i ncl ude maj or l ocal roads 0.5 1.8 2.8 Total : 1, 156, 371km( 100%) As of Apri l 1, 1998 Source: Annual Report to Road Stati sti cs 1999 Road length 11.1 83.8 Total vehiclekilometer of travel (all types of vehicles) 10.9 19.0 12.6 29.5 28.0 Total vehiclekilometer of travel (largevehicles) 22.3 24.7 11.9 19.8 21.3 Source: Ministry of Construction National expressways 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% National highways (designated sections) National highways (other than designated sections) Prefectural roads Municipal roads 2
1. The Current State of Road Improvement in Japan (2) State of Expressways Classification Length of Expressways in Service Total Length Basic Plan Length Planned Improvement Section Length Length in Service as of End FY1999 A B C D D/A(%) Arterial High-Standard Highways 14,000 13,073 10,751 7,377 53 (441) National Expressways 11,520 10,595 9,240 6,615 57 Honshu-Shikoku Expressways 180 180 180 164 91 National Highways (fully-access-controlled 2,300 2,298 1,331 319 14 Highway) Urban Expressways - 801 771 596 (74) Metropolitan Expressways - 307 302 256 (83) Hanshin Expressways - 272 249 221 (81) Designated City Expressways - 222 220 119 (54) Nagoya - 81 81 38 (47) Hiroshima - 29 27 4 (14) Fukuoka, Kitakyushu - 112 112 77 (69) Source: Road Gyosei FY1999 3
2. The Current State of Road Traffic in Metropolitan Areas
2. The Current State of Road Traffic in Metropolitan Areas (1) Through Traffic of Inner Circular Route (Tokyo) Breakdown of Traffic on Inner Circular Route (Tokyo) Inner traffic 1000 vehicles ( 0%) Inside of Inner Circular Route Inter traffic 190,000 vehicles ( 40%) Source: Ministry of Construction Through traffic 270,000 vehicles (60%) 5
(2) Vehicle Ownership 2. The Current State of Road Traffic in Metropolitan Areas Transition of Vehicle Ownership Number of registered vehicles 60,000,000 50,000,000 40,000,000 Passenger Vehicles 30,000,000 20,000,000 10,000,000 0 1960 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 F.Year-end Freight Transport Vehicles 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 Source: :????????????????????FY2000 6
(3) Travel Speed 2. The Current State of Road Traffic in Metropolitan Areas Transition of Travel Speed (?/hr) 40.0 36.4 36.9 37.3 37.6 36.0 36.7 Total 30.0 31.8 31.5 31.1 31.9 29.7 31.0 Other Urban Areas 20.0 22.1 22.8 23.1 23.4 21.0 21.3 DID 10.0 0.0 1983 1985 1988 1990 1994 1997 (Year) Note: Travel speed on National Highways (week days) Source: Ministry of Construction 7
2. The Current State of Road Traffic in Metropolitan Areas (4) Current Condition of Railroad Crossings & Road Works Nishitetsu, Omuta-line Railroad Crossing ( Before improvement)) Source: Ministry of Construction Dissatisfaction at State of Roads Narrowness of roads 50% On-street parking 42% Shortage of lightings 35% Shortage of walk-path 33% Dig up works 30% Traffic congestion 27% Needs for Reducing Traffic Congestions Increase traffic lane 37% Construct bypasses and 33% ring roads to divert through traffic Reduce on-street parking 32% Reduce traffic limitations by 25% joint execution of road works Source: A public opinion pool on Roads 8
3. Systematic Measures to Enhance Road Traffic Flow in Metropolitan Area
3. Systematic Measures to Enhance Road Traffic Flow in Metropolitan Areas (1) Driving Speed and Environmental Index The relation between the Emission Level of PM, Nox, CO2 and Driving Speed Promoting smooth smooth transportation is is effective for for environmental improvement Source: Ministry of Construction 10
3. Systematic Measures to Enhance Road Traffic Flow in Metropolitan Areas (2) Road Management of Bypass and Ring Roads Early Arrangement of Ring Roads in the Metropolitan Area Current status Sections scheduled for early opening Completion Within 10 years Congested spot inward metropolitan inter-city expressway about 600 areas. Congested spot inward metropolitan inter-city expressway partly 60% of about 600 areas are improved. Direct effect is about 2 trillion yen/year Congested spot inward metropolitan inter-city expressway about 600 areas would be mostly improved. Direct effect is about 4 trillion yen/year Source: Ministry of Construction 11
3. Systematic Measures to Enhance Road Traffic Flow in Metropolitan Areas (3) International Comparison in Improvement of Ring Roads Early Improvement of Ring Roads in Metropolitan Areas Tokyo London Berlin Paris Planned length Length in service Improvement rates Planned length Length in service Improvement rates Planned length Length in service Improvement rates Planned length Length in service Improvement rates 518km 105km 20% 282km 278km 99% 222km 213km 96% 320km 236km 74% Source: Ministry of Construction 12
3. Systematic Measures to Enhance Road Traffic Flow in Metropolitan Areas (4) Promotion of Transport Demand Management Measures The Approach for Managing the Demand?Management of Users Transport Action? Transport Demand Management Measures (TDM) Multi-Modal Transport Measures Human distribution: promotion of car pools, van pools or shuttle bus Flex Time, staggered commuting times Transport Management Association (TMA) Road Pricing Intruduction of HOV priority lanes Parking management, etc. Enhancement of convenience of buses; improvement of roads for buses, color-paving of bus lanes, upgrading bus stops, etc. Park-and-(bus)ride, improvement of parking lots for park-and ride, etc. Construction of lanes for buses only or buses priority. Improvement of PTPS; Public transportation priority system, etc. Introduction of joint collection and delivery Provision of traffic and parking lots information Effective use; rearrangement of public mass transportation system Supporting improvement of subways, etc. Supporting improvement of streetcars Supporting improvement of new transport system Introduction of transit mall Promotion of bike use Improvement of access to traffic nodes in airports, ports, stations, etc. Improvement of intersections between railroads and intercity bus services Development of barrier free pedestrian space Improvement of plazas in front of stations Improvement of pedestrian supporting facilities Improvement of lanes and parking lots for bikes, etc. 13
3. Systematic Measures to Enhance Road Traffic Flow in Metropolitan Areas (5) Supporting the Public Transportation Color-paving Bus Lane Provision of Information by ITS Lanes for general vehicles Source: Ministry of Construction pamphlet We ensure regularity of buses for controlling general vehicles entering bus lanes and on-street parking by color-paving bus lane Source: Ministry of Construction, Okayama 14
(6) Enhancement of the Functionality of Traffic Intersections 3. Systematic Measures to Enhance Road Traffic Flow in Metropolitan Areas Enterprise of Improvement in the South Area of Shinjuku Station Source: Ministry of Construction pamphlet 15
(7) Improving Railroad Crossing 3. Systematic Measures to Enhance Road Traffic Flow in Metropolitan Areas Steps for Improving Railroad Crossings 1st Action Program '71-'75 2nd Action Program '76-'80 3rd Action Program '81-'85 4th Action Program ''86-'90 5th Action Program '91-'95 6th Action Program '96-'00 Adoption of continuous grade separations Reduction of railroad crossings by adopting grade separations Construction of grade separations? 100 300 300 300 300 300 [100] point 600 500 400 300 200 250 [160] point 400 600 500 400 400 400 [210] Widening railroad crossin point --- --- 1300 1100 1000 1000 [1000] Source: Ministry of Construction 16
(8) Reducing Road Works 3. Systematic Measures to Enhance Road Traffic Flow in Metropolitan Areas Transition of Total Road Works (Tokyo) Number of Constructions/Month 18,000 16,472 16,000 14,000 12,000 15,521 13,698 14,827 12,552 Surface construction Others 10,000 8,000 13,581 12,787 10,908 11,806 9,685 9,071 8,097 7,973 6,000 4,000 7,224 5,932 5,811 2,000 0 2,891 2,734 2,790 3,021 2,867 1,847 2,165 2,162 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 (FY) 100% 94% 83% 90% 76% 55% 49% (planned) 17 Source: Ministry of Construction
(9) Improvement of ETC 3. Systematic Measures to Enhance Road Traffic Flow in Metropolitan Areas Mechanism of ETC Planned Areas of ETC Service Coverage On-board equipment Roadside antenna IC card Kinki metropolitan area 5.8GHz-band active system as DSRC (Dedicated Short Range Communications) Tokyo metropolitan area Source: ITS Hand Book 2000-2001 Routes where ETC operation will start in FY2000 (at about 600 tool gates) Routes where ETC operation will start in FY2001 (at about 800 tool gates in total) Some tool gates on the routes for which ETC services have already started will not be fitted with ETC equipment. 18
Motor Vehicle Safety and Environmental Measures: Japan s Experience 1. Need for Appropriate Regulatory Framework 2. Inspection System and Role of Private Agencies 3. Importance of Providing Training Programs for Vehicle Inspectors 19
Need for Appropriate Regulatory Framework Setting Emission Standards for Motor Vehicles Appropriate Monitoring System of Air Pollution Use of Unleaded Gasoline for Catalytic Converters 20
Inspection System and Role of Private Agencies Motor Vehicle Inspection System Role of Private Agencies Special Account System of Inspection Fees 21
Importance of Providing Training Programs for Vehicle Inspectors Objective: To Maintain and Update Knowledge and Skills Necessary for Inspection Training Providers For Government Inspector: Training Center of Ministry of Transport For Private Inspector: Industry Association of Repair Shops under Supervision of MOT 22