An update of vehicle emissions control policies and regulations in Europe MoVE 2016 14-16 December 2016, Hong Kong P. Dilara, DG/GROW, European Commission 1
EU approach to limit emissions Type approval with a lab test cycle: Change from NEDC to WLTP in 2017 And Testing Real Driving Emissions (RDE) RDE 1 and 2 in 2016 RDE 3 and 4 in 2017 Guidance for Defeat Devices 2
RDE: where do we stand? 1 RDE package: Published 31 March 2016 As from May 2016: monitoring of RDE testing for NOx Definition of PEMS test procedure 2 RDE package: Published 26 April 2016 As from September 2017/19 (new emission types/all new vehicles): 1 st step of NTE limits for NOx As from January 2020/21: 2 nd step of NTE limits for NOx "Complementary" boundary conditions to prevent "biased" driving at regulatory PEMS tests
RDE: where do we stand? 2 nd RDE package NTE emission limit = (Euro 6 emission limit) x CF 1 st step CF = 2,1 2 nd step CF = 1 + margin margin reflects uncertainties of PEMS equipment => subject to an annual revision for technical progress NB: NTE emission limits have to be (somewhat..) higher than Euro 6 emission limits (under normal conditions of use) for technical and statistical reasons!
Issues for RDE 3 PN inclusion Cold/Hot start Provisions for Hybrids Regeneration Transparency and information to public AES/BES rules strengthened 5
PN emissions with in lab (PMP) and on the road (PEMS) w GPF 6 GDI1,2, DPF : Giechaskiel et al. 2015, Frontiers in Env. Sci. Air Pollution GDI3: Demuynck (AECC) 2016, Bonn, ICPC 4 GDI4: Bosteels (AECC) 2016, ICPC 3 rd
Real world influence on particle generation The previous was just a snapshot Many other influences: Heavy fuel Fuel Ambient temperature Payload Aggressive Driving Lab results (WLTP) on-road Giechaskiel et al. 2015, Frontiers in Env. Sci. Air Pollution Riccobono et al. 2016 ACEA/JAMA presentation 7
How low can PN from GDIs go in real life? Even with a Gasoline Particle Filter (GPF) these influences can amount to a significant contribution Care needs to be taken to have efficient GPFs Theoretical scenario 8
PN-PEMS Measurement uncertainty Need to translate the EURO-6 limit (measured by PMP at CVS) into the equivalent measured with PN-PEMS PN-PEMS vs Theory 1 lab many cars** PMP_TP <25% <35% <40% PMP_CVS <50%* <55% <54% TP vs CVS (PMP) <30% <40% <35% 1 car many labs** * Assuming 25% effect of sampling location (losses + exhaust flow uncertainties) ** Includes uncertainties of PMP between labs (which were already accounted for when setting the EURO 6 limit) 9
Margin added only to account for the uncertainty of the measurement equipment EURO 6 GDI prov. 1.5 x EURO 6 EURO 6 10
And then came the Dieselgate 18 th Sept. 2015: NOV* from US-EPA against VW group for defeat device for NOx in diesel vehicles in the USA, followed up by NOV on CO2 exceedances. Testing in Germany confirmed the NOx violation, but the CO2 was a smaller problem than initially thought Search for acceptable fixes Mandatory or voluntary recalls throughout Europe, but also around the world *NOV: Notice of Violation 11
European Investigation Member States (DE, FR, IT, UK, SE, ES, ) started investigation under our coordination JRC produced a common methodology for identifying suspicious cases 250 to 300 vehicles to be tested in total Most reports classify other cases as "legal defeat devices" 12
Hot Start Inclusion: Recent revelations of national investigations confirm that currently most vehicles emit higher in the hot cycle than in the cold one Engineering/physical principles cannot explain this In the USA hot start cycle emits 12% of the cold one! Prescribe in RDE that at least 1 vehicle per PEMS family shall be tested with hot engine to avoid tuning for cold testing only 13
Guidance and new AES/BES rules In RDE2 requirements for AES/BES* were introduced In RDE3 more issues in Extended doc package and requirement for Type Approval Authority to assess AES Methodology for their evaluation and testing for Defeat Devices in separate Guidelines AES: Auxiliary Emission Strategy, BES: Basic Emission Strategy 14
Next steps In the coming RDE package (RDE4): Possibility to independent testing services to perform RDE testing and challenge Type Approvals with enought evidence Other issues (more complete hybrid testing, LCV, RDE in ISC) But RDE is only part of the picture, the other being how you Type Approve a vehicle. New Type Approval Framework proposal by EC 15
Thank you for your attention. Questions? For more info on European emissions legislation visit our website: http://ec.europa.eu/growth/sectors/automotive/environment-protection/emissions_en 16