Medium-Duty Emissions and GHG from a Full-Line Manufacturer s Perspective

Medium-Duty Emissions and GHG from a Full-Line Manufacturer s Perspective 2015 ERC Symposium June 3, 2015 Eric Kurtz, Ford Motor Company Diesel Combustion System Team Leader 1

Outline What is Medium Duty? Regulatory Landscape Technical Challenges / Research Opportunities 2

Outline What is Medium Duty? Regulatory Landscape Technical Challenges / Research Opportunities 3

Medium Duty is not passenger cars or SUVs. combination tractor-trailers. 4

Vehicle Classes NHTSA Emissions GHG 1 2A 2 2B 3 4 5 6 7 Passenger car Medium -Duty Light-Duty Heavy-Duty 8,500 lbs. Medium- Heavy-Duty Light-Heavy Heavy Heavy- Duty Heavy- 8 Heavy Defining Medium-Duty is complicated. Functional Definition: HD pickups / vans & vocational vehicles. Light- Duty Light- Duty HD Pickups & Vans Vocational Vehicles Combination Tractors 5

Function of O8500 Vehicles O8500 vehicles play essential roles in the community hero to those most In need, an enabler of services & a driver of the economic engine. 6

Ford Medium Duty Vehicles & Powertrains 6.7L V8 Diesel 3.7L V6 TiVCT 6.2L V8 Gas Super Duty O8500 Medium Duty / Commercial Truck Transit 3.5L V6 EcoBoost E Series Transit CC CA 6.8L V10 Gas 3.2L I5 Diesel 7

A Segment of Niches Body Type Body Type Box Van Dump Stake / Platform Tow / Wrecker Service Mechanics Equipment Shuttle Bus Step Vans Ambulance Fire / Rescue Beverage Tanker Motorhomes 5 th Wheel / Gooseneck Haulers School Bus Body builders / modifiers provide an endless array of upfits to meet any unique vocational need. 8

O8500 Powertrains 8,500 14,000 lbs. GVWR Company B Company A Gas Diesel Company C Gas Gas Diesel Diesel Unlike light-duty, diesel is a large portion of today s O8500 fleet. Unlike heavy-duty, gasoline also plays a significant role in the O8500 fleet, particularly in HD Pickups and Vans. Both advanced gasoline and diesel powertrains will be needed to address unique performance requirements. 9

Outline What is Medium Duty? Regulatory Landscape Technical Challenges / Research Opportunities 10

Certification Pathways Chassis Certification Dyno Certification Vehicle assessment Regulated in g/mile HD Pickups & Vans (Class 2B and 3) Engine assessment Regulated in g/bhp-hr Vocational vehicles Diverse set of vehicles usage drives two certification pathways in O8500 segment. 11

Tier 3 / LEV III Chassis Certification Emissions Class 2B (8,500 10,000 mi GVWR)* NOx [g/mi] NMOG [g/mi] NOx + NMOG [g/mi] CO [g/mi] Today 0.2 0.143 0.343 6.4 SULEV 0.170 1.5 Class 3 (10,000 14,000 mi GVWR)* NOx [g/mi] NMOG [g/mi] NOx + NMOG [g/mi] CO [g/mi] Today 0.4 0.167 0.567 7.3 SULEV 0.230 1.7 *FTP75 tested at ALVW Substantial Reductions in Both NOx + NMOG and CO Emissions Will Drive The Need For New Technology Solutions. 12

SFTP Requirement FTP75 (City) SFTP (US06) The addition of the SFTP will drive the need for solutions that provide benefits over a much broader area of the engine map. 13

Chassis Certification GHG Work Factors = 0.75 * (Payload + 500 * 4wd) + 0.25 * Towing Capacity Diesel CO 2 Requirement Base 2018 2025 vs. Baseline -?? 2018 vs. Baseline Gasoline 10% lower Diesel 15% lower CO 2 obligation is a function of the vehicle s ability to do work. CO 2 requirements are expected to be very challenging in 2025. 14

Dyno Certification Emissions? Emissions are a tiny fraction of what they have been historically. New technology will be needed to further reduce emissions. 15

Dyno Certification GHG Vocational vehicle will be subject to both engine and vehicle CO 2 standards. Engine type Engine Requirement Assessment: Heavy-Duty Transient FTP Engine CO 2 in 2017 gal/100 bhp-hr Light-Heavy Duty Diesel 576 5.66 Medium-Heavy Duty Diesel 576 5.66 Heavy-Heavy Duty Diesel 555 5.45 Gasoline (starting in 2016) 627 7.06 Vehicle Vehicle Requirement Assessment: GEM Compliance Model Vehicle CO 2 in 2017 g/bhphr g/tonmile gal/1000 ton-miles Light-Heavy Duty 373 36.7 Medium-Heavy Duty 225 22.1 Heavy-Heavy Duty 222 21.8 Up to 10% reduction in CO 2 required for vocational vehicles and their engines. 16

Market Drivers Taxation Customer Expectations Broader Economy Climate Change Energy Security Competition Population Density & Transportation Demand Affordability Fuel Cost & Infrastructure Regulatory Intense Regulations pressures for change are one (variable of many by elements region) have that many drive calling the O8500 for a revolutionary Market. shift to reduce fuel consumption of vehicles. 17

Outline What is Medium Duty? Regulatory Landscape Technical Challenges / Research Opportunities 18

Conventional P/T & Vehicle Energy Distribution Powerpack Energy Energy Consumed Chemical Thermal Coolant Friction Pumping Trans & Driveline Energy to Vehicle Tire Rolling Resistance Accessories Friction Brakes Thermal Exhaust Aero Energy to accelerate the vehicle is dissipated to friction brakes and vehicle losses. There is a broad area where research is needed to improve CO 2 not just engine. Ranking of losses is application specific. 19

Advanced SI Technologies Variable valve actuation, fuel injection technology, and advanced boosting are key enablers for further SI engine efficiency improvements. 20

Advanced Diesel Technologies Variable Valve Actuation Aftertreatment Internal EGR Charge Motion CR Control Pressure Nozzle Rate Shape Fuel System SCR Filters Passive NOx Storage HC Storage Catalysts Ammonia Injection Turbocharging Engine Controls A/T Control Air Path Control Combustion Feedback Virtual Sensing OBD Advanced Aero Sequential Boosting Variable Compressors Assisted Boosting Key enablers to CO 2 and emissions include technology advances in fuel systems, boosting, VVA, aftertreatment and controls. 21

OBD Monitors OBD is required to ensure that every emissions control device (i.e. EGR, FIE, SCR, DPF, etc.) is functional OBD thresholds are coming down: New emissions standards Lower OBD monitor multipliers Sensing technology limitations (e.g. PM sensors and NOx sensors) New devices for thermal management require new monitors NMOG + NOx [g/mi] 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 OBD threshold g/mi TP standard g/mi 160 125 70 50 30 20 NMOG + NOx standard [g/mi] New emissions requirements and new technology create OBD challenges. Improved sensing technology and new monitors need to be developed. 22

Diesel Exhaust Temperature Exhaust Temperature Too Cold Thermal management of aftertreatment will be needed to meet Tier 3 / LEV III emissions, and will come at the expense of CO 2. 23

Energy Balance Shifting energy from losses to brake power will result in: Lower BMEP/IMEP Lower exhaust temperature Improving CO 2 will likely make aftertreament thermal management even more challenging It is critical to find solutions that both improve efficiency and provide exhaust temperature consistent required aftertreament function. 24

O8500 Gasoline Downsizing Potential Catalyst Temperature US06 Limited gasoline engine downsizing potential for CO 2 due to Tier 3 / LEV III SFTP emission requirements. 25

Medium Duty Downsizing Work Factors = 0.75 * (Payload + 500 * 4wd) + 0.25 * Towing Capacity Diesel CO 2 Requirement The GHG potential of downsizing in O8500 is less than Light-Duty due to the necessary connection between CO 2 and work factor. 26

Dyno vs. Chassis Certification Affordability favor common solutions across both certification pathways. 27

Conclusions Lowering CO 2 within emissions constrains will involve improvements throughout the vehicle As we develop low CO 2 engine technologies for medium duty, it is imperative to: 1. Identify solutions where the energy balance is conducive to meeting criteria emissions 2. Identify technologies that can provide benefits across different use cases to give customer value over a wide range of vocational applications 3. Develop sensor technology and techniques needed to perform OBD with new emissions requirements and new technologies. 28

Ford is Committed to: Low CO 2 Emissions Affordable technology High volume solutions 29