Clean Fuels - A Critical Role in Clean Air Understanding Urban Air Pollution and the Role of Diesel Exhaust Delhi, India - November 6-11 2000
ELEMENTS OF A COMPREHENSIVE VEHICLE POLLUTION CONTROL STRATEGY CLEAN VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY APPROPRIATE MAINTENANCE TRANSPORTATION & LAND USE PLANNING CLEAN FUELS
Why Are Fuels Important? Fuel Constituents Directly Affect Emissions Fuel Changes Can Immediately Impact on Emissions/Air Quality Fuel Composition Can Enable/Disable Pollution Control Technology
Ambient Particulate Lead in Delhi (Pre and Post Unleaded Petrol) Nanogram per cubic Meter 500 400 416 Oct. '97 Oct. '98 300 200 100 262 89 229 92 146 71 110 116 105 256 201 238 111 0 Ashok Vihar Nizamuddin Shahazadabagh Mean Siri Fort Shahdara ITO (B.S.Z. Marg) Avg. Reduction 53% Source: CPCB
Different Automotive Fuels = Different Exhaust Emissions ÖL Different Crude Oils and Refineries Blending with 5-12 different Components + Additives Oxygenates Olefins Paraff./Napht. Aromatics + Additives Olefins Aromatics Naphtens Paraffins Gasoline ~200 HC + Air Different Combustion NO x HC ~300 HC Diesel Formulation? Formulation? CO 2 CO C 6 H 6 PAH SO 2 PM
World-wide Specifications for Cleaner Burning Fuels US-Federal RFG Phase 1 / 2 / 3 USA California Ca RFG Phase 1 / 2 / 3 Quality Assurance Law JSI-Standards Gasoline / Gasoil Japan EU-Directive 1998 / 70 EG (fuels 2000/2005) Europe World-wide Automobile Manufacturers
Requirement Gasoline Requirements on Fuel Quality after Year 2000 (Extract) EU-Fuel-Directive 2000 (Euro 3) 2005 (Euro 4) WW FC Categorie 4 Vapour Pressure (Summer) max kpa 60 60 (?) 60 Benzene max Vol.% 1 1 1 Aromatics max Vol.% 42 35 35 Sulphur max ppm 150 (50/10)* 50 10 Diesel Fuel Cetan Number min 51 51 (?) 55 Density max kg/m³ 845 845 (?) 820-840 Aromatics max Vol.% - - 15 Sulphur max ppm 350 50 10 Demand for new engine- or exhaust-after-treatment *) In Germany voluntary for SuperPlus
Fuels EPEFE - Test - Program Vehicles Diesel 12 Test Gasolines 11 Diesel Fuels Gasoline LDV LDV HDV Sulphur 370 17ppm Aromatics 52 13 Vol.% Mid-Range Distillation (E100) 36 65 Vol.% Density 857 827kg/m³ Poly-Aromatics 7,8 1,0 Gew.% Cetan Number 49,5 59,1 Back End Distillation (T95) 372 328 C More influences fixed with available results 16 19 5 New European Test Cycle Test Cycle ECE R 49 (88/77/EWG)
Impact of Gasoline Sulfur Levels on Emissions 1.25 1.2 CO HC NOx 0.2 0.19 g/km 1.15 1.1 0.18 0.17 g/km 1.05 0.16 1 0.15 0 100 200 300 400 500 Sulfur Content PPM
Changes in Gasoline Qualities Have Effects on Emissions Emissions Fuelchange Reduction of... Benzene Aromatics Olefins Sulphur Vapour pressure Adjustment Volatility Addition Oxygenates CO Regulated Unregulated HC NOx Benzene Butadiene Aldehyde o o o ++ ++ ++ +++ ++ + - o o --- o o o ++ o + + + o o o o o /+ o o o o + +++ - ++?? o o o o --- -- Effect + ++ +++ - -- --- 2-10 % 10-20 % > 20 % } Improvement o + - 2 % or Deterioration
Changes in Diesel Fuel Have Effects on Emissions Reduction of... Sulphur Poly-Aromatics Back End Distillation (T95) Increase of... Vehicle - Emissions LDV / HDV CO Density ++/- ++/ Cetan Number +++/++ +++/+ HC NOx Particulates o o? / o - /o Diesel fuelchange o/- -- +/++ ++/o o/ + - / + +/ o + - /- - - / o o +/o - / o Effect + ++ +++ - -- --- 2-10 % 10-20 % > 20 % } Improvement o + - 2 % or Deterioration
Influence of Inlet Valve Deposits on Engine Power and Emissions Power 3.000 Emissions Without ~8% NOx-Emissions [ppm] 2.500 2.000 1.500 1.000 NOx (Part load) With Additives Power [kw] HC-Emissions [ppm] 500 0 400 350 300 250 200 HC (Part load) 150 with... Additives without... 100 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 Engine Speed [1/min]
Maximum Fuel Sulfur Limits Adopted For Europe (PPM) 400 350 Gasoline Diesel 300 200 150 100 50 50 0 2000 2005 2005 Limits Can Be Encouraged From 2000 With With Fiscal Incentives
Low Sulfur Gasoline Sulfur Poisons The Catalyst Impact is Irreversible Future Low Emissions Technologies Even More Sensitive CO, HC & NOx Emissions All Improve With Low Sulfur Gasoline
Impact of Low Sulfur Gasoline on Emissions Percent Reduction in Light Duty Vehicle Emissions NOx 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 450 to 150 450 to 40 150 to 40 0% 2000 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Calendar Year
Impact of Low Sulfur Gasoline on Emissions Percent Reduction in Light Duty Vehicle Emissions NMHC 10% 9% 8% 7% 6% 5% 4% 3% 450 to 150 450 to 40 150 to 40 2% 2000 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Calendar Year
Impact of Sulfur on Vehicle Emissions Percent Reduction in Light Duty Vehicle Emissions NOx 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% T2/Lo S T2 Only 0% 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019
Need For Low Sulfur Diesel Fuel Lower Sulfur Lowers Direct PM Emissions and SO2 Lower Sulfur Allows the Use of Some Advanced Diesel NOx/PM Control Technologies Lower Sulfur Improves Performance of Other Advanced Technologies
Impact of Lower Sulfur Fuel on Sulfate & Sulfur Dioxide Emissions Percent Reduction in Emissions 120% to 30 PPM to 10 PPM 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Sulfate PM SO2
Impact of Low Sulfur Fuel on PM Emissions PM Emissions (g/bhp-hr) 0.08 0.073 0.07 0.063 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0 Baseline Engine Out 54 PPM Sulfur 0.045 54 PPM, Ox Cat 0.038 0 PPM, Ox Cat
Swedish Retrofit Requirements Stockholm, Goteborg & Malmo 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% PM HC No Increase in NOx, Noise Over 10 Years Old Requires Ultra Low S Fuel
NO Conversion to NO2 (%) 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 D iesel F uel S ulfur C o ntent 10 ppm 50 ppm 100 ppm 500 ppm 1500 ppm 150 350 550 Temperature ( C)
Impact of Different Treatments on London Bus Emissions PM-10 Grams/Kilometer 0.25 0.23 0.2 0.157 0.15 0.1 0.083 0.05 0.022 0 E2 Diesel 0.05%S, no CAT or CRT E2 Diesel with ULSD and CAT E2 Diesel with ULSD only E2 Diesel with ULSD and CRT
Sensitivity of Diesel NOx Control Technologies Technology Cooled EGR NOx Storage Catalyst Lean NOx Catalyst SCR Sulfur Sensitivity Durability Questions Intolerant Very Sensitive Sulfur Tolerant
Conclusions - Why Lower Sulfur in Gasoline? Sulfur Poisons The Catalyst Impact is Irreversible Future Low Emissions Technologies Even More Sensitive CO, HC & NOx Emissions All Improve With Low Sulfur Gasoline
Conclusions - Why Lower Sulfur in Diesel Fuel? Lower Direct Emissions of PM Lower Sulfur Dioxide More Technological Options to Lower Diesel PM & NOx Greater Potential to Lower: PM Mass PM Number PM Toxicity
Diesel Fuel Sulfur Specifications PPM 12 10 10000 8 6 4 2 0 2500 500 350 500 50 50 10 50 US National EU 2000 EU 2005 Danish City Bus Sweden Class 1 Sweden Class 2 Japan India 1996 India Target 2000
2000 350 150 150 150 30 30 50 30 1000 Japan California US Avg. 1998 US RFG EU 2000 EU 2005 Canada Proposed Canada Proposed India 1995 India Target 2000 PPM 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 Sulfur Levels in Gasoline
Benzene in Gasoline US Federal - 1.0% California - 1.0% Japan - 1.0% (1999) EU - 1.0% India Target 2000-5.0%
Fuels & Lubricants Challenges For India Ban Leaded Gasoline - Done Lower Sulfur in Diesel & Gasoline - Started Maximum Benzene at 1% PreMixed Fuel & Lube for Two Strokes Fuel Characteristics Posted & Enforced (No Adulturation Tolerated)
Conclusions Serious Pollution Control Programs Must Adopt A Comprehensive, Holistic Approach Fuels Should Be Improved (Incremental Progress) Ban Leaded Gasoline Lower Sulfur in Diesel & Gasoline Maximum Benzene at 1% Fuel Characteristics Should be Posted & Enforced (No Adulteration)
Conclusions (continued) Effective Enforcement is Critical A Strong Public Awareness Program should be Introduced
Conclusions Why Can't India Have EU Quality Fuel by 2005?