Yarmouk University Hijjawi Faculty for Engineering Technology Department of Electrical Power Engineering Optimal Design and Analysis of Hybrid Energy Systems (HES) for Some Study Cases in Jordan A Thesis Submitted to the Department of Electrical Power Engineering In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Prepared By: Murad A. AL_omary 2009979022 Advisor: Prof. Muwaffaq I. Alomoush July, 2012
ACKNOWLEDGMENT I would like to express my thanks and gratitude to Allah, who gave me the ability and the willing to complete this work successfully. In a second degree, I provide my deep thanks to Prof. Muwaffaq I. Alomoush for his directions and devices at all the time. I also would to give my thanks to the staff of national energy research center (NERC) that helps me in collecting data and preparing it for achieving this work. I
DEDICATION To my father and mother, for their infinite love, unwavering support and believing in me. To my brothers and family, for their encouragement and support. To all my friends, for their cooperation. To a person entered my life as a wonderful cloud. Murad A. AL_omary II
DECLARATION Plagiarism is the breach of copyright or using another person s work and pretending that is one sown. I am Murad A. AL_omary, recognize what plagiarism is and I hereby declare that this thesis, which is submitted to the department of electrical power engineering at Hijjawi Faculty for Engineering Technology, for the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science, is my own work. I have not plagiarized from any source. All references and acknowledgment of sources are given and cited in my thesis. I have used the conventional citation and referencing. Each significant contribution to and quotation in this thesis from work of other people has been attributed and referenced. Murad A. AL_omary Irbid, July 29, 2012 III
TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT.XVIII Chapter 1: INRODUCTION TO HYBRID ENERGY SYSTEM.1 1.1 Background 1.2 Definition of Hybrid Energy Systems..... 4 1.3 Impetus of Hybrid Energy Systems.....5 1.4 Technologies Used in Hybrid Energy Systems...6.2 1.4.1 Loads....7 1.4.2 Rotating Electrical Machinery...7 1.4.3 Renewable Energy Generators..8 1.4.4 Fossil Fuel Generators....8 1.4.5 Energy Storage....8 1.4.6 Power Converters..9 1.4.7 Supervisory Controller.11 1.5 Blocks Diagram of Hybrid Energy Systems.....11 1.6 Characteristics of Hybrid Energy Systems 13 1.6.1 Central Grid Connected Hybrid Systems.. 13 1.6.2 Isolated Grid Hybrid Systems 13 1.6.3 Isolated or Special Purpose Hybrid Systems. 14 1.7 Design Consideration in Hybrid Energy System.. 15 Chapter 2: LITREATURE REVIEW..16 2.1 Introduction....17 2.2 Thesis Objectives...21 Chapter 3: HYBRID SYSTEM COMPONENTS AND OPTIMAL DESIGN..23 3.1 Photovoltaic Arrays (PV)...24 3.2 Wind Turbines... 31 3.3 Diesel Generators.... 34 3.4 Storage Batteries (SB)... 36 IV
3.5 Optimal Design Problem Description...41 Chapter 4: SIMULATION, RESULTS AND DISSCUSSION...46 4.1 HOMER Software... 47 4.2 Study Cases...50 4.3 General Specifications of the Systems.....51 4.3.1 PV Arrays..51 4.3.2 Wind Turbine.. 53 4.3.3 Diesel Generator...54 4.3.4 Batteries.56 4.3.5 Converters..58 4.3.6 Load... 59 4.4 Solar Radiation...61 4.5 Wind Speed 4.6 Diesel Properties...66 4.7 Other Conditions..67 4.8 Results of PV/Diesel Systems...70 4.8.1 PV/Diesel system in Amman.71 4.8.2 PV/Diesel system in Aqaba...74 4.8.3 PV/Diesel system in South Shuna 77..64 4.9 Results of PV/Wind Systems.. 81 4.9.1 PV/Wind system in Amman 82 4.9.2 PV/Wind system in Aqaba.. 85 4.9.3 PV/Wind system in South Shuna... 89 4.10 Results of Wind/Diesel Systems...92 4.10.1 Wind/Diesel system in Amman 93 4.10.2 Wind/Diesel system in Aqaba..96 4.10.3 Wind/Diesel system in South Shuna 99 4.11 Results of PV/Wind/Diesel Systems..104 4.11.1 PV/Wind/Diesel system in Amman 105 4.11.2 PV/Wind/Diesel system in Aqaba..108 V
4.11.3 PV/Wind/Diesel system in South Shuna 112 4.12 Conclusion and Discussion.. 116 Chapter 5: RECOMMENDATIONS AND FUURE WORK 118 5.1 Recommendations..119 5.2 Future Work REFERENCES..119. 120 VI
LIST OF TABLES Table 4.1: Locations and time zones of study cases 50 Table 4.2: Technical specifications of PV arrays 51 Table 4.3: Technical specifications of wind turbines..53 Table 4.4: Technical specifications of diesel generator..54 Table 4.5: Technical specifications of batteries..57 Table 4.6: General data of the load......61 Table 4.7: Monthly average of solar radiation in the three Jordanian locations......62 Table 4.8: Specific parameters related to three Jordanian locations. 64 Table 4.9: Wind speeds averages in the three Jordanian locations 65 Table 4.10: Results of PV/Diesel systems...70 Table 4.11: Net present costs of PV/Diesel systems in Amman.71 Table 4.12: Annualized costs of PV/Diesel systems in Amman.71 Table 4.13: Production and consumption of PV/Diesel system in Amman 73 Table 4.14: Amounts of gases emissions for of PV/Diesel system in Amman...74 Table 4.15: Net present costs of PV/Diesel systems in Aqaba...74 Table 4.16: Annualized costs of PV/Diesel systems in Aqaba...74 Table 4.17: Production and consumption of PV/Diesel system in Aqaba..77 Table 4.18: Amounts of gases emissions for of PV/Diesel system in Aqaba.77 Table 4.19: Net present costs of PV/Diesel systems in South Shuna.78 Table 4.20: Annualized costs of PV/Diesel systems in South Shuna.78 Table 4.21: Production and consumption of PV/Diesel system in South Shuna 80 Table 4.22: Amounts of gases emissions for of PV/Diesel system in South Shuna...80 Table 4.23: Results ofpv/windsystems...81 Table 4.24: Net present costs of PV/Wind systems in Amman..82 Table 4.25: Annualized of PV/Wind systems in Amman...82 Table 4.26: Production and consumption of PV/Wind system in Amman.85 Table 4.27: Amounts of gases emissions for of PV/Wind system in Amman 85 Table 4.28: Net present costs of PV/Wind systems in Aqaba 86 Table 4.29: Annualized costs of PV/Wind systems in Aqaba 86 VII
Table 4.30: Production and consumption of PV/Wind system in Aqaba 88 Table 4.31: Amounts of gases emissions for of PV/Wind system in Aqaba...88 Table 4.32: Net present costs of PV/Wind systems in South Shuna...89 Table 4.33: Annualized costs of PV/Wind systems in South Shuna...89 Table 4.34: Production and consumption of PV/Wind system in South Shuna..91 Table 4.35: Amounts of gases emissions for of PV/Wind system in South Shuna.91 Table 4.36: Results of Wind/Diesel systems...92 Table 4.37: Net present costs of Wind/Diesel system in Amman...93 Table 4.38: Annualized costs of Wind/Diesel systems in Amman.93 Table 4.39: Production and consumption of Wind/Diesel system in Amman 95 Table 4.40: Amounts of gases emissions for of Wind/Diesel system in Amman...96 Table 4.41: Net present costs of Wind/Diesel systems in Aqaba...96 Table 4.42: Annualized costs of Wind/Diesel systems in Aqaba...96 Table 4.43: Production and consumption of Wind/Diesel system in Aqaba..99 Table 4.44: Amounts of gases emissions for of Wind/Diesel system in Aqaba.99 Table 4.45: Net present costs of Wind/Diesel systems in South Shuna 100 Table 4.46: Annualized costs of Wind/Diesel systems in South Shuna 100 Table 4.47: Production and consumption of Wind/Diesel system in South Shuna...103 Table 4.48: Amounts of gases emissions for of Wind/Diesel system in South Shuna..103 Table 4.49: Results of PV/wind/Diesel systems...104 Table 4.50: Net present costs of PV/Wind/Diesel systems in Amman...105 Table 4.51: Annualized costs of PV/Wind/Diesel systems in Amman 105 Table 4.52: Production and consumption of PV/Wind/Diesel system in Amman 108 Table 4.53: Amounts of gases emissions for of PV/Wind/Diesel system in Amman..108 Table 4.54: Net present costs of PV/Wind/Diesel systems in Aqaba...109 Table 4.55: Annualized costs of PV/Wind/Diesel systems in Aqaba.. 109 Table 4.56: Production and consumption of PV/Wind/Diesel system in Aqaba..111 Table 4.57: Amounts of gases emissions for of PV/Wind/Diesel system in Aqaba.112 Table 4.58: Net present costs of PV/Wind/Diesel systems in South Shuna. 112 Table 4.59: Annualized costs of PV/Wind/Diesel systems in South Shuna.112 Table 4.60: Production and consumption of PV/Wind/Diesel system in South Shuna....115 VIII
Table 4.61: Amounts of gases emissions for of PV/Wind/Diesel system in South Shuna...115 Table 4.62: Summary of optimization aspects for all cases under study.....116 IX
LIST OF FIGURES Fig 1.1: Supervisory Controller fields.11 Fig 1.2: Blocks diagram of hybrid energy system...12 Fig3.1:PVarraywithMPPT.25 Fig 3.2: Equivalent circuit of a PV cell..26 Fig 3.3: Equivalent circuit of a PV panel...26 Fig 3.4: PV panel V/I characteristics..29 Fig 3.5: Solar irradiance decreasing effect.30 Fig 3.6: Ambient temperature increasing effect.30 Fig 3.7: Components of typical wind turbine...31 Fig 3.8: Methods of WTG s connection (a) with AC bus (b) with DC bus...32 Fig 3.9: Wind turbine power output with wind speed.34 Fig 3.10: Equivalent circuit of storage battery...38 Fig 3.11: Battery bank.39 Fig 4.1: Study cases (a) PV/Diesel (b) PV/Wind (c) Wind/Diesel and (d) PV/Wind/Diesel..50 Fig 4.2: PV inputs window..52 Fig 4.3: Wind Turbine Inputs Window...54 Fig 4.4: Diesel generator inputs window.55 Fig 4.5: Emissions factors of Diesel generator 56 Fig 4.6: Battery inputs window...57 Fig 4.7: Converter inputs window...58 Fig 4.8: Daily profiles for each month over one complete year..60 Fig 4.9: Seasonal load profile including random variability...61 Fig 4.10: Monthly averages of the daily solar radiation and clearances in Amman...63 Fig 4.11: Monthly averages of the daily solar radiation and clearances in Aqaba..63 Fig 4.12: Monthly averages of the daily solar radiation and clearances in South Shuna...63 Fig 4.13: Monthly wind speed averages in Amman 66 Fig 4.14: Monthly wind speed averages in Aqaba..66 Fig 4.15: Monthly wind speed averages in South Shuna 66 Fig 4.16: Diesel input window 67 X