I Contents for Photo Sequences Preface Features of the Text Supplements xi xii xv xvii SECTION 1 AUTOMOTIVE TECHNOLOGY CHAPTER 1 Careers in the Automotive Industry 1 Objectives 1 Servicing Today's Vehicles 1 Job Classifications 8 Related Career Opportunities 10 Training For a Career in Automotive Service 12 ASE Certification 14 Key Terms 15 Summary 15 Review Questions 15 CHAPTER 2 Wori<place Skills 17 Objectives 17 Seeking and Applidng for Employment 17 Accepting Employment 23 Working as an Automotive Technician 26 Communications 27 Solving Problems and Critical Thinking 28 Professionalism 30 Interpersonal Relationships 31 Repair Orders 32 Key Terms 35 Summary 35 Review Questions 35 CHAPTER 3 Working Safely in the Shop 37 Objectives 37 Personal Safety 37 Tool and Equipment Safety 41 Work Area Safety 47 Manufacturer's Warnings and Government Regulations 50 WHMIS Right-to-Know Legislation 50 Hazardous Materials 51 Key Terms 54 I Summary 54 Review Questions 54 CHAPTER 4 Automotive Systems and Preventive Maintenance 56 Objectives 56 Historical Background 56 Modem Power Plants 57 Design Evolution 57 Body Designs 58 Technological Advances 61 The Basic Engine 61 Engine Systems 63 Electrical and Electronic Systems 66 Heating and Air-Conditioning Systems 69 Drivetirain 71 RurmingGear 73 Hybrid Vehicles 76 Vehicle Identification 76 Preventive Maintenance 77 Key Terms 84 Summary 84 Review Questions 85 CHAPTER 5 Hand Tools and Shop Equipment 87 Objectives 87 Measuring Systems 87 Fasteners 88 Measuring Tools 95 Hand Tools 103 Shop Equipment 115 Power Tools 117 Jacks and lifts 119 Service Information 121 Key Terms 123 Summary 123 Review Questions 124 CHAPTER 6 Diagnostic Equipment and Special Tools 126 Objectives 126 Engine Repair Tools 126 Electrical/Electronic System Tools 132 Engine Performance Tools 136 Transmission and Driveline Tools 146 Suspension and Steering Tools 148 Brake System Tools 151 Heating and Air-Conditioning Tools 154 Key Terms 157 Summary 158 Review Questions 158 CHAPTER 7 Basic Theories and Math 160 Objectives 160 Matter 160 Energy 162 Voltune 165 Force 166 Time 169 Motion 169 Work 171 Waves and Oscillations 175 light 178 Liquids 179 Gases 181 Heat 183 Chemical Properties 185 Electricity and Electromagnetism 188 I Key Terms 190 Summary 191 Review Questions 192 V
vi CONTENTS SECTION 2 ENGINES CHAPTER 8 Automotive Engine Designs and Diagnosis 194 Objectives 194 Introduction to Engines 194 Engine Classifications 195 Engine Measurement and Performance 204 Other Automotive Power Plants 208 Engine Identification 212 Engine Diagnostics 213 Evaluating the Engine's Condition 218 Noise Diagnosis 219 Other Engine Designs 222 Case Study 222 Key Terms 222 Summary 223 Review Questions 223 CHAPTER 9 Engine Disassembly 226 Objectives 226 Removing an Engine 226 Engine Disassembly and Inspection 232 Cleaning Engine Parts 237 Crack Detection and Repair 242 Case Study 245 Key Terms 246 Summary 246 Review Questions 246 CHAPTER 10 Short Blocks 248 Objectives 248 Cylinder Block 248 Cylinder Block Reconditioning 251 Camshaft 256 Inspection of Camshaft and Related Parts 262 Installing the Camshaft and Related Parts 265 Crankshaft 266 Crankshaft Inspection and Rebuilding 269 Installing Main Bearings and Crankshaft 274 Piston and Piston Rings 278 Installing Pistons and Connecting Rods 283 Crankshaft and Camshaft SECTION 3 ELECTRICITY CHAPTER 14 Basics of Electrical Systems 401 Objectives 401 Basics of Electricity 401 Electrical Terms 403 Conductors and Insulators 408 Circuit Components 413 Electromagnetism Basics 422 Key Terms 425 Summary 425 Review Questions 426 CHAPTER 15 Basics of Electronics and Computer Systems 428 Objectives 428 Capacitors 428 Semiconductors 430 Computer Basics 434 On-Board Diagnostics 444 Timing 286 Case Study 287 Key Terms 287 Svmimary 287 Review Questions 288 CHAPTER 11 Cylinder Heads, Camshafts, and Valve Trains H ^ )b 'h if Ig 2m Objectives 290 Cylinder Head 290 CombustiP Chamber 291 Intake and Exhaust Valves 292 rj Variable Valve Timing 299 Inspection of!3 Cylinder Head and Valve Train 303 Aluminum Cylinder Heads 308 Resurfacing Cylinder Heads 309 Grinding Valves 312 Valve Guide Reconditioning 313 Reconditioning Valve Seats 316 Valve Stem Seals 319 Assembling the Cylinder Head 322 Case Study 325 KeyTi 327 Summary 327 Review Questions 328 St 56 CHAPTER 12 Lubricating and Cooling Systems Sf Objectives 329 Lubrication 329 Lubricating K Systems 333 Oil Pump 336 Oil Pump Ib Inspection and Service 338 Installing the Oil S Pump 341 Cooling Systems 342 Cooling n System Servicing 356 CaseStiidy 366 KeyTem 369 Summary 369 Review Questions 370 ^ CHAPTER 13 Engine Sealing and Reassembly 3 Objectives 372 Torque Principles 372 Gaskets] Adhesives, Sealants, and Other Chemical Sealing Materials 380 OD Seals 382 Engine Reassembly J^ Installing the Engine 394 Case Study 397 Key Terms 398 Summary 398 Review Questions m Multiplexing 445 Protecting Electronic Systems 45l) Diagnosing BCMs 450 Testing Electronic Circuits and Components 451 Key Terms 455 Summary 455 Review Questions 456 CHAPTER 16 General Electrical System Diagnostics and Service 45 Objectives 458 Electrical Problems 458 Electrical Wiring Diagrams 461 Electrical Testing Tools 462 Using Multimeters 466 Using Lab Scopes 475 Testing Basic Electrical Components 479 Troubleshooting Circuits 483 Testing for Common Problems 488 Connector and Wire Repairs 491 Case Study 498 Key Terms 498 Summary 498 Review Questions 499
vii CHAPTER 17 Batteries: Theory, Diagnosis, and Service 501 Objectives 501 Introduction 501 Basic Battery Theory 501 Battery Ratings 504 Common Types of Batteries 505 High-Voltage Batteries 506 Lead- Acid Batteries 507 Servicing and Testing Batteries 513 Nickel-Based Batteries 525 Lithium-Based Batteries 528 Isolating High-Voltage Systems 529 I Jump-Starting 532 Case Study 533 Key Terms 534 Summary 534 Review Questions 535 CHAPTER 18 Starting Systems 5^7 Objectives 537 Starting System Design and ' Components 537 Control Circuit 545 Starting System Testing 546 Starter Motor Service 553 Case Study 555 High-Voltage Motors 558 Key Terms 565 Summary 565 Review Questions 566 CHAPTER 19 Charging Systems 568 Objectives 568 Altemating Current Charging Systems 568 AC Generator Operation 573 New Developments 577 Preliminary Checks 580 General Testing Procedures 584 AC Generator Service 585 CaseStiidy 589 Key Terms 589 Summary 589 Review Questions 589 CHAPTER 20 Lighting Systems 591 Objectives 591 Lamps 591 Headlights 592 Headlight Service 599 Interior light Assemblies 602 Rear Exterior Light Assemblies 604 Light Btilbs 611 lighting Maintenance 613 Case Study 614 Key Terms 614 Simraiary 614 Review Questions 615 CHAPTER 21 Electrical Instrumentation 617 Objectives 617 Instnunent Panels 617 Instrument Gauges 618 Basic Information Gauges 619 Indicators and Warning Devices 624 Driver Information Centres 626 General Diagnosis and Testing 628 Case Study 629 Key Terms 629 Summary 629 Review Questions 630 CHAPTER 22 Electrical Accessories 632 Objectives 632 Body Control Modules 632 Windshield Wiper/Washer Systems 633 Horns/ Clocks/Power Outlet Systems 639 Cruise (Speed) Control Systems 640 Sound Systems 642 Power Lock Systems 644 Power Windows 645 Power Seats 647 Power Mirror System 651 Rear- Window Defrosters and Heated Mirror Systems 652 Other Electronic Equipment 652 Security and Antitheft Devices 658 Case Study 661 Key Terms 662 Stimmary 662 Review Questions 662 CHAPTER 23 Restraint Systems: Theory, Diagnosis, and Service 665 Objectives 665 Seat Belts 665 Seat Belt Service 668 Air Bags 669 Servicing tiie Air Bag System 676 Otiier Protection Systems 678 Case Study 680 Key Terms 680 Summary 680 Review Questions 681 ECTION 4 ENGINE PERFORMANCE CHAPTER 24 Ignition Systems 683 Objectives 683 Basic Circiutry 683 Igrution Components 686 Sparkplugs 688 Triggering and Switching Devices 692 Engine Position Sensors 693 Distributor Ignition System Operation 695 Electronic Ignition Systems 696 EI System Operation 701 Case Study 705 Key Terms 705 Simmiary 705 Review Questions 706 CHAPTER 25 Ignition System Diagnosis and Service 708 Objectives 708 Misfires 708 General Ignition System Diagnosis 709 Visual Inspection of Ignition Systems 709 No-Start Diagnosis 714 Diagnosing with an Engine Analyzer 716 Diagnosing with a DSO orgmm 724 Ignition Timing 726 Basic Primary Circuit Components 729 Distributor Service 735 Secondary Circiut Tests and Service 735 Case Study 743 Key Terms 743 Simimary 743 Review Questions 744 CHAPTER 26 Fuels and Other Energy Sources 746 Objectives 746 Air/Fuel Mixtures 746 Gasoline 747 Fuel Performance 748 Basic Fuel Additives 749 Oxygenates 750 Fuel Quality Testing 751 Alternative Fuels 752 Renewable Fuels 756 Electric Vehicles 756 Hybrid Electric Vehicles 757 Fuel Cell Vehicles 760 Case Study 763 Key Terms 764 Stmimary 764 Review Questions 765 NEL
VIII CONTENTS CHAPTER 27 Fuel Delivery Systems 767 Objectives 767 Basic Fuel System Diagnosis 768 Guidelines for Safely Working on Fuel Systems 768 Fuel Tanks 769 Filler Caps 772 Fuel Lines and Fittings 774 Fuel Filters 777 Fuel Pumps 779 Case Study 788 Key Terms 789 Summary 789 Review Questions 790 CHAPTER 28 Electronic Fuel Injection 792 Objectives 792 Basic EFI 793 Throttle Body Injection 798 Port Fuel Injection 799 Central MultiPort Fuel Injection 804 Gasoline Direct-Injection Systems 806 light-and Medium-Duty Diesel Fuel Injection 810 Case Study 811 Key Terms 811 Summary 812 Review Questions 812 CHAPTER 29 Fuel Injection System Diagnosis and Service 814 Objectives 814 Preliminary Checks 814 Service Precautions 815 Basic EFI System Checks 816 Injector Service 828 Fuel Rail, Injector, and Regulator Service 830 Idle Speed Checks 833 Case Study 837 Key Terms 837 Summary 838 Review Questions 838 CHAPTER 30 Diesel Engines 840 Diesel Engines 840 Light-and Medium-Duty Diesel Fuel Injection 842 Diesel Emission Controls 843 Diesel Fuel 848 Key Terms 850 Smnmary 850 Review Questions 851 CHAPTER 31 Intake and Exhaust Systems 853 Objectives 853 The Air Induction System 853 Exhaust System Components 860 Exhaust System Service 865 Turbochargers and Superchargers 869 Case Study 875 Key Terms 875 Summary 876 Review Questions 876 CHAPTER 32 Emission Control Systems Objectives 878 Legislative History 878 Poll 880 Evaporative Emission Control Systems 881 Precombustion Systems 884 Postcombustion Systems 891 Case Study 895 Key Terms 895 Summary 895 Review Questions 896 CHAPTER 33 Emission Control Systems Diagnosis and Service Objectives 897 I/M 240 Test 897 Testing Emissions 901 Basic Inspection 905 Evaporali Emission Control System Diagnosis and Service 906 PCV System Diagnosis and Service 911 EGR System Diagnosis and Service 914 Catalytic Converter Diagnosis 919 Air System Diagnosis a Service 923 Case Study 925 Key Terms 925 Summary 925 Review Questions 926 CHAPTER 34 On-Board Diagnostic Systems Objectives 928 System Functions 928 Syste Components 928 Primary Sensors 930 Comp Outputs and Actuators 936 System Operation! OBD-II Standards 939 Monitoring Capabilitie OBD-II Diagnostics 948 OBD-II Terms 952 Case Study 952 Key Terms 953 Summary Review Questions 953 CHAPTER 35 On-Board Diagnc System Diagnosis and Service Objectives 956 Electronic Service Precautions^ Basic Diagnosis of Electronic Engine Control Systems 957 Self-Diagnostic Systems 958 Retrieving Trouble Codes 959 OBD-II System Diagnosis and Service 960 OBD-II Diagnostics! Diagnosis of Computer Voltage Supply and Grou Wires 971 Testing Input Sensors 973 Variabk Resistor-Type Sensors 975 Generating Sensors I Testing Actuators 989 Case Study 992 Key Terms 992 Simmiary 992 Review Questions SECTION 5 MANUAL TRANSMISSIONS AND TRANSAXLES CHAPTER 36 Clutches 995 Objectives 995 Operation 995 Clutch Service Safety Precautions 1003 Clutch Maintenance 1004 Clutch Problem Diagnosis 1004 Clutch Service 1008 Case Study 1013 Key Terms 1013 Summary 1013 Review Questions 1014 CHAPTER 37 Manual Transmissions and Transaxles 1 Objectives 1016 Transmission Versus Transaxl( 1016 Gears 1020 Basic Gear Theory 1021 Transmission/Transaxle Design 1022 Synchr 1025 Gearshift Mechanisms 1027 Transm Power Flow 1029 Transaxle Power Flows 1032 Final Drive Gears and Overall Ratios 1036 Electrical Systems 1036 Case Study 1038
ix I Key Terms 1038 Questions 1039 Summary 1038 Review CHAPTER 38 Manual Transmission/Transaxle Service 1040 Objectives 1040 Lubricant Ciieck 1040 In-Vehicle Service 1042 Diagnosing Problems 1043 Transmission/Transaxle Removal 1048 Cleaning and Inspection 1049 Disassembly and Reassembly of the Diiferential Case 1055 I Reassembly/ Reinstallation of Transmission/ Transaxle 1056 Case Study 1059 Key Terms 1059 I Summary 1059 Review Questions 1060 CHAPTER 39 Drive Axles and Differentials 1062 Objectives 1062 Front-Wheel-Drive (FWD) Ades 1062 Types of CVIoints 1062 Front-Wheel-Drive Applications 1065 CVfoint Service 1066 Rear- Wheel Driveshafts 1069 Operation of U-Ioints 1072 Types of U-Ioints 1074 Diagnosis of Driveshaft and U-Ioint Problems 1075 Differentials and Drive Axles 1077 Limited-Slip Differentials 1083 Axle Shafts 1085 Servicuig the Final Drive Assembly 1087 Diagnosing Differential Noises 1093 Case Study 1093 Key Terms 1094 Summary 1094 Review Questions 1095 ECTION 6 AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSIONS AND TRANSAXLES 1097. CHAPTER 40 Automatic Transmissions and Transaxles 1097 Objectives 1097 Torque Converter 1098 Lock-up Torque Converter 1101 Planetary Gears 1103 Compound Planetary Gearsets 1105 Honda's Nonplanetary-Based Transmission 1110 I ContinuouslyVariable Transmissions (CVT) 1110 I Planetary Gear Controls 1112 Transmission Clutches 1114 Bearings, Bushings, and Thrust Washers 1116 Snap rings 1119 Gaskets and Seals 1119 Final Drives and Differentials 1122 Hydrauhc System 1122 Application of Hydraulics in Transmissions 1123 Pressure Boosts 1127 Shift Quality 1127 Hydraulic Circuits 1128 Electronic Controls 1134 Case Study 1146 Key Terms 1146 Summary 1146 Review Questions 1148 CHAPTER 41 Automatic Transmission and Transaxle Service 1150 Objectives 1150 Identification 1150 Diagnostics 1150 Fluid Leaks 1154 Basic EAT Testing 1156 Detailed Testing of Inputs 1162 Detailed Testing of Actuators 1164 H Testing Converter Clutches 1167 Diagnosing Hydraulic and Vacuum Control Systems 1170 Common Problems 1171 Linkages 1174 Rebuilding a Transmission 1176 Case Study 1182 Key Terms 1182 Summary 1182 Review Questions 1183 CHAPTER 42 Four- and All-Wheel Drive 1185 Objectives 1185 Types of Four-MTieel Drives 1186 Foiu--Wheel-Drive Systems 1189 Transfer Case 1190 Locking/Unlocking Hubs 1195 Four-Wheel- Drive Passenger Cars 1197 All-Wheel-Drive Systems 1198 Servicing Four-Wheel-Drive Vehicles 1203 Diagnosing Four-Wheel-Drive andau-wheel-drive Systems 1203 Case Study 1208 Key Terms 1208 Summary 1208 Review Questions 1209 SECTION 7 SUSPENSION AND STEERING SYSTEMS 1211 CHAPTER 43 Tires and Wheels 1211 Tires 1212 Tire Repair 1224 Tire/Wheel Runout 1227 ^1 Tire Replacement 1227 Tu:e/Wheel Assembly Service 1229 I Wheel Bearings 1231 Case Study 1233 I Key Tenns 1234 Summary 1234 Review Questions 1235 CHAPTER 44 Suspension Systems 1237 Objectives 1237 Frames 1237 Suspension System Components 1238 MacPherson Strut Suspension Components 1243 Independent Front Suspension 1246 General Front-Suspension Inspection 1251 Front-Suspension Component Servicing 1252 Rear-Suspension Systems 1258 Semi-Independent Suspension 1260 Electronically Controlled Suspensions 1263 Servicing Electronic Suspension NEL
X CONTENTS Components 1268 Active Suspensions 1270 Case Study 1271 KeyTerais 1272 Summary 1272 Review Questions 1273 CHAPTER 45 Steering Systems 1275 Objectives 1275 Manual-Steering Systems 1275 Power-Steering Systems 1282 Variable Effort (Electronically Controlled) Power-Steering Systems 1288 Steering System Diagnosis 1292 VisuaJInspection 1296 Steering System Servicing 1301 Power- Steering System Servicing 1304 Four-Wheel Steering SECTION 8 BRAKES CHAPTER 47 Brake Systems 1338 Objectives 1338 Friction 1338 Principles of Hydraulic Brake Systems 1341 Hydraulic Brake System Components 1342 Master Cylinder Operation 1344 Hydraulic Tubes and Hoses 1348 Hydraulic System Safety Switches and Valves 1350 Dnmi and Disc Brake Assemblies 1353 Hydraulic System Service 1354 Pushrod Adjustment 1363 Hydraulic Brake Boosters 1363 Electric Parking Brakes 1365 Case Study 1366 Key Terms 1366 Summary 1367 Review Questions 1367 CHAPTER 48 Drum Bral<es 1369 Objectives 1369 Drum Brake Operation 1369 Dnmi Brake Components 1369 Drum Brake Designs 1371 Road Testing Brakes 1375 Drum Brake Inspection 1377 Brake Shoes and Linings 1383 Wheel Cylinder Inspection and Servicing 1386 Drum Parking Brakes 1386 Integral Parking Brakes 1389 Case Study 1390 Key Terms 1390 Summary 1390 Review Questions 1390 Systems 1307 Case Study 1311 Key Terms 1312 Summary 1312 Review Questions 1312 CHAPTER 46 Wheel P Alignment 131 Objectives 1314 Alignment Function 1314 Alignment Geometry 1315 Prealignment Inspection 1319 Wheel Aligrmient Equipment 132 Alignment Machines 1323 Adjusting Wheel Alignment 1324 Four-Wheel-Drive Vehicle Alignment 1334 Case Study 1335 Key Terms Summary 1335 Review Questions 1336 * CHAPTER 49 Disc Brakes 13 Objectives 1393 Disc Brake Components and Their Functions 1393 Rear-Wheel Disc Brakes 1398 Di Brake Diagnosis 1400 Service Precautions 1402 General Caliper Inspection and Servicing 1403 Rotor Inspection and Servicing 1411 Case Study 1415 ^ Terms 1416 Simimary 1416 Review Questions 14 CHAPTER 50 Antilock Brake, Traction Control, and Stability 'S Control Systems 141 Objectives 1418 Antilock Brakes 1418 ABS Components 1419 Types of Antilock Brake Syste& 1423 ABS Operation 1425 Automatic Traction Control 1433 Automatic Stability Control 1434 Antilock Brake System Service 1438 Diagnosis and Testing 1439 Testing Traction and Stability Control Systems 1445 New Trends 1445 Casel Study 1446 Key Terms 1447 Summary 1447 Review Questions 1447 SECTION 9 PASSENGER COMFORT CHAPTER 51 Heating and Air- Conditioning 1450 Objectives 1450 Ventilation System 1450 Automotive Heating Systems 1451 Heating System Service 1455 Theory of Automotive ALr- Conditioning 1456 Refrigerants 1457 The Air- Conditioning System and its Components 1460 Air-Conditioning Systems and Controls 1469 Temperature Control Systems 1472 Case Study 1477 Key Tenns 1477 Summary 1477 Review Questions 1478 CHAPTER 52 Heating and Air- Conditioning Diagnosis and Service 1- Objectives 1480 Maintenance Precautions 1480 Refrigerant Safety Precautions 1481 Guidelinesfij Converting (ReO-ofittimg) R-12 Systems to R-134A 1483 Initial System Checks 1484 Diagnosis 1487 Air-Conditioner Testing and Servicing Equipment l Service Procedures 1492 General Service 1494 Recharging the System 1501 Climate Conttol Systems 1504 Heating System Service 1505 Shidy 1506 Key Terms 1506 Summary 1506 H Review Questions 1507 ' '
xi HOTO SEQUENCES PS 1 Changing the Oil and Oil Filter 80 PS 2 Repairing Damaged Threads with a Tap 94 PS 3 Using a Micrometer 98 PS 4 Diagnosing Engine, Ignition, Electrical, and Fuel Systems with an Engine Analyzer 139 PS 5 Conducting a Cylinder Compression Test 214 PS 6 Checking Main Bearing Clearance with Plastigage 276 PS 7 Installing a Piston and Rod Assembly 284 PS 8 Measuring and Fitting Valve Springs 323 PS 9 Replacing a Timing Belt on an OHC Engine 387 PS 10 Flashing a BCM 452 PS 11 Performing a Voltage Drop Test 471 PS 12 Soldering Two Copper Wires Together 494 PS 13 Typical Procedure for Cleaning a Battery Case, Tray, and Cables 514 PS 14 Conducting a Battery Load Test 521 PS 15 Voltage Drop Testing of a Starter Circuit 550 PS 16 Typical Procedure for Disassembling a Delco-Remy Starter 556 PS 17 Typical Procedure for Inspecting, Removing, Replacing, and Adjusting a Drive Belt 581 PS 18 Typical Procedure for Disassembling a Ford lar AC Generator 587 PS 19 Removing a Multifunction Switch 607 PS 20 Bench Testing a Fuel Gauge Sending Unit 623 PS 21 Typical Procedure for Grid Wire Repair 653 PS 22 Removing an Air Bag Module 679 PS 23 Using a Scope to Test a Distributorless Ignition System 727 PS 24 Diagnosing a Knock Sensor and Knock Sensor Module 734 PS 25 Removing a Fuel Filter on an EFI Vehicle 778 PS 26 Checking Fuel Pressure on a PFI System 783 PS 27 Typical Procedure for Testing Injector Balance 825 PS 28 Removing and Replacing a Fuel Injector on a PFI System 831 PS 29 Performing a Scan Tool Diagnosis of an Idle Air Control Motor 835 PS 30 Diagnosing an EGR Vacuum Regulator Solenoid 920 PS 31 Diagnosing with a Scan Tool 961 PS 32 Testing an Oxygen Sensor 979 PS 33 Testing a Ford MAP Sensor 986 PS 34 Installing and Aligning a Clutch Disc 1010 PS 35 Disassembling a Typical Transaxle 1050 PS 36 Reassembling a Typical Transaxle 1057 PS 37 Removing and Replacing a CV loint Boot 1070 PS 38 Disassembling a Single Universal loint 1078 PS 39 Reassembling a Single Universal loint 1079 PS 40 Measuring and Adjusting Backlash and Side-Bearing Preload on a Final Drive Assembly with a Shim Pack 1091 PS 41 Measuring and Adjusting Backlash and Side-Bearing Preload on a Final Drive Assembly with Adjusting Nuts 1092 PS 42 Typical Procedure for Overhauling a 4T60E Transaxle 1177 PS 43 Typical Procedure for Disassembling a Warner 13-56 Transfer Case 1199 PS 44 Typical Procedure for Reassembling a Warner 13-56 Transfer Case 1201 PS 45 Dismounting and Mounting a Tire on a Wheel Assembly 1225 PS 46 Measuring Front and Rear Curb Riding Height 1253 PS 47 Measuring the Lower Ball loint Radial Movement on a MacPherson Strut Front Suspension 1256 PS 48 Removing and Replacing a MacPherson Strut 1259 PS 49 Typical Procedure for Performing Four-Wheel Alignment with a Computer Wheel Aligner 1325 PS 50 Typical Procedure for Bench Bleeding a Master Cylinder 1358 PS 51 Removing and Replacing Brake Pads 1405 PS 52 Evacuating and Recharging an A/C System with Recycling and Charging Stations 1502 NEL