All Pump Types Page 1 1. Title Page Unit learning objectives Understand the properties of common types of fuels Understand the principals of filtration Be able to make recommendations regarding fuel storage and filtration 2. Typical Fuel System Be able to note the components of a typical fuel system Fuel Tank Pre-Filter or Primary Filter Lift Pump Final Filter or Secondary Filter Fuel Injection Pump 3. Fuel Tank Understand the importance of fuel quality Be able to explain the purpose of the tank filter Note filler cap problems
All Pump Types Page 2 4. Water in Tank Contamination Algae formation at interface between water and fuel 5. Fuels Know the fuels to be covered and be able to note usage 6. Typical Fuel Properties Fuel properties
All Pump Types Page 3 7. Heat Content A measure of a fuel s heating ability expressed in BTU s or Calories BTU: A British Thermal Unit is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water by 1 degree F Calorie: The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree C. Expressed as kilogram/calories. 3.968 kg/c = 1 BTU 8. Heat Content Heat content of various fuels 9. Flash Point The temperature at which a fuel s vapors will ignite (flash) when exposed to a flame
All Pump Types Page 4 10. Flash Point Flash points of the various types of fuel 11. Spontaneous Ignition Temperature The temperature at which a fuel will ignite and burn in an engine under conditions conductive to ignition without the presence of a flame or spark 12. Spontaneous Ignition Temperature Spontaneous ignition points of the various fuels
All Pump Types Page 5 13. Fuel Viscosity A measure of a fluid s resistance to flow at a given temperature. Describe the effect on lubrication, leakage and flow 14. Kerosene Be able to describe temperature effect and note steepness of curve. Note actual viscosity at operating temperature 15. Diesel Fuel #2 Be able to describe temperature effect and note actual viscosity at operating temperature
All Pump Types Page 6 16. Cloud Point The temperature level of a paraffin based fuel at which the wax crystallizes and precipitates out of the fuel 17. Cloud Point Cloud point of the various fuels Note that the cloud point is a function of paraffin content Gasoline and JP4 are napthene based fuels 18. Pour Point The temperature at which a liquid thickens to the point where it will not readily flow
All Pump Types Page 7 19. Pour Point Pour point of the various fuels Note that the pour point is generally 10 degrees below its cloud point 20. Fuel Weight Measured in pounds per gallon or in specific gravity (density) of the fluid Specific Gravity is a measure of a liquid s weight in comparison to water, which is given a value of 1.0 Note the change in weight and heat content at different temperatures. As the fuel warms up the volume increases, thus lowering the Specific Gravity (density) 21. Octane / Cetane Octane: A method of rating a gasoline s resistance to ignition. The higher the Octane rating, the lower the tendency to detonate (knock). Converse relationship to a Cetane rating Cetane: A method of rating a diesel fuel s susceptibility to ignition. The lower the Cetane rating, the more difficult it is to ignite. Converse relationship to an Octane rating
All Pump Types Page 8 22. Octane / Cetane Octane / Cetane ratings of the various fuels 23. Pre-Filter / Water Separation Understand the reason for the location and the normal micron size 24. Water in Fuel Know the causes and sources of water contamination
All Pump Types Page 9 25. Fuel Quality Issues Be able to identify visual differences between clean, water contaminated and oxidized / dirty fuel Be able to describe the differences between dissolved, emulsified and free water 26. Water Contaminated Pump Understand the cause and effect of water contamination 27. Water Damaged Components Note water damage in 24 hours
All Pump Types Page 10 28. Water Contaminated Pump This pump operated for 1500 hours on a durability test with 2% water added to the diesel fuel. Upon initial inspection, there is very little evidence of any water contamination or damage 29. Regulating Pistons Upon closer inspection we can see the damage that water can cause. The piston on the right operated with #2 diesel fuel, the piston on the left operated with diesel fuel with 2% water added Note the galling and discoloration on the piston run with water. This type of galling may lead to the piston sticking 30. Transfer Pump Blades Transfer pump blades run with 2% water. Scuffing and wear to the ends and sides of the blades is apparent
All Pump Types Page 11 31. Metering Valve Pitting and corrosion cause by the presence of water. This valve may eventually stick in its bore causing stalling 32. Leaf Springs The leaf spring on the right is in good condition while the one on the left failed due to fretting corrosion 33. Lift Pump Location Be able to describe the position in the system and explain the benefits of a controlled supply pressure and the effect on the system
All Pump Types Page 12 34. Fuel Heater Location Understand why the heater is positioned immediately prior to the filter 35. Fuel Heater Location A side load heater is used when a hand primer or an electric boost pump is installed 36. Waxed Filter Be able to describe the waxing process and the effect of temperature changes
All Pump Types Page 13 37. Fuel Heater Location Understand why the heater is positioned immediately prior to the filter 38. Fuel Filter Be able to explain the importance of a final filter. Note it s position in relation to the injection pump 39. Worn Rotor Note the effects of contaminates on pump components
All Pump Types Page 14 44. Micron Size Be able to describe filter ratings Note that 10 microns used to be the critical size 2 to 5 micron rated filters have become the norm for today s injection equipment
All Pump Types Page 15 46. Basic Diesel Fuel Filtration What you and your customers need to know about fuels, proper fuel handling and filtration for protection of their fuel injection equipment 47. Terminology Understand Primary Filters Secondary Filters 48. Terminology Understand Water Separators Coalescers Sediment Bowl
All Pump Types Page 16 49. Filter Sizing and Capacity Understand Fuel Flow vs. Fuel Consumption Porting and line size determines fuel flow capacity 50. Filter Sizing and Capacity Understand Increases in filter media quantity increases filter life Use of a pre-filter increases final filter life What are the effects on pump/engine performance when run with a choked filter 51. Recommendations Recommendations to be passed on to the equipment owner/operator
All Pump Types Page 17 52. Recommendations Recommendations to be passed on to the equipment owner/operator 53. Recommendations in Fuel Handling and Storage Recommendations to be passed on to the equipment owner/operator 54. Chemical Improvement of Fuel Quality Understand Cetane Waxing/choking Lubricity Fuel Stability Corrosion Protection Recommendations to be passed on to the equipment owner/operator
All Pump Types Page 18 55. Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel Fuel Introduced to the US market in October, 2007 Sulfur content reduced to 15 PPM max. 56. Fuel Lubricity Lubricity describes the ability of a fluid to minimize friction between, and damage to, surfaces in relative motion under loaded conditions 57. Low Lubricity Diesel Fuel Parts condition is the only true measure of a fuel s lubricity (Reference S.L. 288)
All Pump Types Page 19 61. Taking Care of Your Customers Take care of your customers with good sound advice and recommendations