Transportation Kentucky Transportation Center Research Report University of Kentucky Year 1995 Field Performance Report on PVC Pipe Campbell County L. John Fleckenstein David L. Allen University of Kentucky, leo.fleckenstein@uky.edu University of Kentucky, dallen@engr.uky.edu This paper is posted at UKnowledge. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/ktc researchreports/742
Research Report KTC-95-2 FIELD PERFORMANCE REPORT ON PVC PIPE CAMPBELL COUNTY by L. John Fleckenstein Senior Research Investigator and David L. Alien Chief Research Engineer Kentucky Transportation Center College of Engineering University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky in cooperation with Transportation Cabinet Commonwealth of Kentucky and Federal Highway Administration U.S. Department of Transportation The contents of this report reflect the views of the authors who are responsible for the facts and accuracy of the data presented herein. The contents do not necessarily reflect the official views or policies of the University of Kentucky, the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet, nor the Federal Highway Administration. This report does not constitute a standard, specification, or regulation. The inclusion of manufacturer names and trade names are for identification purposes and are not to be considered as endorsements. March 1995
Technical Report Documentation Page ' 1. Report No. KTC-95-2 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient's Cata!og No. 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date March 1995 - FIELD PERFORMANCE REPORT ON PVC PIPE, CAMPBELL COUNTY 6. Perlorming Organization Code 7. Author(s) L. John Fleckenstein and David L. Alien 8. Performing Organization Report No.6 KTC-95-2 9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Work Umt No. (TRAIS) Kentucky Transportation Center College of Engineering University of Kentucky 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address Kentucky Transportation Cabinet State Office Building 11. Contract or Grant No. Federal Aid Research Task 61 13. Type ol Report and Period Covered 14. Sponsoring Agency Code 15. Supplementary Notes Publication of this report was sponsored by the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet in cooperation with the U.S. Department oft ransportation, Federal Highway Administration 16. Abstract This report documents the installation and performance of PVC pipe installed on KY 9 in Campbell County. The pipe installed was Perma-Loc, manufactured by J-M Manufacturing Company, Inc. Pipes appear to be performing well with the clean coarse sand backfill.lt is apparent the pipe is brittle at lower temperatures. and caution should be exercised during cold weather construction. lt is apparent that the contractor achieved substantial compaction around the haunches and the side ol the pipe which is helping to reduce pipe dellection. In July 1995, the pipes wiu have been installed for approximately two years. Minor changes in pipe deflection are still occurring in approximately 40 percent of the pipes. The other 60 percent appear to be stabilized. 17. KeyWords Backfill Compaction Deflection 18. Distribution Statement Unlimited 19. Security Classil. (of this report) 20. Security Classil. (of this page) 21. No. of Pages 22. Price 38 Form DOT 1700.7 (8-72) Reproduction of completed page authorized 1
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report documents the installation and performance of PVC pipe installed during construction ofky 9 in Campbell County. The pipe installed was Perma-Loc pipe manufactured by J-M Manufacturing Company, Inc.. It is apparent the pipe is brittle at lower temperatures, and caution should be exercised during cold weather construction. The pipes appear to be performing well with the clean coarse sand backfill. It is also apparent that the contractor achieved substantial compaction around the haunches and the side of the pipe which is likely helping to reduce pipe deflection. In July of 1995, the pipes will have been installed for approximately 2 years. Minor changes in pipe deflection are still occurring in approximately 40 percent of the pipes. The other 60 percent appear to be stabilized. 11
TABLE OF CONTENTS FORM DOT 1700.7 (8-72)... 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY... ii TABLE OF CONTENTS... m LIST OF FIGURES... iv INTRODUCTION... 1 CONSTRUCTION.............................................. 1 PERFORMANCE... 1 PIPE DEFLECTIONS........................................... 2 CONCLUSIONS... 2 RECOMMENDATIONS... 2 REFERENCES... 2 APPENDIX A (Pipe Deflection Measurements)... 9 iii
LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Severely Damaged PVC Pipe Figure 2. Damaged Exterior Rib Figure 3. Impact Strength of PVC Pipe Figure 4. Installation of 1.2 m Pipe at Station 104+ 70 Figure 5. Installation of 0. 76 m Pipe at Station 162+00 Figure 6. Elevation Profiles Figure 7. Outlet End of PVC Pipe at Station 129+72 Figure 8. Outlet End of PVC Pipe at Station 129+72 Figure 9. Crack in Wall of PVC Pipe at Station 129+72 IV
INTRODUCTION The Kentucky Transportation Center was requested by the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet to monitor the field performance of Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Pipe on KY 9 in Campbell County (Project NO. FSP 019 0009 013-015 C-DE-STPM 0020 (804)). Included in this report are construction and performance information. A video tape is also provided showing the final inspection of the pipe with a Cues Mini Camera. CONSTRUCTION Prior to installation, on December 11, 1992 the PVC pipe was inspected in the stockyard at the construction site on KY 9 shortly after delivery. Approximately 19 out of 65 pipe sections had been slightly to significantly damaged during delivery (Figures 1 and 2). The Resident Engineer indicated that several of the pipes had fallen off the truck during unloading. The pipes were fairly brittle at the time they were being unloaded due to the cold temperatures (approximately -9'C ( 15'F)). Figure 3 was derived from the Uni-Bell Handbook (1) and extrapolated to colder temperatures. Figure 3 indicates the impact strength of the pipe could be as much as 40 percent lower when comparing strength properties at 23'C and -9'C (73c4'F and 15'F). The construction project was postponed due to unstable embankment conditions and only a portion of the pipes were installed. Prior to the project being postponed, six cross drains had been installed. The pipes were backfilled with a clean sand slightly over the crown of the pipe (Figures 4 and 5).. Since the final fill elevations were not achieved, the fill heights were established by survey (Figure 6). The maximum fill height obtained during construction was approximately 4 meters (12 feet) at Station 160+00. PERFORMANCE The cross drains were monitored during construction, and have been visually inspected several times since installation. The pipes were last inspected in December 1994 with a Cues Mini Camera. A majority of the cross drains appear to performing well.. Significant distress was observed in one of the cross drains. The distress was observed in a 0.61 m (24 inch) cross drain at Station 129+ 72. Distress was observed toward the outlet end of the cross drain. During a visual inspection shortly after installation, approximately 2.4 meters (8 feet) of pipe on the outlet end was unsupported (Figure 7). It was apparent that the pipe had not been cut off and/or the fill around the pipe had eroded. In October, 1993, at a later inspection, it was apparent that this section of pipe had been covered during the reshaping of a sliding embankment (Figure 8). It appears that in this process the pipe was bent down causing the pipe to crack and deflect approximately 8.3 percent (Figure 9). 1
Pipe Deflections Pipe deflection measurements have been taken on the six cross drains since installation (Appendix A). Pipe deflections were monitored at 29 locations. In approximately 67 percent of the pipes that were monitored, the vertical dimension was greater than the horizontal after installation. It is apparent that the pipe was compressed horizontally during the backfilling around the sides and haunches of the pipe. The average pipe deflection recorded was 2. 7 4 percent. CONCLUSIONS It is apparent the pipe is brittle at lower temperatures, and caution should be exercised during cold weather construction. The pipes appear to be performing well with the clean coarse sand backfill. It is also apparent that the contractor achieved substantial compaction around the haunches and the springline of the pipe. This has helped to keep pipe deflection at a minimum. In July of 1995, the pipes will have been installed for approximately 2 years. Minor changes in pipe deflection are still occurring in approximately 40 percent of the pipes. The other 60 percent appear to be stabilized. RECOMMENDATIONS It is recommended that these pipes continue to be monitored for long-term performance. It is recommended that this pipe be used as an alternative to concrete, steel, aluminum, and polyethylene pipe. It is also recommended that future installations be monitored for short-and long-term performance. REFERENCES 1. "Handbook of PVC Pipe, Design and Construction", Third Edition, Uni-Bell PVC Pipe Association, Dallas, September 1991, pp. 213. 2
Figure 1. Severely Dalllaged PVC Pipe Figure 2. Damaged E:rterior Rib 3
Figure 3. Effect of Cool Temperatures on Impact Strength of PVC Pipes... 100 80,..., e_., 0,) 60 ::......, ::J ti:1 ::... 0,) 0.. 40 s... -... -.-... --... -... --... -.. -.-.--.. -... -----... --.. --.. --.. -... ---... -.-... -----...... --.-... -.... -... ---.- 30,..., 20 u e_., 0,) 10 ::... 0,) 0.. s 0 20 Values vary widely... due to compounding -10 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 % of Rated Impact Strength
Figure 4. Installation of 1.2m Pipe at Station 104+70 Figure 5. Installation of 0. 76 m Pipe at Station 162+00 5
Figure 6. Elevation Profiles Station 1 oo + 72 (0.61 m pipe diameter) (Installed 7 1 93).-----------------------------, Station 104 + 70 (1.22 m pipe diameter) (Installed 7 6 93).-----------------------------, 2o 0 "------- 2 0 -------, 0 ------- 6 0 c----- 00 200"---------20--------.oc---------",0 DISTANCE jmoltlrs) Station 129 + 72 (0.61 m pipe diameter) (Installed 6 28 93).---------------------------, Station 132 + 94 (0.46 m pipe diameter) (Installed 6 21 93).---------------------------, 20----7------7--7. 0 10 16 20 25 30 DISTANCE (moirr.) 20"---------------------" 0 10 20 30 40 50 Station 160 + 00 (0.61 m pipe diameter) (Installed 4 23 93).---------------------------, \ Station 162 00 (0.76 m pipe diameter) (Installed 7 14 93).---------------------------, 20 o--,oc---720o---,o----7,,c---,.---- DISTANCE (mcuar11) 200------7,-------,.-----,.-----:20" DISTANCE (moidr ) 6
Figure 7. Outlet End of PVC Pipe at Station 129+72 Figure 8. Outlet End of PVC Pipe at Station 129+72 7
Figure 9. Crack in Interior Wall of Pipe at Station 129+72 8
APPENDIX A (PIPE DEFLECTION MEASUREMENTS) 9
(Station 100+ 72) 24.5 r----------------------------. 61.0 "' 0.).c u c: '-' 0:: [.I,J E- [.I,J - Cl 24.0 59.7 23.5 /"' 58.4 23.0 57.2 l. 22.5 55.9 c > s:: :::; r-:,..., r. '"' " " 22.0 L----------------------... ------...154.6 0 100 200 300 400 TIME SINCE INSTALLATION (days) -- lx: VERTICAL --2X: HORIZONTAL Note: Measurements for day 0 are assumed. 10
(Station 100+ 72) 24.5.--------------------------... 61.0 24.0 59.7 c.-.. > s:..c u '"' c::: 23.5 t 58.4 c::: "' r.rj - '"' E- r.rj '"' - :2 23.0 57.2 Q G 22.5 55.9 ui 22.0 l..--------.:...;,..;....154.6 0 100 ZOO 300 400 TIME SINCE INSTALlATION (days) -- 1 Y: VERTICAL -+- ZY: HORIZONTAL Note: Measurements for day 0 are assumed. 11
24.5 (Station 100+ 72) 61.0... "' 0) 24.0..::.5 23.5 :r /... 59.7 58.4 c > s: r. 57.2 -r. r. ;;; 22.5 l ""-. 55.9 22.0 0 ' loo 200 300 TIME SINCE INSTALLATION (days) 400 54.6 --lz: VERTICAL -+- 2Z: HORIZONTAL Note: Measurements for day 0 are assumed. 12
49.0 (Station 104+ 70) 124.5.. 48.0..- "' '-'! -= u c: ;::, 0::: ClJ 47.0 E- +- ClJ ::;: < - Cl 46.0 121.9 119.4 116.8 0 > :::: r-:: ""' -;::: "' -(") "'.::!. 45.0 ' 0 100 200 300 TIME SINCE INSTALlATION (days) -- C3: VERTICAL -- C4: HORIZONTAL 114.3 400 Note: Measurements for day 0 are assumed. 13
49.0 (Station 104+ 70) 124.5 "' Q.)..<:: u c: ;::., 48.0 47.0 ll.l E- ll.l - Cl 46.0 121.9 119.4 116.8 '- r -'. r- ("; - ("; ("; (/; 45.0 ' ' 0 100 200 300 TIMESmCE INSTALLATION (days) 114.3 400 --D3: VERTICAL -+- D4: HORIZONTf\1-14
(Station 104+ 70) 49.0 r---------------------------.124.5 >..._ 48.0 121.9 c "' :u s: ;; C"=i.s r-: ;::: 0:: CIJ 47.0 119.4 r. E- r. z CIJ < ;:; - Q r. ;;i 46.0 116.8 45.0 ----------------------------------------------114.3 0 100 200 300 400 TIME SINCE INSTALLATION (days) ---El: VERTICAL --E2: HORIZONTAL 15
49.0 (Station 104+ 70) 124.5., "' 48.0.c '-' :.::, "' 0:: UJ 47.0 E- UJ - 0 46.0 f\&. \ 121.9 119.4 116.8 0 > s: 5 "' 2 "- - ;::;..., " Ul 45.0 ' ' 0 100 200 300 TIME SINCE INSTALLATION (days) 114.3 400 --F3: VERTICAL --F4: HORIZONTAL Note: Measurements for day 0 are assumed. 16
(Station 104+ 70) 49.0 124.5 > "' 48.0 121.9 c "'... :::: u...,..::: 0: ;::., c::: C!.l 47.0 119.4 r. (") E- C!.l - :2: < Cl " (") 46.0 116.8 (": ;;; ;;; 45.0 L.,.:...:,... 114.3 0 100 200 300 400 TIME SINCE INSTALLATION (days) --G3: VERTICAL -+- G4: HORIZONTAL Note: Measurements for day 0 are assumed. 17
(Station 104+ 70) 49.0 r---------------------------.124.5 48.0 121.9 Cl s;: "' T s: "...,....c r-l u c r-l :.:=.. Cl:! E- UJ 47.0 119.4 UJ "' ;:l ::::: - < 0 - "',....., "' 46.0 116.8 -,V "' - Ul 45.0 ---------------------------------------------114.3 0 100 200 300 400 TIME SINCE INSTALLATION (days) --Hl: VERTICAL -+- H2: HORIZONTAL 18
(Station 104+ 70) 49.0 -----------------------------------------------------, 124.5 "' 3d u > 48.0 121.9 tr--!:: r-; c: r=: '-' \. 0::: w 47.0 119.4 f- '"' '"' < - - Cl '"' '"' w 46.0 116.8.:!:._ r-,... 45.0 L------.;....;...:....J 114.3 0 100 200 300 400 TIME SINCE INSTALlATION (days) -- I3: VERTICAL --+- I4: HORIZONTAL Note: Measurements for day 0 are assumed. 19
49.0 (Station 104+ 70) 124.5,..._ "' <U.c u :.=, = 48.0 r "' ij;j 47.0 f- ij;j ;:;s -< 0 46.0 121.9 119.4 116.8 c > $: C=J.,... (""; (") -(") :::: 45.0 0 ' 100 200 300 TIME SINCE INSTALLATION (days) ' 114.3 400 --K3: VERTICAL --K4: HORIZONTAL Note: Measurements for day 0 are assumed. 20
49.0 (Station 104+ 70) 124.5 > 48.0 121.9 c <U "' s: '-'..c c: ;=., t=: ;:::: 0:: ClJ 47.0 If 119.4 r. E- ClJ..!:: ::;; - :::; < -Cl 46.0 - ;;... ".., 116.8.:!:. 45.0 --------------------------------------------------- 114.3 0 100 200 300 400 TIME SINCE INSTALLATION (days) --03: VERTICAL -+- 04: HORIZONTAL Note: Measurements for day 0 are assumed. 21
(Station 104+ 70) 49.0 124.5 "' t.l.:: '-' c:: v UJ E- UJ :::; 0 48.0 ' 121.9 47.0 119.4 46.0 116.8 c > ::: r-: "" r: r: " " ui 45.0 1..--------'"---------.,:.._--------'--------' 114.3 0 100 200 300 400 TIME SINCE INSTALLATION (days) --P3: VERTICAL -- P4: HORIZONTAL Note: Measurements for day 0 are assumed. 22
(Station 104+ 70) 49.0 r--------------------------..., 124.5 "'..c '-'.s 0::: UJ E- UJ - 0 48.0 121.9,.. 47.0 119.4 \.. 46.0 116.8 c > :::: ("!1...;: t"'i ;;: (;' " - ::; "1!:E. 45.0 '----------------'-' -------..:.---------"114.3 0 100 200 300 400 TIME SINCE INSTALLATION (days) -- Q3: VERTICAL -+- Q4: HORIZONTAL Note: Measurements for day 0 are assumed. 23
25.0 (Station 129+ 72) 63.5 24.0 '""' ;\..c "' u c :.::, c:: C1J 23.0 f- C1J - 0 22.0 \ & 61.0 58.4 55.9 <' ["' -r r - -- - ("; -u: 21.0 0 ' loo 200 300 TIME SINCE INSTALLATION (days) ' 400 53.3 --A V: VERTICAL Note: -+- AH: HORIZONTAL Measurements for day 0 are assumed. 24
25.0 (Station 129+ 72) 63.5,..._ "' 0..c: u c: :::.- 24.0 0::: U.J 23.0 E- U.J :2: - 0 22.0 _.-/ / \ \ 61.0 58.4 55.9 c > $ 5 r-: ;::: '2 '"' - (; '"' 21.0 0 ' ' 100 200 300 TIMES1'\fCE INSTALLATION (days) 400 53.3 --BV: VERTICAL Note: -- BH: HORIZONTAL Measurements for day 0 are assumed. 25
(Station 129+ 72) 25.0,..-------------------------... 63.5 24.0 61.0 c.-- ;.-..._ $ r.c "' u 0::: r ;::.,,._ \.. 0::: 58.4 (": C.Ll 23.0 (": ::2: - < (": 0 22.0 55.9 ('; (/) 21.0...-...._,..:.....153.3 0 loo 200 300 400 TIME SINCE INSTALLATION (days) --CV: VERTICAL Note: -+-CH: HORIZONTAL Measurements for day 0 are assumed. 26
25.0 (Station 129+ 72) -- 63.5 24.0 I "' <U.c u.s r.u <r.: - 0 23.0 22.0 \ \ 61.0 58.4 55.9 c $ ' - r.-"- r. '"' - -("; (f; 21.0 ' 0 100 200 300 TIME SINCE INSTALLATION (days) 53.3 400 --DV: VERTICAL -+- DH: HORIZONTAL Note: Measurements for day 0 are assumed. 27
18.0 (Station 132 + 94) r-----------------------------------------------------45.7 17.5 \:" 44.5 0 """" \ > "' s: J::! 1:"'1 w..., c :::, 1:"'1 ;.. 0:: [.I.J 17.0 43.2 r. - :::;:: -< Cl 16.5 41.9 '"' - - '"' (") ;,;; 16.0 ------------------------------------------- -------------- 40.6 0 100 200 300 400 TIME SINCE INSTALLATION (days) -- 1P: VERTICAL --2P: HORIZONTAL Note: Measurements for day 0 are assumed. 28
(Station 132+94) 18.0 r----------------------------r45.7 "' u 17.5 44.5 0 t'l.c u -l c: t'l v 0:: t.i.i E- t.i.i :2: --< Cl 17.0 43.2 ;:; \-- 16.5 41.9 > :s: - ""' ::l "' -"' "' ;;; 16.0 l...---------'------...;_-------"'-----.j4q.6 0 100 zoo 300 400 TIME SINCE INSTALLATION (days) -- 10: VERTICAL --20: HORIZONTAL Note: Measurements for day 0 are assumed. 29
18.0 (Station 132+94).---------------------------,45.7 '"' '"' t::.c ;::, 0::: CIJ E- CIJ :2: < - 0 17.5 ' 44.5 17.0 43.2 16.5 41.9 0 > ::::: C'l..., C'l ;;c " --" "...,!!2. 16.0 L.------.-..:.------...:-------...:...-------'40.6 0 100 200 300 400 TIME SINCE INSTALLATION (days) -- 1T: VERTICAL --2T: HORIZONTAL Note: Measurements for day 0 are assumed.. 30
18.0 (Station 132+94) 4 5.7 --- 0) "'.c u c '-' 0:: r.ij f- r.ij < -Cl 17.5 17.0 16.5 44.5 c > ;s: r-:,... 4 3.2 r. r. 1.9 16.0 0 100 200 300 TIME SINCE INSTALlATION (days) -- lv: VERTICAL --lh: HORIZONTAL 4 0.6 400 Note: Measurements for day 0 are assumed. 31
24.0 (Station 160+00) 61.0 0:: UJ E UJ :::; 0 23.5 22.5 22.0... -...... ---.:::... 59.7 58.4 57.2 55.9 0 :; s: ;::: r. n ;:; n....!:::. 21.5 0 ' 100 zoo 300 400 TIME SINCE INSTALLATION (days) 54.6 500 -- lb: VERTICAL --la: HORIZONTAL Note: Measurements for day 0 are assumed. 32
24.0 (Station 160+00) 61.0 23.5 _... "'..<:: ".5 23.0..., --... /---... 59.7 58.4 c > r-: r-: r: r: 22.0 57.2 55.9 ;:; r:,.., 21.5 0 ' ' 100 200 300 TIME SINCE INSTALLATION (days) ' 400 54.6 500 --11-2B: VERTICAL -+- 2A: HORIZONTAL Note: Measurements for day 0 are assumed. 33
(Station 160+00) 24.0 61.0 ------- 23.5 59.7... 3:: "' '-' -= 5 u..s 23.0 58.4 '-' :::= r. (.lj [Ij ::::E 22.5 57.2 <r.: - Q " Cii 22.0 55.9 c :;: "' 21.5...-..:....:.....;..;... 54.6 0 100 200 300 400 500 TIME SINCE INSTALLATION (days) -- 3B: VERTICAL --3A: HORIZONTAL Note: Measurements for day 0 are assumed. 34
., "' 24.0 23.5..c g 23.0 ;::, 0:: c.r.j tu ;:;; 22.5 < - Cl 22.0... (Station 160+00) 61.0 59.7 58.4 57.2 55.9 c ;;: ::: t'1 ;::; r. '"' -"'.., '"'!:!2. 21.5 0 ' 100 200 300 400 TIME SINCE INSTALL\TION (days) 54.6 500 --4B: VERTICAL -- 4A: HORIZONTAL Note: Measurements for day 0 are assumed. 35
24.0... 23.5 --- 22.0 (Station 160+00) 61.0 59.7 58.4 57.2 55.9 0 > s: "" r. r. -" ('I)...,.!!!. 21.5 ' 0 100 zoo 300 400 TilYIE SINCE INSTALLATION (days) 500 54.6 -- 5B: VERTICAL -+-SA: HORIZONTAL Note: Measurements for day 0 are assumed. 36
30.0 (Station 162 + 00) 76.2 --- "' u <::: 29.5 :=.-... 0:: UJ 29.0 E- UJ - :E < 0 28.5.-- --- -... 24.9 73.7 72.4 0 > :::: 1:"1 _, 1:"1 ;;:l -;:; "' :::: - "' "'..., "' 28.0 ' 0 100 200 300 TIME SINCE INSTALlATION (days) 71.1 400 -- Y5: VERTICAL -+- Y6: HORIZONTAL 37
30.0 (Station 162 + 00) 76.2,... OJ "'..<::: c:: '--' w &- w ::;: 29.5 29.0-0 28.5._ '..Ill 24.9 73.7 72.4 0 s: ;s: t"l..., t"l ;:::l c; "' ;:; :: -:::.., "'... "' 28.0 ' ' 0 100 200 300 TIME SINCE INSTALLATION (days) 71.1 400 -- Z5: VERTICAL --Z6: HORIZONTAL 38