MLA Office of Research Web publication, September 211 211 by The Modern Language Association of America All material published by the Modern Language Association in any medium is protected by copyright. Users may link to the MLA Web page freely and may quote from MLA publications as allowed by the doctrine of fair use. Written permission is required for any other reproduction of material from any MLA publication. Send requests for permission to reprint material to the MLA permissions manager by mail (26 Broadway, 3rd floor, New York, NY 14-1789), e-mail (permissions@mla.org), or fax (646 458-3).
the modern language association of america 1 IN 21 11 the number of jobs advertised in the MLA Job Information List (JIL) stabilized. Compared with 29 1, the number of jobs announced in 21 11 rose by 9 (8.2%) in the English edition and by 73 (7.1%) in the foreign language edition, although the number of jobs advertised in 21 11 remains at a level a third below the 27 8 peak. In 21 11 the JIL s En glish edition announced 1,19 positions, compared with 1,1 in 29 1; the foreign language edition announced 1,95 positions, compared with 1,22 in 29 1. After trending upward between 23 4 and 27 8 (by 285 positions, or 18.5%, in En glish and 395 positions, or 3.7%, in foreign languages), the number of jobs advertised in the JIL declined by 726 (39.8%) in En glish and by 658 (39.2%) in foreign languages over the succeeding two years, 28 9 and 29 1. Figure 1 shows the trend lines in the number of jobs advertised across the thirty- six years from 1975 76 to 21 11. The 1,19 positions advertised in this past year s En glish edition remain 636 (34.8%) below the 27 8 peak of 1,826; the 1,22 jobs advertised in the foreign language edition remain 585 (also 34.8%) below the 27 8 peak of 1,68. The number of ads in the 21 11 JIL increased modestly, as did the number of departments and institutions placing them. As shown in figure 2, the 21 11 En glish edition contained 1,42 ads from 668 departments in 577 institutions. Figure 3 shows the equivalent information for the foreign language edition, which contained 985 ads from 652 departments in 477 institutions. Despite the slight improvement, the number of ads and the number of departments and institutions placing them remain substantially below their 27 8 levels down by 64 ads (36.7%), 279 departments (29.5%), and 214 institutions (27.1%) in the En glish edition and down by 536 ads (35.2%), 29 departments (3.8%), and 177 institutions (27.1%) in the foreign language edition.1 Both the number and proportion of ads for tenure- track positions were higher in 21 11, after dropping more than ten percentage points, to 65% of the En glish edition and to 49% of the foreign language edition, between 28 9 and 29 1. In the 21 11 En glish edition, the number of ads indexed as tenure- track grew by 11 (16.1%) since 29 1 and made up 7.% of the year s total. In the foreign language edition, the number of ads indexed as tenure- track grew by 87 (19.5%) since 29 1 and made up 54.2% of the 21 11 total. Until last year, between 75% and 8% of ads in En glish and between 6% and 65% of ads in foreign languages were consistently identified as tenure- track. At 7.% in En glish and 54.2% in foreign languages this year, the percentage of ads for tenture- track positions falls midway between the established norm and last year s low (fig. 4 and fig. 5). Once again this year, departments announced more positions later in the year. For the second year in a row and only the second time in the thirty- six- year history of the JIL counts more ads appeared in the February, April, and Summer issues 211 by the Modern Language Association of America
the modern language association of america 2 Report on the MLA Job Information List, 21 11 than in the October and December issues 52.6% of ads in the En glish edition and 6.% of ads in the foreign language edition (fig. 6 and fig. 7). The number of jobs in the 21 October En glish list 38 was the lowest October number on record; the 25 jobs in the 21 October foreign language list exceeded by 5 last October s record low of 2 jobs. In part, the shift, especially the notable decline in ads appearing in the October issues, reflects changes connected with the JIL s becoming an online searchable database that is updated weekly. The October issues match the database as initially released for searching in mid- September. That is, as a searchable database, the JIL makes the same set of ads available for searching online in mid- September that appear in the print issues published in mid- October. When the JIL was available only in print form, an ad that missed the deadline for October had to wait for the December print issue, which is not mailed until late November. Now an ad that misses the print deadline for October may become available to job seekers online in the third week of September. The economic recession, however, has clearly amplified the emergent trend toward a greater portion of the year s total appearing in December and later issues. Almost all the positions announced in the JIL are full- time, and thus the JIL affords no insight into the scale of departments hiring of part- time faculty members. The number of ads tagged as openings for full- time tenure- track assistant professors and for full- time non- tenure- track instructors does serve as a valuable barometer of trends in opportunities for full- time, entry- level academic employment in four- year institutions available to new and recent graduates of PhD programs. (Few two- year colleges elect to use the JIL to advertise openings on their faculties.) This year, in English, 541 (51.9%) of all 1,42 ads were indexed for both tenure- track and assistant professor; an additional 92 (8.8%) were tagged as tenure- track, assistant professor, and some other rank. In foreign languages, 384 (39.%) of all 985 ads were indexed for both tenure- track and assistant professor; an additional 7 (7.1%) were tagged as tenure- track, assistant professor, and some other rank. Figure 8 and figure 9 show the modestly higher number and percentage share of ads for tenure- track assistant professors this year as compared with last as well as the dramatic numerical decline that occurred after 27 8. Table 1 and table 2 show in more detail how departments have tagged their ads using the four index terms for rank instructor, assistant professor, associate professor, and professor across the eleven years from 2 1 to 21 11. Table 3 and table 4 show detail for how departments have used the search terms for field specialization to tag ads across the eleven years 2 1 to 21 11. The percentage values represent the percentage of ads tagged using any given search term. Because departments use multiple search terms for each ad, the percentage values sum to a total far greater than 1% of each year s total number of ads. The percentage values for field specializations in the En glish edition show considerable stability across the eleven- year period, compared with the fluctuation in the number of ads. Across the eleven years, roughly 3% of ads have consistently been tagged as composition and rhetoric, another 3% as British literature, and roughly a third as American literature (including African American literature). In the foreign language edition, however, change is evident in the tagging of ads. Over the eleven- year period,
the modern language association of america 3 Report on the MLA Job Information List, 21 11 the percentage of ads for Spanish has dropped from close to 5.% to 42.3%, while the percentage tagged for Chinese has grown from 2.9% to 8.2%. Note 1. The number of jobs is always somewhat greater than the number of ads, since some ads announce more than one job.
the modern language association of america 4 2,5 2, 1,5 1, 5 1975 76 1976 77 1,31 1,45 1,515 1,441 1977 78 1978 79 1979 8 198 81 1981 82 1982 83 1983 84 1984 85 1985 86 1986 87 1987 88 1988 89 1989 9 199 91 1991 92 1992 93 1993 94 1994 95 1995 96 1996 97 1997 98 1998 99 1999 2 1,166 1,237 1,297 1,238 1,152 1,159 1,238 1,75 1,134 1,192 1,188 1,129 1,98 1,88 1,19 1,47 1,325 1,327 1,193 1,121 1,338 1,387 1,354 1,352 1,442 1,368 1,488 1,288 1,365 1,456 1,461 1,492 1,622 1,637 1,57 1,517 1,575 1,73 1,67 1,7 1,741 1,857 1,873 1,895 1,978 2,75 Fig. 1. Total Number of Jobs Advertised in the MLA JIL, 1975 76 to 21 11 2 1 21 2 22 3 23 4 24 5 25 6 26 7 27 8 28 9 29 1 21 11 Foreign language edition English edition 1,22 1,95 1,227 1,1 1,369 1,367 1,2851,369 1,361 1,19 1,38 1,482 1,541 1,591 1,68 1,732 1,68 1,828 1,739 1,687 1,793 1,826
the modern language association of america 5 Number of Ads 1,8 1,6 1,4 1,2 1, 8 6 4 2 Fig. 2. Number of Ads Placed in the English JIL and the Number of Departments and Institutions Placing Ads, 2 1 to 21 11 1,646 1,621 1,573 1,537 1,497 1,482 1,436 1,362 892 844 814 788 756 75 685 66 854 846 728 79 947 1,228 887 1,42 791 743 739 964 668 63 639 577 558 2 1 21 2 22 3 23 4 24 5 25 6 26 7 27 8 28 9 29 1 21 11 Ads Departments Institutions 1,4 1,2 1, 8 6 4 2 Number of Departments and Institutions
the modern language association of america 6 Number of Ads 1,6 1,4 1,2 1, 8 6 4 2 Fig. 3. Number of Ads Placed in the Foreign Language JIL and the Number of Departments and Institutions Placing Ads, 2 1 to 21 11 1,521 1,379 1,436 1,253 1,256 873 831 89 617 546 551 1,248 1,237 1,176 813 799 763 942 86 1,134 736 654 64 558 565 528 518 985 913 652 597 477 446 2 1 21 2 22 3 23 4 24 5 25 6 26 7 27 8 28 9 29 1 21 11 Ads Departments Institutions 2 8 6 4 Number of Departments and Institutions 1, 1,2
the modern language association of america 7 1,8 1,6 1,4 1,2 1, 8 6 4 2 Fig. 4. Number and Percentage of Ads Indexed for Tenure Status in the English JIL, 24 5 to 21 11 34 (2.3%) 36 (2.4%) 27 (18.%) 281 (19.%) 37 (2.4%) 315 (2.%) 49 (3.%) 353 (21.4%) 48 (3.9%) 255 (2.8%) 32 (3.3%) 35 (3.4%) 34 (31.5%) 278 (26.7%) 1,193 (79.7%) 1,165 (78.6%) 1,221 (77.6%) 1,244 (75.6%) 925 (75.3%) 628 (65.1%) 729 (7.%) 24 5 25 6 26 7 27 8 28 9 29 1 21 11 Tenure status not specified Non-tenure-track Tenure-track
the modern language association of america 8 1,6 1,4 1,2 1, 8 6 4 2 Fig. 5. Number and Percentage of Ads Indexed for Tenure Status in the Foreign Language JIL, 24 5 to 21 11 26 (1.8%) 4 (2.6%) 35 (2.8%) 26 (2.1%) 417 (33.4%) 411 (33.2%) 55 (38.3%) 576 (37.9%) 45 (4.%) 394 (34.7%) 29 (3.2%) 31 (3.1%) 437 (47.9%) 42 (42.6%) 796 (63.8%) 8 (64.7%) 86 (59.9%) 95 (59.5%) 695 (61.3%) 447 (49.%) 534 (54.2%) 24 5 25 6 26 7 27 8 28 9 29 1 21 11 Tenure status not specified Non-tenure-track Tenure-track
the modern language association of america 9 2,5 2, 1,5 1, 5 1975 76 1976 77 1977 78 1978 79 1979 8 198 81 1981 82 1982 83 1983 84 1984 85 1985 86 1986 87 1987 88 1988 89 1989 9 199 91 1991 92 1992 93 1993 94 1994 95 1995 96 1996 97 1997 98 434 44 375 438 512 523 551 544 523 567 784 892 937 153 976 926 735 62 624 679 65 7 698 April 5 29 February 28 236 December 239 39 11 37 October 51 369 382 28 18 29 46 54 35 35 27 56 78 37 45 258 42 43 185 196 373 325 17 233 223 218 192 7 354 51 21 153 186 71 19 17 228 44 339 284 316 355 19 2 24 75 32 19 74 61 319 336 261 276 5 61 135 55 296 153 32 289 326 192 161 151 139 275 385 388 374 3 338 247 221 249 276 25 261 421 32 45 41 327 Summer Fig. 6. Number of Positions Advertised in the Five Issues of the English JIL, 1975 76 to 21 11 1998 99 1999 2 2 1 21 2 22 3 23 4 24 5 25 6 26 7 27 8 28 9 792 649 686 682 723 64 534 885 899 959 983 34 33 378 39 375 453 96 9 93 126 112 175 177 25 143 25 117 112 163 114 147 149 165 312 16 1 33 265 295 324 123 368 372 371 119 399 87 335 212 36 23 22 3 338 29 1 21 11 313 38 189 256 32 392 126 17 92 142
the modern language association of america 1 2,5 2, 1,5 1, 5 1975 76 1976 77 1977 78 1978 79 1979 8 198 81 1981 82 1982 83 1983 84 1984 85 1985 86 1986 87 1987 88 1988 89 1989 9 199 91 1991 92 1992 93 1993 94 1994 95 1995 96 1996 97 1997 98 1998 99 1999 2 2 1 21 2 22 3 23 4 24 5 25 6 26 7 27 8 28 9 373 323 381 385 412 42 377 463 444 499 695 723 8 863 782 756 66 51 58 638 538 593 66 59 672 666 675 535 447 393 429 452 451 425 February 49 49 December 39 October 45 233 214 28 4 223 273 139 35 23 37 51 388 372 112 15 246 256 48 64 58 33 259 14 27 49 47 235 24 124 151 138 331 355 28 221 265 188 23 14 28 172 244 78 19 12 11 4 14 172 141 134 116 98 133 163 172 8 68 4 362 171 375 279 186 9 12 9 92 121 14 387 429 384 293 311 327 299 358 182 175 16 281 263 261 328 313 173 14 165 263 256 165 268 291 358 364 93 73 99 338 311 284 344 286 484 425 379 39 38 319 299 314 313 35 319 275 199 274 292 264 186 24 27 298 35 24 36 332 39 363 428 36 April Summer Fig. 7. Number of Positions Advertised in the Five Issues of the Foreign Language JIL, 1975 76 to 21 11 29 1 21 11 2 25 193 188 31 348 188 24 121 124
the modern language association of america 11 1,8 1,6 1,4 1,2 1, 8 6 4 2 Fig. 8. Number and Percentage of Ads Indexed for Tenure Status and Rank in the English JIL, 24 5 to 21 11 37 (2.4%) 49 (3.%) 34 (2.3%) 27 (18.%) 167 (11.2%) 36 (2.4%) 281 (19.%) 169 (11.4%) 176 (11.8%) 19 (12.8%) 315 (2.%) 156 (9.9%) 181 (11.5%) 353 (21.4%) 175 (1.6%) 192 (11.7%) 48 (3.9%) 255 (2.8%) 129 (1.5%) 151 (12.3%) 32 (3.3%) 34 (31.5%) 35 (3.4%) 278 (26.7%) 96 (9.2%) 81 (8.4%) 92 (8.8%) 85 (56.8%) 86 (54.4%) 884 (56.2%) 877 (53.3%) 645 (52.5%) 78 (8.1%) 469 (48.7%) 541 (51.9%) 24 5 25 6 26 7 27 8 28 9 29 1 21 11 Tenure status not specified Non-tenure-track positions Other tenure-track positions Tenure-track assistant professor and some other rank (more than one index term for rank chosen) Tenure-track assistant professor
the modern language association of america 12 1,6 1,4 1,2 1, 8 6 4 2 Fig. 9. Number and Percentage of Ads Indexed for Tenure Status and Rank in the Foreign Language JIL, 24 5 to 21 11 4 (2.6%) 26 (1.8%) 35 (2.8%) 26 (2.1%) 55 (38.3%) 576 (37.9%) 45 (4.%) 417 (33.4%) 411 (33.2%) 117 (9.4%) 11 (8.9%) 123 (9.9%) 121 (9.8%) 14 (7.2%) 131 (8.6%) 114 (7.9%) 14 (9.2%) 394 (34.7%) 8 (7.1%) 97 (8.6%) 29 (3.2%) 437 (47.9%) 31 (3.1%) 42 (42.6%) 8 (8.1%) 556 (44.6%) 569 (46.%) 642 (44.7%) 634 (41.7%) 518 (45.7%) 69 (7.6%) 56 (6.1%) 322 (35.3%) 7 (7.1%) 384 (39.%) 24 5 25 6 26 7 27 8 28 9 29 1 21 11 Tenure status not specified Non-tenure-track positions Other tenure-track positions Tenure-track assistant professor and some other rank (more than one index term for rank chosen) Tenure-track assistant professor
the modern language association of america 13 Table 1. Number and Percentage of Ads in the English JIL Indexed for Various Ranks, 2 1 to 21 11 2 1 21 2 22 3 23 4 24 5 25 6 26 7 27 8 28 9 29 1 21 11 Assistant professor 1,25 1,6 963 865 956 914 1,5 99 714 562 643 63.2% 65.5% 67.1% 63.5% 63.9% 61.7% 63.9% 6.1% 58.1% 58.3% 61.7% Instructor or assistant professor 44 3 36 4 35 46 37 34 18 25 27 2.7% 2.% 2.5% 2.9% 2.3% 3.1% 2.4% 2.1% 1.5% 2.6% 2.6% Assistant professor or associate professor 123 15 96 122 122 121 121 125 15 49 63 7.6% 6.8% 6.7% 9.% 8.1% 8.2% 7.7% 7.6% 8.6% 5.1% 6.% Assistant professor, associate professor, or professor 64 79 52 44 53 6 53 7 55 41 24 3.9% 5.1% 3.6% 3.2% 3.5% 4.% 3.4% 4.3% 4.5% 4.3% 2.3% Other combinations including assistant professor 17 1 7 8 13 13 9 12 8 9 9 1.%.7%.5%.6%.9%.9%.6%.7%.7%.9%.9% Instructor 148 123 113 13 136 125 13 178 158 157 12 9.1% 8.% 7.9% 7.6% 9.1% 8.4% 8.3% 1.8% 12.9% 16.3% 11.5% Associate professor 17 22 17 3 21 24 27 28 17 1 19 1.% 1.4% 1.2% 2.2% 1.4% 1.6% 1.7% 1.7% 1.4% 1.% 1.8% Associate professor or professor 62 65 5 4 62 51 77 71 45 28 28 3.8% 4.2% 3.5% 2.9% 4.1% 3.4% 4.9% 4.3% 3.7% 2.9% 2.7% Professor 46 39 42 55 42 61 4 54 38 23 31 2.8% 2.5% 2.9% 4.% 2.8% 4.1% 2.5% 3.3% 3.1% 2.4% 3.% Other combinations not including assistant professor 1 1 1 2 3 3.1%.1%.%.1%.1%.2%.%.%.%.3%.% Rank not specified or not relevant 74 57 6 54 55 64 74 84 7 57 78 4.6% 3.7% 4.2% 4.% 3.7% 4.3% 4.7% 5.1% 5.7% 5.9% 7.5% Total 1,621 1,537 1,436 1,362 1,497 1,482 1,573 1,646 1,228 964 1,42 1.% 1.% 1.% 1.% 1.% 1.% 1.% 1.% 1.% 1.% 1.%
the modern language association of america 14 Table 2. Number and Percentage of Ads in the Foreign Language JIL Indexed for Various Ranks, 2 1 to 21 11 2 1 21 2 22 3 23 4 24 5 25 6 26 7 27 8 28 9 29 1 21 11 Assistant professor 791 739 765 667 689 686 791 779 635 452 53 57.4% 59.% 6.9% 56.7% 55.2% 55.5% 55.1% 51.2% 56.% 49.5% 51.1% Instructor or assistant professor 93 71 54 75 72 69 65 69 52 46 53 6.7% 5.7% 4.3% 6.4% 5.8% 5.6% 4.5% 4.5% 4.6% 5.% 5.4% Assistant professsor or associate professor 65 62 76 65 76 61 73 86 64 36 53 4.7% 4.9% 6.1% 5.5% 6.1% 4.9% 5.1% 5.7% 5.6% 3.9% 5.4% Assistant professor, associate professor, or professor 42 47 34 3 42 49 42 58 36 26 11 3.% 3.8% 2.7% 2.6% 3.4% 4.% 2.9% 3.8% 3.2% 2.8% 1.1% Other combinations including assistant professor 17 8 1 7 8 9 12 17 8 8 8 1.2%.6%.8%.6%.6%.7%.8% 1.1%.7%.9%.8% Instructor 21 183 171 192 21 219 31 32 194 22 218 14.6% 14.6% 13.6% 16.3% 16.8% 17.7% 21.% 21.% 17.1% 24.1% 22.1% Associate professor 2 11 8 11 15 17 14 24 16 13 7 1.5%.9%.6%.9% 1.2% 1.4% 1.% 1.6% 1.4% 1.4%.7% Associate professor or professor 49 45 5 48 56 5 49 43 34 26 32 3.6% 3.6% 4.% 4.1% 4.5% 4.% 3.4% 2.8% 3.% 2.8% 3.2% Professor 33 31 27 26 29 34 29 43 26 26 28 2.4% 2.5% 2.1% 2.2% 2.3% 2.7% 2.% 2.8% 2.3% 2.8% 2.8% Other combinations not including assistant professor 1 1 2 2 3.%.%.%.1%.%.%.1%.1%.2%.3%.% Rank not specified or not relevant 68 56 61 54 51 43 59 8 67 57 72 4.9% 4.5% 4.9% 4.6% 4.1% 3.5% 4.1% 5.3% 5.9% 6.2% 7.3% Total 1,379 1,253 1,256 1,176 1,248 1,237 1,436 1,521 1,134 913 985 1.% 1.% 1.% 1.% 1.% 1.% 1.% 1.% 1.% 1.% 1.%
the modern language association of america 15 Table 3. Percentage of Ads Published in the English JIL, 2 1 to 21 11, by Field-Specialization Index Term Index term 2 1 21 2 22 3 23 4 24 5 25 6 26 7 27 8 28 9 29 1 21 11 Composition and rhetoric 3.8 32. 29. 29.4 32.3 29.6 29.1 32.1 3.7 33. 31.4 Technical and business writing 11.5 1. 9.9 8.5 1.4 9.9 8.2 8.2 7.6 1.3 9.4 Creative writing 14.2 15.4 12.6 12.7 12.7 13.6 14.6 14.9 12. 1.1 9.9 British literature 3.8 29.5 28.6 28. 24.2 24.6 28.2 28.7 3.2 3.3 3.1 American literature 27. 23.7 24. 24.4 2.8 21. 24. 22.1 23. 24.9 24.7 Literature in English other than British or American 13.6 12.9 12.6 12.8.. 11.8 7.4 9.7 1. 8.6 African American literature 12.6 1.4 1.9 1.9 8.8 9.4 1.3 8. 8.6 7.4 8.9 Other minority literatures 14.2 11.8 12.3 11.7 8.2 9.9 11.2 7.7 9. 7.1 9.2 Postcolonial literature.... 7.8 8.2 8.8 6.6 9.4 8. 7.6 World literature.... 8.4 8.8 9.9 7.4 9.3 9.4 1. Comparative literature 13.8 14.9 18. 17.2 11.6 12.8 14.1 15.6 16.4 19. 24.5 Generalist 15.4 13.7 11.4 12.5 12.2 11.8 1.9 14.1 9.9 13.2 13.4 Criticism, theory 6.3 5.7 6.7 6.9 7.3 7.6 9.1 Cultural studies 9.9 12. 11.1 11.8 12.1 1.6 14. Film 4.9 6.4 6.7 6.5 6.8 7.8 8.3 Technology and digital media 7.7 6.5 8.5 9.8 1.6 9. 11.1 14.1 Interdisciplinary 1.4 11. 1.5 1.9 1.4 1.8 13.1 English education 7.9 8.7 7.6 7.4 6.7 6.3 7.4 7.8 9.2 9.3 8.4 Linguistics and ESL 11. 11.5 1.8 9.8 12.3 11.1 9.1 13.4 12.3 12.6 15. Other fields of specialization 16.6 2. 23.7 24.2 6. 14.7 19.8 21.4 22.2 25.3 27.4 Department chair and other administrative 9. 9.5 7.2 9.9 13.1 14. 8.3 8.9 8.9 7.6 7.4 Nonacademic 1.8 1.6 1.2 1. 1.3.6 1.4 1.4.2 1.6.8 Spanish 1.8 2.3 2. 1.3 1.8 1.1 1.4 2.1 2.5 3.6 3.5 Latin America 1. 1.4 1.7 1.3.9.7 1..9 1. 1.6 1.2 Portuguese.4.5.3.4.4.1.4.4.2.2.5 French 1. 1.2 1.2 1. 1.1.7.7 1.8 2.4 3.3 3.1 Francophone studies.3.4.7.7.2.3.5.4.5.7.3 Italian.4.1.4.4.4.1.4.4.5 1. 1.1 German and Scandinavian.7 1.2.8.7.8.7 1. 1.6 2. 3. 2.4 Russian and Slavic.1 1.2.3.3.4.1.2.4.7 1.7 1.2 Arabic.1.7.3.2.4.6 1..8.8 1.1 1.3 Hebrew.2.6.3.1.3.5.6.7.5.7.6 Classical.3.8.6.4.3.5.4.5.5 1..7 Chinese.3.9.9.5.3.7 1..4.7 1.5 1.6 Japanese.4.4.6.5.5.7.8.2.2.6 1. Other languages 1.2 1.2.9 2. 1.7 1.8 1.7 1.2 1.6 2.6 3. Number of ads (basis for percentages) 1,621 1,537 1,436 1,362 1,497 1,482 1,573 1,646 1,228 964 1,42 Notes Departments may use multiple index terms to classify their ads, therefore the percentage of ads indexed for various field specialties adds up to a total greater than 1%. The list of terms available for departments to index their ads has varied from year to year; blank cells indicate years when a given term was not available. In any given year some 15 to 3 ads call for specializations in both English and foreign languages and appear in both the English and foreign language editions; both English and foreign language index terms are available to classify these ads.
the modern language association of america 16 Table 4. Percentage of Ads Published in the Foreign Language JIL, 2 1 to 21 11, by Field-Specialization Index Term Index term 2 1 21 2 22 3 23 4 24 5 25 6 26 7 27 8 28 9 29 1 21 11 Spanish 48.4 49.7 45.8 45.7 46.6 45.4 42.8 43.7 42.9 43. 42.3 Latin America 13.4 13.2 13.5 12.5 13.9 12.9 11.6 11.8 12.2 13.3 9.8 Portuguese 2. 3.2 2.5 3.1 2.9 2.7 3.3 3.2 3. 2.2 3.9 French 18.8 17.7 17.8 16.3 19.6 16.8 17.8 16.5 16.8 18.6 19. Francophone studies 3.8 3.9 4.5 4. 5. 4. 5.2 4.8 5.7 5.5 4.6 Italian 7.3 5.8 6.7 6.5 7.1 5.8 7.4 6.6 7. 5.9 6.4 German and Scandinavian 11.4 12.7 9.6 11.7 11. 11. 1.9 11.8 11.6 11.6 11.3 Russian and Slavic 3.3 4.7 4.1 3.7 3. 3.8 2.1 2.4 4.4 4.6 4.8 Arabic 1.2 1.7 1.9 2.6 3.3 4.6 5. 3.9 5.3 5.5 7.3 Chinese 2.9 4.3 4.7 2.6 2.6 4.3 7.5 6. 7.1 8.3 8.2 Japanese 3. 3.9 3. 2.6 3.2 4. 3.8 2.6 3.1 4.1 4. Hebrew 1. 1.4 1.1 1. 1. 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.6 1.2 Classical 1.3 1.5 2..9.8.9.6 1.1 1.1 1.8.9 Other languages 3.3 4.4 3.6 4.7 4.2 5.7 4.8 4.9 5.8 7. 6.6 Linguistics and ESL 16.5 16.4 16. 13.4 17.4 15.8 12.3 15.4 14. 13.9 16.5 Comparative literature 13.7 15.2 19.7 18.4 12.4 15.8 13.4 16.5 16.9 17.1 22.2 World literature 2.6 3.2 3.3 2.9 3.5 3.2 4.1 Cultural studies 6. 5.5 4.4 5.9 5.6 5.9 7.8 Postcolonial literature 1.2 1.5 1.5 1.6 2.2 2.5 2. Criticism, theory 2.8 1.8 1.8 2.7 3.5 3.6 4.8 Film 1.7 1.6 1.5 3.2 2.8 3.1 4.2 Technology and digital media 5.9 4.6 4.4 4.9 5.7 4.1 4.4 7.8 Interdisciplinary 5.4 4.9 5.6 6.3 5.8 6.4 7.9 Generalist 19.9 2.6 18.2 13.1 11.1 1.9 7.1 6. 6.5 6. 5.9 Department chair and other administrative 5.5 5.7 5.1 7.7 1.4 9.1 7.5 7.6 7. 6.2 7. American literature 2.6 3.5 3.1 2.6 2.6 1.9 2. 2.5 4.1 4.8 4.1 African American literature 2.4 1.1 2.4 1.8 1.4 1..8 1. 1.6 1.8 1.8 Other minority literatures 2.9 3.4 4.6 3.7 3.1 2.7 2.9 2.2 2.3 2.1 3.6 British literature 2. 2.8 2. 1.8 2.2 1.5 1.3 2.6 3.9 4.8 4.1 Literature in English other than British or American 2. 3.3 3.6 3.3.. 1.3 1.6 2. 2.4 2. Composition and rhetoric 1.3 1..8 1. 1. 1.1.7 1.1.6 1.1 1.3 Technical and business writing.3.1.2.1.2.1.1.1.1.2.2 Creative writing.6 1.3.8 1..3.3.7.4.4 1..5 English education 1. 1..3.6.2.5.8.9 1..8.5 Other fields of specialization 11.4 16.2 18.8 2.6 8.6 14.9 17.9 18.9 19. 21.6 25.9 Nonacademic 2.2 2.1 1.5 1.3 1.1.8 1.2 1.1.3 1.3 1.2 Number of ads (basis for percentages) 1,379 1,253 1,256 1,176 1,248 1,237 1,436 1,521 1,134 913 985 Notes Departments may use multiple index terms to classify their ads, therefore the percentage of ads indexed for various field specialties adds up to a total greater than 1%. The list of terms available for departments to index their ads has varied from year to year; blank cells indicate years when a given term was not available. In any given year some 15 to 3 ads call for specializations in both English and foreign languages and appear in both the English and foreign language editions; both English and foreign language index terms are available to classify these ads.