European Inventory Calculations for Agricultural (Ag) and Equipment (CE) Applications of Diesel-Powered Non-Road Mobile Machinery (NRMM) The information in this document is primarily derived from material which has been previously presented or published by the NRMM engine community, vehicle community or legislative authorities. 1. VOLUME OF EQUIPMENT IN USE This will comprise both new machines, which are entering the market, and also existing machines, which have previously entered the market and have not yet been removed from service. An estimate has been made of the total volume of sales of this equipment into service within the European Community in 2005 (see appendix 1, table A1). Countries covered are EU15. In order to correctly model the total emissions inventory, it is necessary to understand how the volume of equipment entering the market changes with time, how that equipment is utilised (in terms of annual hours of use and machine life) and what magnitude of emissions are released by this equipment. Utilisation and Emissions are addressed in the sections below but additional historic data on volume of sales entering the market will be required to complete the inventory. 2. MACHINE CATEGORIES In order to simplify the necessary calculations, six main categories representing the highest volume of equipment have been defined in table 1. machine category small equipment generator sets agricultural tractors agricultural harvesters light construction machinery heavy construction machinery typical machines included in category any small equipment not in other categories generator sets all agricultural tractors combine, forage and other self-powered harvesters skid-steer loaders, backhoe loaders, compact loaders, tele-handlers and mini-excavators, forklift, air compressors dozers, loaders, excavators, dumpers, mobile cranes Table 1. Machine Categories
3. UTILISATION Operating hours for first year subsequent to entry into service See Appendix, table A2 Reduction in operating hours with vehicle age Annual operating hours should be multiplied by the factor indicated in figure 1, giving dependence upon machinery age. 1 1 Operating Hours Multiplier 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 Fraction of Machine Life Consumed Figure 1. Reduction in utilisation factor with machinery age Useful machine life & load factor Where specific values are not available use the following default values: Ag & CE average useful machine life (engines > 37) Ag & CE average useful machine life (engines < 37) 16 years 2 or 10000 hours (whichever occurs first) 10 years 3 or 6250 hours (whichever occurs first) Ag & CE average load factor (variable speed engines) 4 0.5 Ag average load factor (constant speed engines) 5 0.5 Useful life of machinery The number of machines remaining in use after a given time has elapsed can be linked to the average useful machine life. 6 Figure 2 provides a factor by which a given population of machines entering service may be multiplied to reflect scrappage or export outside of EU as the age of that group of machines increases. Values used in figure 2 assume a normal distribution with a mean of 1 and standard deviation of 0.25.
1.0 Machines Remaining in Service Multiplier 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 Proportion of Average Useful Machine Life Consumed Figure 2. Reduction in machine population with machine life consumed 4. EMISSIONS Use average engine emission values, i.e. limit values for the appropriate engine power category and emissions stage multiplied by the following factors: CO 7 0.5 HC 7 0.4 NOx 8 0.8 PM 9 0.7 From Stage IIIB onwards actual emission limit values to be used as the technologies that will be used are not known today. Note that the CE and Ag NRMM emission values obtained by this method correspond to the following cycles (load factors): 10 Variable speed engines: 8-mode cycle given in table 2, which is considered to represent the load cycle of this type of machinery and corresponds to an average load of approximately 60% (ie. load factor of 0.6): Mode No Engine Speed Load Weighting factor 1 Rated 100 0.15 2 Rated 75 0.15 3 Rated 50 0.15 4 Rated 10 0.10 5 Intermediate 100 0.10 6 Intermediate 75 0.10 7 Intermediate 50 0.10 8 Idle - 0.15 Table 2. 8-mode emissions test cycle
Constant speed engines: 5-mode cycle given in table 3, which is considered to represent the load cycle of this type of machinery and corresponds to an average load of approximately 50% (ie. load factor of 0.5): Mode No Engine Speed Load Weighting factor 1 Rated 100 0.05 2 Rated 75 0.25 3 Rated 50 0.30 4 Rated 25 0.30 5 Rated 10 0.10 Table 3. 5-mode emissions test cycle SOURCES OF INFORMATION 1 Based upon information provided by Engine Manufacturers Association (EMA) to US California Air Resources Board (ARB) in August 1999. 2 Value used by used by US California Air Resources Board (ARB) in their 1999 OFFROAD Emissions Model. 3 Value used by used by US California Air Resources Board (ARB) in their 1999 OFFROAD Emissions Model, multiplied by a factor of 5/8 to reflect that in 2004/26/EC, Appendix 5, Table 1, engines of <37 are defined to have a useful life of 5000 hours and those of >37 are defined to have a useful life of 8000 hours). 4 Load factor taken from 8-mode cycle is ~ 0.6. However, this value does not account for the fact that 100% load at intermediate speed is usually a lower power (and fuel flow) than 100% load at rated speed. A factor of 0.5 is recommended for inventory calculations, based upon consultation with manufacturers. 5 Corresponds approximately to load factor of 5-mode cycle. 6 Based upon approach used by California ARB in their 1999 OFFROAD Emissions model, using a value for standard deviation determined by good engineering judgement. 7 Based upon typical values from US EPA Tier 2 certification test results, as used in EPA Nonroad Engine Emissions Model. 8 Based upon typical values from US EPA Tier 2 certification test results, as used in EPA Nonroad Engine Emissions Model, but also using good engineering judgement to take into account effect of engine certification family members producing lower emissions than the parent certification engine 9 Based upon typical values from Euromot Member Companies test results 10 As defined in 2004/26/EC for NRMM engines
Appendix 2005 Machine Sales Volumes (EU-15) and Average Operating Hours Small Equipment - Agriculture Small Equipment - Total 2005 machine sales volumes (units), EU15 19000 1.0 < 19 19-37 50000 0.7 0.3 Proportion of machines in each power band [%] 37-56 56-75 75-130 130-560 > 560 Generator Sets 75000 0.19 0.31 0.17 0.12 0.1 0.07 0.04 Agricultural Tractors 163000 0.09 0.02 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.09 Agricultural Harvesters 9600 0.08 0.90 0.02 Light Equipment Heavy Equipment 150000 33000 0.2 0.2 0.17 0.43 0.55 0.43 0.02 Table A1. Estimated 2005 EU15 machine sales volumes
Average operating hours in first year of use < 19 19-37 37-56 56-75 75-130 130-560 > 560 Small Equipment - Agriculture 150 Small Equipment - 150 500 Generator Sets 150 250 500 500 500 500 500 Agricultural tractors 150 400 500 700 700 750 Agricultural harvesters 500 550 650 Light construction equipment 600 600 600 900 Heavy construction equipment 1100 1300 1300 Table A2. Average operating hours in first year of use