INSTITUTE OF PETROLEUM RESEARCH REPORT INVESTIGATION INTO THE EFFECTS OF LUBRICITY ADDITIVES ON THE PERFORMANCE OF FILTER/WATER SEPARATORS Daniel E. Kadlecek 1 March 2003 1 ExxonMobil Research & Engineering Company, Fuel Products Division, Paulsboro Technical Center, Paulsboro, NJ 08066-1033
The Institute of Petroleum gratefully acknowledges the financial contributions towards the scientific and technical programme from the following companies: Agip (UK) Ltd Amerada Hess Ltd BG Group BHP Billiton Limited BP Exploration Operating Co Ltd BP Oil UK Ltd ChevronTexaco Ltd Conoco Limited Conoco UK Ltd Enterprise Oil PLC ExxonMobil International Ltd Kerr-McGee North Sea (UK) Ltd Kuwait Petroleum International Ltd Murco Petroleum Ltd Petroplus Refining Teeside Ltd Phillips Petroleum Co. UK Ltd Shell UK Oil Products Limited Shell U.K. Exploration and Production Ltd Statoil (U.K.) Limited Talisman Energy (UK) Ltd TotalFinaElf Exploration UK PLC TotalFinaElf UK Ltd Copyright 2003 by The Institute of Petroleum, London: A charitable company limited by guarantee. Registered No. 135273, England All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced by any means, or transmitted or translated into a machine language without the written permission of the publisher. ISBN 0 85293 395 9 Published by The Institute of Petroleum Further copies can be obtained from Portland Customer Services. Commerce Way, Whitehall Industrial Estate, Colchester CO2 8HP, UK. Tel: +44 (0) 1206 796 351 email: sales@portland-services.com ii
CONTENTS Page Foreword... vii Abstract... viii Acknowledgements... viiix Technical summary... xii 1. Introduction...1 2. Test methods...3 2.1 Single Element Test (SET)...3 2.2 ExxonMobil Coalescence Test (EMCT)...4 2.3 Microseparometer (MSEP)...4 2.4 Modified Microseparometer...4 2.5 Water Shedding Property (WASP)...5 2.6 Interfacial Tension (IFT)...5 2.7 SWIFT kit...5 2.8 Water Reaction Test (D1094)...5 2.9 Ball on Cylinder Lubricity Evaluator (BOCLE)...5 3. Test materials...7 3.1 Test fuels...7 3.2 Lubricity additives...7 3.3 Fuel/additive blends...7 3.4 SET supplies...7 4. Test protocol...9 5. Results and discussion...11 5.1 Monoacid lubricity additive...11 5.1.1 Single Element Test (SET) results...11 5.1.2 ExxonMobil Coalescence Test (EMCT) runs...12 5.1.3 MSEP results...15 5.1.4 WASP results...16 iii
5.1.5 Interfacial Tension (du Noüy ring)...17 5.1.6 Interfacial Tension (SWIFT kit)...18 5.1.7 Water Reaction (ASTM D1094)...19 5.1.8 Ball on Cylinder Lubricity Evaluator (BOCLE)...20 5.2 Ester lubricity additive...20 5.2.1 Single Element Test (SET) results...21 5.2.2 ExxonMobil Coalescence Test (EMCT) runs...23 5.2.3 MSEP results...23 5.2.4 WASP results...25 5.2.5 Interfacial Tension (du Noüy ring)...26 5.2.6 Interfacial Tension (SWIFT kit)...27 5.2.7 Water Reaction (ASTM D1094)...28 5.2.8 Ball on Cylinder Lubricity Evaluator (BOCLE)...29 6. Conclusions...31 7. References...33 Annex A - Schematics of SET and EMCT rigs...35 Annex B - Certificates of analysis...39 Annex C - Raw data...43 Annex D - List of abbreviations...67 iv
LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Comparison of MSEP and MSEP 'modified' results for both base HDT and additized HDT fuels containing a monoacid lubricity additive...15 Table 2 Comparison of MSEP and MSEP 'modified' results for both base Merox and additized Merox fuels containing a monoacid lubricity additive...15 Table 3 WASP results for both base HDT and additized HDT fuels containing a monoacid lubricity additive...16 Table 4 WASP results for both base Merox and additized Merox fuels containing a monoacid lubricity additive...17 Table 5 IFT results for both base HDT and additized HDT fuels containing a monoacid lubricity additive...17 Table 6 IFT results for both base Merox and additized Merox fuels containing a monoacid lubricity additive...18 Table 7 SWIFT kit results for both base HDT and additized HDT fuels containing a monoacid lubricity additive...18 Table 8 SWIFT kit results for both base Merox and additized Merox fuels containing a monoacid lubricity additive...19 Table 9 Water Reaction (ASTM D1094) results for both base HDT and additized HDT fuels containing a monoacid lubricity additive...19 Table 10 Water Reaction (ASTM D1094) results for both base Merox and additized Merox fuels containing a monoacid lubricity additive...20 Table 11 BOCLE wear scar results for base fuels and blends with a monoacid lubricity additive...20 Table 12 Comparison of MSEP and MSEP 'modified' results for both base HDT and additized HDT fuels containing an ester lubricity additive...24 Table 13 Comparison of MSEP and MSEP 'modified' results for both base Merox and additized Merox fuels containing an ester lubricity additive...24 Table 14 WASP results for both base HDT and additized HDT fuels containing an ester lubricity additive...25 Table 15 WASP results for both base Merox and additized Merox fuels containing an ester lubricity additive...26 Table 16 IFT results for both base HDT and additized HDT fuels containing an ester lubricity additive...26 Table 17 IFT results for both base Merox and additized Merox fuels containing an ester lubricity additive...27 Table 18 SWIFT kit results for both base HDT and additized HDT fuels containing an ester lubricity additive...27 Table 19 SWIFT kit results for both base Merox and additized Merox fuels containing an ester lubricity additive...28 Table 20 Water Reaction (ASTM D1094) results for both base HDT and additized HDT fuels containing an ester lubricity additive...28 Table 21 Water Reaction (D1094) results for both base Merox and additized Merox fuels containing an ester lubricity additive...28 Table 22 BOCLE wear scar results for base fuels and blends with an ester lubricity additive...29 v
LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 SET generated Aqua-glo measurements for base and additized HDT fuels containing 10 ppm and 200 ppm of a monoacid lubricity additive...13 Figure 2 SET generated Aqua-glo measurements for base and additized Merox fuels containing 10 ppm and 200 ppm of a monoacid lubricity additive...13 Figure 3 EMCT generated Aqua-glo measurements for base and additized HDT fuels containing 10 ppm and 200 ppm of a monoacid lubricity additive...14 Figure 4 EMCT generated Aqua-glo measurements for base and additized Merox fuels containing 10 ppm and 200 ppm of a monoacid lubricity additive...14 Figure 5 SET generated Aqua-glo measurements for base and additized HDT fuels containing 10 ppm and 200 ppm of an ester lubricity additive...21 Figure 6 SET generated Aqua-glo measurements for base and additized Merox fuels containing 10 ppm and 200 ppm of an ester lubricity additive...22 Figure 7 EMCT generated Aqua-glo measurements for base and additized HDT fuels containing 10 ppm and 200 ppm of an ester lubricity additive...22 Figure 8 EMCT generated Aqua-glo measurements for base and additized Merox fuels containing 10 ppm and 200 ppm of an ester lubricity additive...23 vi
FOREWORD This publication provides the report of an investigation that the IP Aviation Committee commissioned into the effects of diesel fuel lubricity additives on the performance of aviation fuel filter/water separators. The work was undertaken by Fuel Products Division of ExxonMobil Research & Engineering 1 under contract to the IP during the period February 2002 to September 2002. A draft version of this report was technically reviewed and accepted by Aviation Committee members. The investigation was commissioned to enhance the knowledge of the aviation fuelling industry of the performance of filter/water separators in aviation fuel that has become contaminated by a diesel fuel lubricity additive. Large quantities of aviation fuel are distributed in multi-product pipelines, along with other petroleum products which may contain a lubricity additive. Such additives are used to increase the capacity of pipeline systems. As a result there is an increasing possibility that aviation fuel could be contaminated by such additives, the identification of which in routine operations is not straightforward. The focus of this study was to determine the effect of certain diesel fuel lubricity additives on aviation fuel water separation at concentrations consistent with cross-contamination (10 ppm) and complete mis-additisation (200 ppm). The investigation utilized aviation fuel that was free of any additional additives that can be used commercially (e.g. Stadis 450) to isolate the effects of the particular lubricity additives in question. Following the results of this first phase of work it is anticipated that further tests using fuel/additive blends may be undertaken in the near future. The results of this investigation will be of significant interest to those involved in the handling of aviation fuel from multi-product pipelines. 1 ExxonMobil Research & Engineering, Fuel Products Division, Paulsboro Technical Center, 600 Billingsport Road, Paulsboro, NJ 08066. vii
ABSTRACT This report provides the results and interpretation of a study into the water separation characteristics of aviation turbine fuels contaminated with diesel fuel lubricity additives. The study was undertaken to gain an understanding of the impact that these additives might have on the coalescence of water from jet fuel. Results indicate that low levels (10 ppm) of these additives (monoacid or ester-based) do not disarm one model of aviation fuel coalescers; however, higher concentrations (200 ppm) of additive may indeed disarm coalescers, especially in the case of the ester additive. Tests including the Single Element Test (SET), ExxonMobil Coalescence Test (EMCT), Microseparometer (MSEP), Water Shedding Property (WASP), Interfacial Tension (IFT) and ASTM D1094 Water Reaction were investigated to determine their ability to predict which fuel/additive combinations would disarm coalescers. viii