SMART SUN TRACKING WITH AUTOMATED CLEANING SYSTEM FOR PV MODULES AMIRAH AFIQAH BINTI AHMED This thesis is submitted as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Bachelor of Electrical Engineering (Hons.) (Power System) Faculty of Electrical & Electronics Engineering University Malaysia Pahang JUNE, 2012
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS TESIS JUDUL: SMART SUN TRACKING WITH AUTOMATED CLEANING SYSTEM FOR PV MODULES SESI PENGAJIAN: 2011/2012 Saya AMIRAH AFIQAH BINTI AHMED ( 880709-06-5396 ) (HURUF BESAR) mengaku membenarkan tesis (Sarjana Muda/Sarjana /Doktor Falsafah)* ini disimpan di Perpustakaan dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut: 1. Tesis adalah hakmilik Universiti Malaysia Pahang (UMP). 2. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk tujuan pengajian sahaja. 3. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan tesis ini sebagai bahan pertukaran antara institusi pengajian tinggi. 4. **Sila tandakan ( ) SULIT TERHAD (Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau kepentingan Malaysia seperti yang termaktub di dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972) (Mengandungi maklumat TERHAD yang telah ditentukan oleh organisasi/badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan) TIDAK TERHAD Disahkan oleh: (TANDATANGAN PENULIS) (TANDATANGAN PENYELIA) Alamat Tetap: NO.22, LORONG 33, WAN ISMAIL BIN IBRAHIM TAMAN BERJAYA PERMAI, 25150 KUANTAN, PAHANG. ( Nama Penyelia ) Tarikh: 19 JUNE 2012 Tarikh: 19 JUNE 2012 CATATAN: * Potong yang tidak berkenaan. ** Jika tesis ini SULIT atau TERHAD, sila lampirkan surat daripada pihak berkuasa/organisasi berkenaan dengan menyatakan sekali tempoh tesis ini perlu dikelaskan sebagai atau TERHAD. Tesis dimaksudkan sebagai tesis bagi Ijazah doktor Falsafah dan Sarjana secara Penyelidikan, atau disertasi bagi pengajian secara kerja kursus dan penyelidikan, atau Laporan Projek Sarjana Muda (PSM).
ii All the trademark and copyrights use herein are property of their respective owner. References of information from other sources are quoted accordingly; otherwise the information presented in this report is solely work of the author. Signature : Author : AMIRAH AFIQAH BINTI AHMED Date :
vii TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER TITLE PAGE TITLE DECLARATION DEDICATION ACKNOWLEDGMENT ABSTACT ABSTRAK TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF TABLES LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS LIST OF APPENDICES i ii iv v vi vii viii xi xiii xiv xv 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background Study 1 1.2 Objective of Project 2 1.3 Project Scope 2 1.4 Problem Statement 3 1.5 Thesis Organization 4 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 5 2.1 Background 5 2.2 Photovoltaic 6 2.2.1 Photovoltaic Effect 6
2.2.2 Photovoltaic System 8 viii
ix 2.2.3 Photovoltaic 9 2.3 Solar Tracker 10 2.3.1 Active Solar Tracking 10 2.3.2 Passive Solar Tracking 11 2.4 Cleaning System 13 2.5 Battery Charging 13 2.6 DC Motor 14 2.6.1 Components of DC Motor 15 2.6.2 Power Window Motor 17 3 METHODOLOGY 18 3.1 Introduction 18 3.1.1 Block Diagram 19 3.1.2 Hardware Design 20 3.1.3 Flow Chart 21 3.1.4 Description of the System 22 3.2 Hardware Implementation 22 3.2.1 Solar Charging System 23 3.2.2 Microcontroller 24 3.2.3 PV Module 26 3.2.4 Voltage Regulator 27 3.2.5 Power Window Motor 28 3.2.6 LCD 29 3.2.7 NPN Transistor 30 3.2.8 Relay 31 3.2.9 Diode 32 3.3 Software 32 3.3.1 Proteus 7 Professional 33 3.3.2 PIC-C Compiler 33 4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION 35 4.1 Introduction 35 4.2 Circuitry 35 4.2.1 Voltage Regulator Circuit 35
x 4.2.2 Charging Circuit 36 4.2.3 H-Bridge Circuit 37 4.2.4 Complete Hardware 38 4.3 The Implementation of Hardware 38 4.4 Construction of the Solar Tracker Prototype 39 4.5 Producing Maximum Output Voltage 41 5 Conclusion 44 5.1 Conclusion 44 5.2 Future Recommendation 45
xi LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE 1.1 Scope of project 2 1.2 180 solar azimuth angles 3 2.1 The photovoltaic effect in the dark place 7 2.2 The photovoltaic effect under the sunlight 7 2.3 The photovoltaic effect in the bright place 8 2.4 The emission of electron from metal plate 9 2.5 PV panel using active solar tracking system 11 2.6 PV panel using passive solar tracking system 12 2.7 PV panel with automatic cleaning system 13 2.8 Wiring diagram of a battery charging 13 2.9 DC motor 14 2.10 Brushed DC Motor 16 2.11 Power window motor 17 3.1 Block diagram of the system 19 3.2 Prototype 20 3.3 System Flow 21 3.4 Charging Circuit 23 3.5 PIC16F877A 24 3.6 Pin Diagram 25 3.7 Solar cell 26 3.8 Voltage Regulator 27 3.9 Power Window Motor 28 3.10 Motor Input Graph 29 3.11 LCD 29 3.12 BC107 Transistor 30
xii 3.13 The forward-biased junction in an npn transistor 30 3.14 Relay contact 31 3.15 Connection of relay and diode 32 3.16 Proteus 7 Professional 33 3.17 PIC C-Compiler 34 4.1 Voltage Regulator Circuit 36 4.2 Charging circuit 36 4.3 H-Bridge circuit 37 4.4 Complete circuit 38 4.5 Implemented Hardware 38 4.6 Solar Tracker Prototype 39 4.7 Cleaning Mechanism 40 4.8 LCD at average voltage 40 4.9 LCD at minimum voltage 41 4.10 Single axis tracker versus fixed panel graph 42 4.11 Cleaned single axis tracker versus unclean single axis 43 tracker graph
xiii LIST OF TABLES TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE 1.1 Motor Sequence 25 4.1 Comparison between single axis tracker and fixed pane 42 4.2 Comparison between cleaned single axis tracker and unclean single axis tracker 43
xiv LIST OF ABBREVIATION ADC - Analog Digital Converter DC - Direct Current EEPROM - Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory EMF - Electro Motive Force GND - Ground LCD - Liquid Crystal Display OSC - Oscillator PIC - Peripheral Interface Controller PV - Photovoltaic PWM - Pulse Width Modulator R - Resistor USART - Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter T - Transistor V - Volt Vpp - Voltage Peak to Peak VR - Volatge Regulator ZD - Zener Diode
xv LIST OF APPENDICES APPENDIX NO. TITLE PAGE A Program Development 47 B Simulation Circuit 50 C Collected Data 51 C Prototype Sketch 55 D PIC16F877A 56 E BC107 59 F 1N4001 60 G Relay 5V 61